Index Compiled by the Author

'A 54': Paul ThUmmel, a German Intelligence officer, 729--30, North, 675; and Dakar, 721, 749 n.2, 752, 787 n.3, Bog; and Bor-2 an allocation of labour dispute, 728; and security, 752, 925; Abadan (Persia): occupied, 1172 and invasion believed imminent, 766, 779; and the Admiralty 'Abbess': defence of Turkish air bases, 678 flag, 794; added to the Enigma circulation (October 1940), Abbeville: and the German invasion of France, 371, 373, 379; 849; and the naval danger, 879 n.3; at Chequers, 885 n.3, 922; captured, 394, 452, 719 n.3 and Enigma, 896 n.2; and defeatism, 934 n.2; and 'Workshop', Aberdeen: bombed, 66r 935 n.2; and 'Mandibles', 1015 n.2; and shipping, 1017 n.I; 'AbigaiJ': reprisal raids on Germany, 1035 n.3 and convoys, 1017 n.2; and Greece, 1028 n.6, 1049; and the Ahoukir, HMS: sinking of (in 1914), 37 Battle of the Atlantic, ro4o n. 1; and 'Jaguar', ro75-6; Chur­ Abrial, Vice-Admiral Jean Charles: 'particularly vigorous', 379; chill berates, I095; and Japan, 1255, 1257 British 'in close touch' with, 439; and the Dunkirk evacuation, Alexander, C. H. O'D.: 1185 n.4 442, 449 Alexander, Major-General H. R. L. G. (later Earl Alexander of 'Abstention': attack on Kastellorizo, 953 n.2, I014-15, I 124 n.4 Tunis): at Dunkirk, 429-30, 447-8, 449; at Chequers, 586, Abyssinia (Ethiopia): 342, 822, 1048, 1082, 1176, 1249 1142 Acasta, HMS: sunk, 41J2 Alexander III, King: assassinated, 1043 n.2 'Accordion': seizure of the Awres, 654 n.3, 677 Alexandria: French warships at, 58g, 596, 6o4, 629 n.3, 633, 640, Accra: a mission to, 72o-1 654; seriousness of loss of, 731; defence of Egypt and, 755-6, Achilles, HMS: 95 794; German threat to, 1005 Acland, Sir Richard: 673 n.4 AlgieTS: Weygand at, 679 n.4; a possible Allied 'footing' in Acre: and Napoleon, w8o; armistice signed at (12 July 1941), (proposed by Churchill), 725; and a possible British defence 1136 of, 959; a possible threat to, ro74 'Acrobal': capture of Tripoli, 1244, 1245, 1249 Aliakhmon Line: to be held, 1024, 1025, 1027, 1030, 1054; de- 'Anion this Day': initiated, 151 fence of, 1o61; broken up, 1o68 Adams, Vyvyan: y&-7; criticisms of, 918 Allen, Sir George: 707 n.2 Addis Ababa: entered, 1082 Allen, G. R. G.: his recollections, 155--6; and Oran, 634 n.7 Aden: defence of, 755; and Japan, 1256 Allied Supplies Executive: aid to Russia through, 1214 Admiralty Arch: defences at, 372 'Allowance': attack on Leros, 953 n.2 Adrianople (Edirne): and Grrmany, 1005 'Alloy': plan to seize Azores, 567 n.I Adventure HMS: badly damaged, 82 'Alphabet': the evacuation of Narvik, 391 n.3 'Aerial bombardment': the only 'way through', 655--6 'Alphonse': British air operation proposed, 230 Agheila (Cyrenaica): entt-red, 1007; and German communica- Allnulrk: British merchant seamen rescued from, Iji-3, 155, 157, tions, 1o63 •78, '79 Agnew, Sir Andrew: 798 Altmeyer, General: 511 Aid to Russia Appeal: launched by Clementine Churchill, 1210 'Ambassador': commando raid on Guernsey, 676 n.2 Air Interception: radar device, 553, 763, 767, 827 n.I, 857-8, Amery, Julian: and the General Election of 1945,831 n.3 I 131 Amery, L. S.: It, 155,277 n.1; and the political crisis of May ·Ajax': a planned landing at T rondheim ( 1941 ) , 1213, 1218; 1940, 287, 291-2, 299 n.4, 302; and the rejection of 'parley or Brooke opposed to, 1224; rejected, 1225 surrender', 420; and the Middle East, 477; and 'Oran', 64$ .{jax, HMS: 11, 95, 170 and a 'bloody row' over India, 682; Churchill rebukes, Bg7-8; Alamrin, El: battle of, and Enigma, 1048 n.3 and a visit to Harrow, 948-g; and Japan, ro47; and Wavell, Albania: invaded and occupied (1939), 4; and Italian moves 113 n.3; and the 'Atlantic Charter', 1 I 63, I 1 79; and 'old Eng­ against Greece, 241, gos; and Greek victories in, wo8; 'rotten' land incarnate', 1248 Italian forces in, 1053-4 Amiens: and the fall of France, 362, 363, 370, 371, 379, 385, 393, 'Alcohol': occupation of Irish ports, 574 n.6 398 Aldwych Tube: shelter at, 8o1 Andalsnes: British military plans for, 222, 244-5, 250, 252, 253, 'Alert No. 1': 774, 793-4, 811 254, 258-g, z6I; 'heavily bombed', 272; withdrawal from, 273, AJesund: British landing at, 236, 242, 243 276, 28I; sabotagt> at, 279 Alexander, A. V. (1st Earl of Hillsborough): and the political Anderson, Sir John (later Viscount Waverley): and Belgian crisis of May 1940,286, 315, 3I6; at the Admiralty, 317, 329 refugees, 359; and Italians in Britain, 491, 4gB; and the Chan­ n.1, 332, 476 n.I, 490, 6J.')-I6; and Crete, 36o; and Narvik, nel Islands, 5 73 4; and enemy aliens, ;:.86; and the police 368-g, 382; and the Unitt>d States, 375-6, 473, 514-15, 927, during an invasion, 711-t2; knowledge of'Menace' to be kept 1032 n.2, 1033 n.2, 1074, 1126; and 'this bloody Jaw', 469; from, 725; and Eden, 818; becomes Lord President of the and the French fleet, 568, 57&-7, 590, 62g, 639; and invasion, Council, 82o; and Enigma, 8g6 n.2; and Coventry, 914; and 6.)o-l, 651 n.t; and morale, 6.)2; and Britain's olfensive capa­ Greece, 1014 n.t, 1028 n.6 city, 655 n.z; and the Dover I4-inch gun, 659 n.a; and Admiral 'Anger': reconnaissance against Guernsey, 676 n.2

1275 INDEX

Anglo-American Mission (to Moscow): II6o, I164-5, 1I78, Itgo, Attlee, Clement-conJinued I I93--6, 119fj, 1200, 1204-5; in Moscow, 1206-7, I2IQ-I2 n.2; and Vichy, 866, 1 I57i and Greece, 878, IOI4 n.J, 1028 Anglo-French Purchasing Board: 1 I 7-18 n.6; and Enigma, 8g6 n.2; a 'sparrow', 1o84 n.g; and Hess, Angl()ooSoviet Agreements: of July 194 I, I I 36; of August 194 I, 1o87 n.g; and Cyrenaica, 1138, II50i and the Tirpi~, 1157 Illi!J n.2; and Japan, I t6o, 1257; and the Atlantic Charter, 1 I62; Ankenes peninsula: British troops ashore on, 28I, 282; further and British aid to Russia, I I64; and American aid to Britain, plans for, 304 I 165, I2Ig, 1221 n.t; birthday greetings from, 1247 n.3 Annexe, the (No. IO Annexe): 783, Boo, fl43, 86o, 863 n.4, IJ9I, Auchinleck, Major-General (later Field Marshal Sir) Claude 989, 1104 John Eyre: at Narvik, 292, 336, 435 n.t; at Chequers, 66I; at Anson, HMS: and Benghazi, I 114 Southern Command, 675; his 'alacrity' praised, 1061 n.2; Antonescu, Ion: atrocities of, I004 replaces Wavell, I I I3-I6; and the Middle Eastern Defence Antwerp: 76; operation 'XD' at, 330; German plans at, 78o; a Committee, 1125 n.2; Churchill's first telegram to, II33i makes fire ship scheme for, 8I5 n.4; an 'embarkation' point, 852 a 'mistake', 1 133~4; reluctant to contemplate an early offen­ Anzac Cove: evacuation of ( I9I5), 463 sive, 1138; dangers to, I 13g-4o; 'Victory rewards those Aosta, Duke of: surrenders, I o8g who .. .', 1 I49i at the Defence Committee of August I941, 'Apathetic': a British move into Spain, 945 1149; at Chequers 1I52-3; and 'Crusader', I153, 1172, ti87; Apollonia (Libya): commando raid on, 1239 threatens to resign, 119I, I 192; and Australia, 12I4i and the Appeasers: proposed punishment of, 6rg pressures for an offensive, 1216--2o, I222, 1225; and Enigma, Arabs (of Palestine): and the 'Atlantic Charter', 1163 I2t6, 1243; attacks, 123g-52; birthday greetings from I247 n.3; Arab world: and the Patria, 898-9; hangs 'in the balance', Iogi; and the coming of war with japan, I266 and Syria, I 157 Augusta, USS: and 'Riviera', 1158, 1159

Arandora Star: torpedoed, 6g8, 643 Aurora HMS: sent to Narvik, 2I51 253 0.3, 26o, n.2, n.g; and Archangel: British supplies on way to, I I 39; British troops sought 'Force K', 1172 at, 11go; British goods through, 1207, t2I2, 1229 Australia: and the war, 66, 89, 410; troops from, 424, 442, 472, Archer, Norman Ernest: 4oo-I, 4g6 n.2 736; internees to, 6gB n.2; and Japan, 679, 725, 1002, 1046, Ardent, HMS: sunk, 482 1255, 1257, 1259; and Egypt, 755 n.2; use of Churchill's name Argw HMS: aircraft sent across Atlantic on, 714; and 'Jaguar', in, 822; and Crete, 8g8; and Greece, 920, 1024, 1029, 1048, 1075 1054, 1061, 1068; troops from, in the western desert, 977, I004 'Ariel': evacuations from French ports, 564 n.1; and Syria, J 104; withdraws from the western desert, 1 I9I- Ariete Division: in difficulties, 124 7 2, 1214, 1218; and a Soviet request, 1230 n.1; and 'Crusader', Ark Royal, HMS: and Norway, 281, 304; and 'Catapult',~ n.5; I241 n.5 and '1\rfenace', 788 n.2, 8o6; and 'Jaguar', 1075: sunk, 1233; Australia, HMAS: 4g6, 788 n.2 and Japan, 1256 Austrians: 'villainous deeds' against, 202; held down, 1042, 1070 'Armature': attack on Karpathos, 953 n.2 Azores: possible seizure of, 567, n.I, 654, 677; seizure of, post- Armentieres: British retreat through, 4o6 poned, 724; seizure of, preferred, 765, 933i a British convoy Armoured Fighting Vehicles (AFVs): needed for I94I, 846 attacked olf, 1011; and the United States, 1077-8, 1161 'Army of the Nile': its task, 1073 Arnold, General Henry H.: 1087, 1 I6o n.3, 1165 n.3 Baghdad: 8g8, I 095, I I 97 Arras: evacuated, 36I; and a British plan, 363, 372-3, 379, 3f4; Bahamas, the: and the Duke of Windsor, 69g-7o9; and United again evacuated, 388, 394, 4o6 States bases, 732 Ascension Island: 77 Bailey, Sir Abe: 205-6, 941 n.1 'Asdic': 493, 672, 68g-go Baku: German oil supply from, 198---g; the 'prize' of, 88o; possible Ashdown Forest: and invasion, 621 British attack on, 1oo6; German advance towards, I 171, 1231 Ashley, Maurice: his help enlisted, 56 BaJaclava, Battle of: 'eclipsed', I I79 Astor, Lady (Nancy Astor): 88, 299 n.4, 1077 Baldwin, the Hon. Betty: I03I n.2 'Atfero' (Atlantic Ferry Operation): 714, 1040 n.3 Baldwin, Chief Petty Officer: 87 n.2 Alkenia: sunk, 5-6, 9, 54 Baldwin, Stanley (later Earl): 64, BI, I67, 327, 332; and Chur· Athens: bombed, 876; a threat to bomb, 1065, 1068 chill's 'intolerable burden', 365; and 'better days', 469; and Athlone, Earl of: 7og; a song recalled, I I88 imminent invasion, 6og; and German ingratitude, 619; and Atlantic, Battle of: I02I n.g, l039-40, 1041, 1048, 1056, 1058, British political life, 994; his daughter injured, 103I n.2 1062, 1064, 1o85, I 106, I 139; and the United States, 1168, Balfour, Caplain Harold (laier Lord Balfour of Inchrye): 772 1188 n.2, 1237; and the Soviet appeal for a 'second front', n. g, 928; and the Anglo-American Mission to Moscow, 1193- I I8g; renewal of, I207; Soviet attitude to, 1228; 'won', 1248 6, 1200 n.4 'Atlantic Charter', the: 1161-4, 1179 Balkans, the: 34, 39, 44, 50, 57, 89; and 'Narvik', 268; possible Atlantic Ferry Operation ('Atfero'): 714, 1040 n.3 'mobilisation' of, 476; the 'will to resist' of, and Greece, 884 Atlantic Islands Project: Lord Halifax critical of, 654 n.3; plans n.2; German moves into, 953, 979; and Russia, 1015: danger for, 677 to, renewed, 1043; possible 'front' in, 1048; and Rommel's Atlantic Ocean: United States security zone and patrol areas advance, I052; and Enigma, 1053, III7i and Soviet hopes for established in (April 1941), 106o, 1o6B; and Britain's 'life~line', a 'second front' in, I 182, 1 I83 w6g; continued losses in, 108o, 1085, I I46-7 Baltic Sea: 3, 12; and Plan 'Catherine', 26-7, 37-8, I 11, 195; Attila the Hun: called in, 960 and the Russo-Finnish war, gg-Ioo, 103, 107, 1go; and British Attlt>e, Cle-ment (later Earl): and 'Narvik', 1&), 382; and the fall plans to stop German iron ore supplies, 192-3 of Chamberlain, 2go, 300, 303, 3o8; and the emergence of Bamako: and 'Menace', 788 Churchill as Prime Minister, 315-16; Lord Privy Seal, 330, Bancrest: sunk, I45 n.2 332, 1056; and a discussion of peace proposals (May 1940), Bangkok: and rubber for Vichy, 1033 418 n.I, 419; goes with Churchill to France, 434, 43i· 445, Bangsund: British troops withdrawn to, 263 446; and fighters for France, 451; and the need to declare that 'Banquet': release of pilots for invasion duties, 674-5, 713 'France and Great Britain were one', 540, 541-2, 56o; and the Bapaume: Germans capture, 370; plans to recapture, 379, 38o French fleet, 557; and Bevin, 594; and the police during an Baralong: an 'odious' incident on, 158 invasion, 71 t; and Dakar, 725, Bog; and propaganda in the Bardia: captured, 977, 1004, 1o61; an analogy with, 997 Vnited States, 740 n.4; and strategic planning, 754; a Press Bardufoss: British anti-aircraft guns at, 304; 'slowness' in repair- rebuke administered by, 831; at Chequers, 838 n.t, 841, 999 ing aerodrome at, 36g; final plans for, 476-7 INDEX 1277

Barham, Richard Harris: 581 n.2 Belgium: and Allied war plans, 28, 29, 34; possible German attack Barham, HMS: and 'Menace', 8o6; sunk, 1252 on, 44, s?-8, 6g, 76, 78-9. 125-7. I34. 202j and a possible Baring, Maurice: 853 n.2 German attack on Holland, 193, 199, 218; imminent danger Barker, Charles: &n to (April 1940), 214, 262, 28o; invasion of (May 1940), 3o6; Barker, Lieutenant-General M. G. H.: 692-3 refugees from, 359; military collapse of, 362-3, 379, 388, 396- 'Bam', the: Churchill sleeps at, 863 401, 404-5, 406-7, 414-17, 464, 466; Government of, in exile, Barratt, Air Vice Marshal (Sir) Arthur S.: 123, 46o n.4, 479, 572; German invasion preparations (for Britain) in, 626; troops 481, 482; and the fall of France, 506-7,512-13, 515, 517-18, from, in Britain, 678 n.4; 'conquered and subjugated', despite 524, 546 neutrality, 694-s; gold of, 723: experience of, to be avoided, Barrington-Ward, Robin: and the 'last ditch', 1248 957; the 'trap' in (in May 1940), g88; fate of, referred to, 10og; Barrow, Captain H. L.: 8g n.6 people of, 'make the final sacrifice, 1 I o8 Bartlett, Vernon: 673 n.4 Bell, Captain L. M.: and the loss of the Prince of Wales and Repulse, Baruch, Bernard M.: 6o7, 1034 I27I-2 Basilisk, HMS: sunk, 456 n.3 Belgrade: rumours from (October 1939), 69, (October 1940), Basra: 898; British forces occupy, 1075 n.$ British civilians 834-5; coup d'itat in, I043, 1048; bombed, 1054; occupied, evacuated to, 1o82; and Iran, 1 1 72; and supplies to the Soviet 1001 Union, 117$ and troops to the Soviet Union, 1 1g6 Bellairs, Rear-Admiral R. M.: gg8 n. 1 Bastianini, G.: 402 BeUerophon, HMS: its 'suppliant refugee', 1083 Battenberg, Prince Louis of(ut Marquess of Milford Haven): 4o 'Beneath': attack on Kos, 953 n.2 32 BeneS, Eduard: 1066, 1247 n.3 'Battleaxe': western desert offensive, g66, H>g7, 1110, I 113, Benghazi: a British objective, gSa, 1002; Italian retreat from, III5 1007; 'a strategic point', wog; British to halt at, IOIOj danger 'Battle of the Atlantic': directive (6 March 1941), 1021 of withdrawal from, 1050; evacuated, 1052, 1055; German use Battle of the Atlantic Committee: 1039, 1o64, 1075, Io81-2, 1o85, of,1072n.4! 1103n·5• 1114,1243 II26, Il47. 1208 Ben~, Sir Ernest: 4 7 'Battle of Britain': 734-7, 741-2, 757, 765~. 77'• 783-5, 79'· Bennett, R. B. (later tst Viscount): 24 825 Berehaven: 33, 34, 43, 197, 409, 433, 497; plan to occupy, 5 74, 654 Baudouin, Paul: 262 n.2; and the fall of France, 527, 528, 534, Bergen: to6; need to 'deny' Germans use of, I44i and the Altmark, 536-7; and the French fleet, 56$ and Anglo-Vichy relations, 152; possible British landing at, 174, I78--g, 181, 185, I86, 864, 958 n.2 187-8, 200, 210; German warships off, 217; occupied, 2I7i Beachy H~ad: and invasion, 650 British intentions at, 218, 219; attack on, cancelled, 21g--2o; Beaconsfield, Earl of (Benjamin Disraeli): 1170 further British plans for, 221, 222; and Mussolini, 22$ Britain 'Bear': air defence for Turkey, 677-8 to 'seal up', 224; German cruiser sunk at, 226; future plans for, Beaton, Cecil: photographs Churchill, 919 227; not reoccupied, 228; further plans for, 23o-1, 233 Beatty, Admiral of the Fleet Sir David (later Earl): 32 Berkeley, Captain C. M.: 498, 526 Beaumont-Nesbitt, Major-General F. G.: and German invasion Berlin: and espionage, 71; possible bombing of, 227; and United preparations, 626, 773-4 States secrecy, 672; bombing of, statistics, 673; eighty bombers Beauvais: Churchill recalls incident (of I918) at, 504-5 strike at, 757; further raids on, 77I, 8o3, 881; 'barbarism' Beaverbrook, Lord: 27, 47, 162, 1~; no Cabinet post for (April issuing from, 844 n.Ij a hundred bombers strike at, 916; 1940), 204; and the change of Government in May 1940, 310, further raids on, 920, 1035, 1041, Io6s, 1136, I23Ii and 316, 328, 339, 357; and the United States, 367, 376, 539, 746, Matsuoka's visit to, I 046 927, 971, 975, 992, 1032 n.2; and Churchill's health, 390; and Bermondsey (London): air raid shelter deaths in, 877

aircraft production, 391 1 4091 458, 46o-1, 4g6, 568, 618-19, Bermuda: 4IO; and United States bases, 732 726, 730 n.5, 757,815, 870 n.2, 1056 n.]; Churchill's friendship Berry, Seymour {later 2nd Viscount Camrose): 1237 with, 310, 396, 468 n.5, 548, 653: and the fall of France, 470, Berthoud, E. A.: in Moscow, 1211 n.4 483 n.I, 495, 526-7, 533-4; and Swedish destroyen, 574: and Bethouart, General Antoine: at Narvik, 275, 336, 415 the 'beam', 581; and Bevin, 594, 728; and the French fleet, Bevan, Aneurin: 1848 n.3; 'unable to conceal his chagrin', 10g6 6o4, 639 n.1; and British bombing policy, 655-6; at Chequers, Bevan, Captain R. H.: punished, 787 683-4, 729, 999 n.2; and the Duke of Windsor, 6g9; and Dakar, Bevin Ernest: and 'utmost fish', 166; enters Churchill's Govern­ 722 n.3; and the Battle of Britain, 736-7; and Parachute and ment, 315, 3I6, 33Ii and the need for 'a united Ireland', 433; Cable rockets, 738-9; his 'genius', 741; and the joint Planning and manpower, 594; 'doing well', 6g6; and an allocation of Sub-Committee, 754; Churchill's praise for, 757; and Sinclair, labour dispute, 728; at Chequers, 729, 813, n.4, 992; and 75g--6o, 81 I, 1040 n.t; and 'Vagi', 814-15; walks off with a 'Vagi', 8t4-15; enters the War Cabinet, 820 n.3; and Enigma, manuscript minute, 81s; his asthma, 818; and Sir Andrew 896 n.2; and Coventry, 915; Churchill's advice on speechmak­ Duncan, 820 n.$ and night air defence, 826, 857 n.6; and ing to, 991 n.I; and Greece, 1014 n.I, 1028 n.6, 1029-30; and Press criticism of the Government, 831 n.1; and the protection the Battle of the Atlantic, 1040 n.I; and the United States, of Government buildings, 86o; and Enigma, 8g6 n.2; and in­ t I4fr-lj birthday greetings from, I247 n.3 vasion, g8g, 1074 n.2; and Greece, 1014 n.I, 1028 n.6; and the Bevir, (Sir) Anthony: 3

11go, I 1931 I 198, 12001 1204, 1213j and :Jaguar', 1075-6; 686-7 becomes Minister of State, 1076, 1o81 n.2; and smoke-screens, Biddle, Anthony: in London, 1036, 1038-g; with Churchill on an 1082; and democracy, Iol4 n.3j and Hess, 1o87 n.3j a new inspection, 1o66 appointment for, 1 I02j and Hitler, 1102; and Wavell, I 113 Biggin Hill: Churchill visits, 828 n.3; and Churchill's production speech, 1145; in Moscow, 'Bilge': oil plant to be destroyed, 88g n.3 12o6--7, 12I2; 'fights everybody and resigns each day', 1227; Billotte, General G. H. G.: and the battle for France, 37I, 372-3, and a 'Churchill's man', 1247 374; killed, 377 Beckett Overy, H.: Churchill consults, 883 n.I Birkenhead, ISI Earl of (F. E. Smith): 24, 27, 941 n.t, 949, 994, Beechman, Captain N. A.: 673 n.4 I 127, 1204 Beirut: II03j British troops enter, 1136 n.2 Birmingham: air raid on, 764; will 'rise' from its ruins, 831; Belfast: bombed, ro62 n.3, 1o8o n.I further attack on, 877; possible raid on, 913, 915; major raid Belfast HMS: damaged, 84 on, 916, 925 n.3j Churchill visits, 1202 INDEX

Biscay, Bay of: sinkings in, g; German invasion preparations in, Bourdillon, Sir B.: rebuked, 1031 n.g 777-8 Bourne, Major G. K.: 722 n. I Bismarck, 711; 'the greatest prize', 848,850,851 n.1; sinking of, Bournemouth: political discussions at, 300, 308, 316 1092-6, I 155 n.I, I I 59, 1203 BOvril and sardines: 'very good together', 829 Bizerta: dangers concerning, 874; possible British occupation of, Boyd, Captain (later Vice Admiral Sir) Denis William: 83 122s; possible German demand for, 1241 Boyle, Air Commodore A. R.: 410 'BJ': to be sent to Newfoundland, 1154 Brabner, Mr: 1106 Bjerkvik: proposed landing at, 304; landing at, 336 Bracken, Brendan (later Viscount): 24, 27, 30, 41, 384 n.4; and Black Forest: incendiary bombs on, 4gB, 71 I, 1123 Churchill's new 'powers' (April I940), 205; and the political 'Black Move': Government evacuation plans, 601, 859 crisis of May 1940, 305, goB; and Churchill's 'profound Blackout: and morale, 14, 59 anxiety', 333i Churchill's confidant, 357, 396, 453-4, 468 n.s, Black Sea: 34, 44, so, 64-5, 195, 742, 925, 1049, l06g: Germans 469, 670; and a proposal for Anglo-French Union, 546; and reach, I I74i Britain protected by, 1 rg6; and the capture of the fall of France, 547; at Chequers, 586, 737; and a 'splendid' Odessa, 1216; Soviet control over, retained, 1231; and possible letter, 67o; and Churchill's safety, Sst; at Ditchley, goo n.2, British air support for, 1252 g83; and a security leak, 958 n.Ij and Hopkins, 981, roo8; and Black Swan, HMS: off Andalsnes, 272 a convoy loss, 1016; and the Bismarck, togs; and Beaverbrook, Blarney, Major-General Sir Thomas Albert: and Greece, 1028 1102; and the shooting of civilian hostages in Norway, 1199 Blanchard, General J. M. G.: 378, 383, 385, 388, 3g6, 397, 403, n. I; and 'Crusader', I 240 n. I 439 Brady, E. Lucille: recollections of, 562 Bletchley Park: 6ro--r2, 687, 793-4, 814, 824, Io8o n.3 1146- 'Brass': oil plant to be destroyed, 889 n.3 7, 1154, 21]4 n.I, 1185, 1186, 120]-8, 12Dg, 1216, 1242 Brass Bands: 'highly beneficial', 662 'Biighty': troops 'cutting their way home to', 41 I Brauchitsch, Field Marshal Walter von: visits invasion area, 779- Blitz, the (on Britain): 756, 757-8, 764, 774, 775, 77&--7, 778-g, 8o 792, 795, 8r '• 812, 814, 819, 822, 824, 826-7, 848, 8s1, 877, Brazen, HMS: sunk, 68g n. I 878, 886, 889-90, 901, go6, 929, 938, g63, 999, 1035, 1038, Brazil: 270 n.2, 11 r 1 1049 n.4, 1055-6, 1062, 10]9, 108o, 1o82, Io86, I 136, 1099 'Brazzaville declaration', the: 867-8 n.6, 1 I 75; and a broadcast, Bss; 'It's a grand life, if we don't Bremen: motor boats assemble at, 434; bombed, 1035, 1130, weaken', 888 n6g Bloch-Laine, J. F.: 562 Bres, Dr: r 73 Blum, Leon: 75, 635 n.2 Brest: evacuations from, 546, 563, 568; invasion preparations at, 'Blunt': attack on Kasos, 953 n.2 794; bombed, I 129, I 133; a possible raid on, 1 I38 Boadicea, HMS: Churchill's adventure on, 14B-9 Brest-Litovsk: occupied, 1123 'Botswain': oil terminal to be destroyed, 88g n.g Bretagne: at Oran, 637 Block, General (later Field Marshal) Fedor von: 397 Briare: meeting at, 497-513, 515-20, 615; Reynaud leaves, BodO: a 'portable runway' for, 182; a British landing to be made 526 at, 279, 304; impossibility of holding, 327; troops withdrawn Bridgeman, Humphrey: later killed in action, 950 n.3 to, 329, 33&--7 Bridges, Sir Edward (later Lord): and Scandinavia, 108, 245, Boer War, the: and 'Narvik', 277; 'the last enjoyable war', 8oo 26J; and Churchill's wider powers (April 1940), 204-5, 248; Bolshevism: and 'Nazidom', 137 and Churchill's work as Prime Minister, 345, 391-2, 593, 594- Bombing policy (British): 28, 276, 277, 31 r, 329, 334, 339, 626, 5, 639, 686; Secretary to the War Cabinet, 418 n. I, 483 n.1, 655-6, 673, 757, 772, Brr, 824, 844, 849, 850, 879, 88r, 881-2, 826, 855, 857, 894; drafts a telegram to Roosevelt, 426-7; 91 ] , I 015 n.4, I 133, I I 36, I I ]8-g, I I 82-g; effect of bombing Churchill's minutes to, 459, 752-3, 753-4, Bs8-6o, 1034, 1076 (in Norway), 279; (over Germany), 6og n.g; and the Inter­ n.2, 1122 n.I; and the Franco-British Declaration of Union national Red Cross, 832 n. I; effects of bombing 'greatly ex­ ( r6 June 194o), 55g-6o; and United States supplies, 626, 738, aggerated', 1205-6; 'grievous losses' of, 123I-2 797-8, 799; and 'Staff Conversations' with the United States, Bonaventure, HMS: sunk, I 049 6go; and 'Brevity', 717; and security, 752-3, 8g5-6, ¢3-5, Bonham Carter, Lady Violet (later Baroness Asquith of Yarn­ 1 154; and the Joint Planning Committee, 753-4; and 'Pad­ bury): her praise, 88; and the political crisis of May 1940, 303; dock', 781-2, 814, 858-00; and Greece, 903-4; and Hopkins, and Churchill's emergence as Prime Minister, 321; and 'never 992; and Lend Lease, IOI9i at Chequers, 1030, III8, I 122; in the history of human conflict .. .', 742 n.r; and a poem, and Easter work, 1055; and Churchill's speech of 29july 194I, 1071 n.I I 144; and aid to Russia, I2I4 n.4 'Boniface': the Enigma decrypts; 6r 1-13; and 'Riviera', 1154 Brighton: troops and buses at, 624-5; invasion danger at, 8o1-2; Boothby, Robert (later Lord): and Hore-Belisha's dismissal, I24- air raids on, 914 5; and the fall ofChamberlain, 299 n.4, 302-3;joins Churchill's Brighton Belle: sunk, 423 n.4 Government, 356-7; a gift from, 853 n.2; his 'remarkable Par­ Brilliant, HMS: and the Antwerp evacuation, 330 liamentary performance', r 004 'Brisk',: seizure of Azores, 933, 946 Borde: 'magnetic' ship, 97 Bristol: defence of, 33-4-j factories bombed at, 8r I, 925 n.g; decoy Bordeaux: French Government at, 550, 554, 556--9, s6r; evacua­ sites at, 1056; Churchill's visit to (April 1941), rosB-g; tions from, 563: de GaulJe leaves, for London, 567; Pound and bombed, 1058-9, 1062 n.3, 1083; and Plymouth, 1077

t' Alexander fly to, s68, 573i Lord Lloyd flies to, 572 Britannic: and supplies for Britain, 5 I 5, 626 'Border': attack on Lipsos, 953 n.2 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC}: 88, 95; daily losses 're­ Borgia, Cesare: and Churchill, I I95 iterated' by, 142; and an anti-invasion appeal, 622; its attacks Borrow, George: quoted, 406 on Petain, 865; and gas attack, 948; a warning telegraphed to, Bosnia: sunk, 9 n. 2 1065 n.6; and the German invasion of Russia, r r 19 Bosphorus, the: and the Soviet Union, 64, 6g; and Germany, 677 British Expeditionary Force: crosses to France, 2 r Bothnia, Gulf of: 34, 35, gg, 109, 178, 182, 192-3,200, 227 British Guiana: and United States bases, 732 Botwood: and aircraft supplies to Britain, 344 British Purchasing Commission: 576 n.2, 587, 6os, 618, 626, 666, Boulogne: and the battle for France, 361, 373, 376, 383, 384; 678-g, 6go, 737-8, 768, 772-3, 79&--9, Bo7, 86!)-74, 8n, 907- German threat to, g86; evacuations from, 38g, 432; captured, 8, 92&--8, 974-5> 992, 1033-4 394; Napoleon at, 466; suggested offensive action at, 472; a British Supply Council: established, 927 'pin-prick' at, 676; German invasion preparations at, 776, 778; Brittany: possible bridgehead in, 453· soB. SID-II, 51], 524, a fire ship failure at, 815i fighter protection over, I r 39 530, 538, 543, 544; Churchill to sail to, 561 INDEX 1279

Brize Norton: and the Battle of Britain, 736 Cadogan, Sir Alexander-continued Broadway: and Enigma, 61 1-·13, 814, 824, 1185, 1209 1027, 1028 n.6; and shipping, IOJ7j and Yugoslavia, 1043; and Brockman, Captain R. V.: and invasion, 650 n.t; and 'Riviera', Iraq, 1075; and 'Riviera', 1154 n. 3, I 158, I 15g-6o, 1162 n.2; 1154 0.3 and 'Whipcord', 1225; and japan, 1255, 1263 Broke, Lord Willoughby de: at Uxbridge, 785 Cadzow, Lieutenant (later Sir) Norman: at Antwerp, 330 n.3 Broke, HMS: in 1917, 409 n.3 Cafe de Paris: bombed, 1031 Bronte·: sunk, 65 n.4 Cairnmona: sunk, 65 n.4 Brook, Norman (later Lord Normanbrook): 662 n.I Cairo: proposal for British troops to leave, 425; fears for, 4gB, Brooke, General Alan (later Field Marshal Viscount Alan­ 822; a threat to bomb, 1o65 brooke): and the battle for France, 356, 37o---I, 397, 4o6; and Calais: and the western Blitzkrieg, 309, 361; Ironside's narrow the collapse of Belgium, 414; and Dunkirk, 428,432 n.r; sees escape at, 372; defence of, 379, 386, 38g-go, 394, 395, 719 n.3; Churchill, 490; returns to France, 525, 543, 544-6, 546, 547; decision to allow capture of British garrison at, 405-6, 41 I, at Southern Command, 66g--7o; Commander-in-Chief, Home 419; suggested offensive action at, 472; German invasion pre­ Forces, 675; finds Churchill 'full of the most marvellous cour­ parations at, 626, 657, 776, 780, 852; and the Spanish Armada, age', 675-6; 'reassuring' the troops, 730; visits the 'most vul­ 794 n.4; a fire ship failure at, 815 nerable' area, 779, 78o; at Chequers, 838, 994 n.2, to7o---1; Calcutta, HMS: and 'Hats', 771; sunk, 1099 goes with Churchill to Scotland, 86o-1; and a disputed pro­ Caldecote, Viscount (Sir Thomas lnskip): 64, 485, 573, 574; motion, 861-$ a:nd a burning oil scheme, 948; and an anti­ knowledge of 'Menace' to be kept from, 725 invasion exercise, 993 n.2; at the Tank Parliament, 1081 n.2, Cambrai: 371, 379, 38o I 098; and anti-invasion plans, 1 I 28 n.4, I I4I; to succeed Dill, Cambridge: nine killed in air raid on, 573 1204, 1234; and 'Ajax', 1213, 1224-5; becomes Chief of the Cameronia: and supplies for Britain, 515 Imperial General Staff, 1234-5, 1238; and 'Crusader', 1245, Cameroons: possible control of, 725 1246; and the coming of war with Japan, 1265 Campbell, Gerald: and Hess, 1087-8 Brooke, Ronald: I 235 Campbell, Sir Ronald: and a Churchill speech, 173; and the Brooke, Victor: 1235 mining of the Rhine, 202, 207 n.4, 208, 215: and the fall of Brown, Ernest: 1016 n.2 France, 378, 422, 434. 445, 46o, 495, 528, 533, 541, 552, 554, Brown, Francis: joins Churchill's Private Office, 12o6 n.2 ss6, ss8, s6I; and the French fleet, 56s, s67 D-3· 572, s88; in Bruce, Stanley (later Viscount Bruce of Melbourne): 4Io; and a Belgrade, I 042 'rotten' note, 435-6 Campinchi, cesar: 74. 75· 198 n.4. 204, 262 n.4. 272, 445; at Bruges: sunk, 489 n. 2 Rabat, 597 'Bruiser': offensive in Cyrenaica, 1097 Campion, Colonel (hon. Brigadier) D. J. M.: 797 n.5 Brussels: bombed, 309 Camrose, 1St Viscount: II, 24, s65, 853 n.2, 1074 n.2j and Buckingham Palace: possible German attack on Whitehall from Enigma, 1200; at the Other Club, I 237-8 the direction of, 372; Churchill reports to the King at, 376, Canada: troops from, 66, 128, 250, 255, 410, 424, 442, 4g6, 503, 387; bombed, 78o--1 543, 544, 653, 655, 77I, roq n.4; arms purchases from, 289; 'Bugle': plan to seize Canary Islands, 567 n.1, 5E4 pilots to train in, 373-4, 759; and fighters for Britain, 4oo-r; Bulgaria: 3o---1, 677; German military preparations in, 921, 922, and the paintings in the National Gallery, 449; evacuation of 923 n.3, 978-9, 1002, 1005, 1007; Churchill's warning to, 1009; children to, 623, 67o---1, 793; internees sent to, 638 n.2; air joins the Axis, 1023 supply route to Egypt from, 714; and a proposal branded as 'Bullion': oil plant to be destroyed, 88g n.3 'defeatism', 715; ships from, sunk, 79I n.r; dollar needs of, Bullock, Alan (later Lord): 56 976; possible use of troops from, I I 22; aid to Russia from, 'Bumper': anti-invasion exercise, 1224 1 I 87; troop convoys from, I 2o8; and reinforcements for Hong Burgin, Leslie: 19, I IO, 135, 150, 192, 204 n.3, 233 n.2; •a disap­ Kong, 1261 pointment and a shock' for, 356 n.4 Canadian Lakes: ships on, go Burke, Thomas: and the Duke of Windsor, 702 n.6 Canary Islands: possible seizure of, 576, s84, 1142, I r6o Burma Road: closed, 679; opened, 825, 833; and japanese plans, Cangey, Chateau de: Churchill's invitation to, 537-8 t26o Canterbury: and invasion, 62 I Burrough, Rear-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) H. M.: 165, 166 Canvey Island: bombed, 5 73 'Butcher and Bolt' raids: in preparation, 66r Cape Helles: evacuation of, 463 Butler, (Sir) Nevile: 952; holds back a telegram, 974-5 Capel Dunn, Colonel Denis: and Enigma, 896 n.2 Butler, R. A. (later Lord Butler of Saffron Walden}: 8t; and Cape Verde Islands: plan to seize, 654 n.3, 677, 933; and the possible peace moves (in March 1940), 190; and 'Narvik', 22$ United States, 1077-8 and the fall of Chamberlain, 294; remains in Churchill's Cape rork: torpedoed, 767 n.2 Government, 343; 'odd language' of, sg8-g; and John G. Cardiff: decoy sites at, 1056 Winant, 1019 n.I; and Greece, 1025, 1028 n.6 Carlton Club: bombed, 843, 844 Byron, Lord: quoted, 729 n.3 Carnegie, Mrs (Mrs joseph Chamberlain): 121 Carr, Professor E. H.: 138-9, 140 'C': 667, 6g6, 726, n.4, 814, 8g6, 1141 n.1, 1154, ll86 n.1, 1200; Carter, Able Seaman: a sole survivor, 482 n.2 and Intelligence for the Soviet Union, 1209-1 o; and Stalin, Cartland, Barbara: 46, 463 n.3 121 o; and the preservation of secrecy, I 233 n.1, and Auch­ Cartland, Ronald: 46; killed in action, 463 inleck, 1242; and Roosevelt, 126o n.2 Carton de Wiart, Lieutenant-General (Sir) Adrian: 236-7, 244, 'C.38m': and the future war in the Middle East, 1147 250, 254. 258 Cabinet Room: 'intact', 854 Cary, (Sir) Robert: and reprisals, 851-2 Cadogan, Sir Alexander: 140, tg8, n.4, 203, 240; and the political Casablanca: 4g6, 584, sgo; French politicians held captive off, crisis of May 1940, 300, 302; and the battle for France, 355, 598, 635; a possible landing at, 63o---1, 765; French warships 374, 381, 393,404,413, 418 n.1, 423, 45I, 46o; and Churchill's reach, 787, 788; German threat to, 921, 959; possible British 'theatricality', 427; and the IRA, 432-3; and Dunkirk, 448; entry into, 1218, 1225 and the fall of France, 526-7, 561; and the French fleet, 567; Caspian Sea: possible British 'command' of, 195; possible German and Belgium, 572; and Swedish destroyers, 574; and Eire, 577; advance to, 662, 740, 742, 88o, 1009, 1069; American supplies and invasion, 726 n.4; and Enigma, 727 n.4, 896 n.2; and the through, 1173, 1176, t182; Britain protected by, 11g6 United States, 796; and Vichy, 863, 1033 n.2; and Greece, Castle Bromwich: Churchill visits, 1202 1012, 1027, 1028 n.6; and shipping, 1017; and Greece, 1012, Catania: attack on, proposed, 955 1280 INDEX

'Catapult': seizure of French fleet, 6o4, 628--45, 654 Chamberlain, Neville-continllt'd 'Catapult II': a military landing in French Morocco, 630 night of his fall, recalled, 943i Halifax's 'unpopular' association Catchpool, Corder: his protest, 1070 n.I with, 953; his 'conviction' of January 1940, gg6--7; the 'nar­ 'Catherine': 26-7, 34, 37-8, roo-1, 103-4. 194, 195, 200 rowest' of men, 1122 Catroux, General Georges: 1 ogo, 1 I 57 Champerdowne, D. G.: 49 n.2 Caucasus: 1056, ro6g; British offer to destroy oil fields of, ri31, Champon, General: 415-16 1 17 1-2; German forces within striking distance of, 1 1 7~ possi­ Chaney, Major-General James E.: 1 I4o, 114I ble German advance beyond, 11g6, 1251; British troops for Channel Islands: 573. 616, 624, 676, 765 defence of, 1204, 1228 'Channel Stop duties': 'very hot,' 1201 Cave, George (later Viscount): 27 n.4 Channon, (Sir) Henry: and the political crisis of May I94-Q, 285, Cavendish-Bentinck, Victor (later Duke of Portland): 740 n.r 286, 292, 294, 297, 2g8, 2gg, 305; and the fall of France, 468; Cazalet, Victor: 521 n.I, 652, 86o-r, 1016 n.3 'unmoved' by Churchill, 58o; and Churchill's tears, 642, gog; Cazalet-Keir, Thelma: 521 n.I and Churchill's 'roaring spirits', 676; and Churchill's 'artistry', Cecil, Lord Hugh (later Baron Quickswood): 835 n.3, 949 n.2 6g6; Churchill's chann 'overclouded', 837; contrasting reflec­ Cecil, ISt Viscount (ofChelwood): 277 n.1 tions of, 888; 'some sugar for the birds', go6; and Chamberlain's Central War Room (Cabinet War Room): 653, 685-6, 76g, 78o­ funeral, gog; and the bombed House of Commons, 938-g; and l, 8oo, 827 n.5, 85g-6n, 866, 871, 878, 8g1, 8g5; Churchill Crete, 1 102-3; and Churchill's 'sober and detennined' ap­ sleeps at, go2; Churchill at, 914; Churchill's broadcast from, proach, I I46 n. I g6o; models of Rhodes and Leros in, 1002 n. $ American emis­ Chaplin, (Sir) Charles: his new film, 946 saries shown, 1038-g; Churchill broadcasts from, 11 IO n. I 'Charles': an attempted landing near Dakar, 8o6-7 Centurion, HMS: 'now a decoy ship', 1077 Charles I, King: 'He nothing common did .. .', 570; and the Ceuta: possible occupation of, 925, 933, 946 n. I bombed House of Commons, 939 Chad: and de Gaulle, 7Bg; an air route through, 813 Charles XII, King: his invasion of Russia, 1050 Chakmak, Marshal: in Britain, 1oo6 Charles, Sir Noel: 234 'Challenger': occupation of Ceuta, 946 n. I Chartwell: Churchill at, 361-2, 653-4, 1100 n.t, lito, III3i Chamberlain, Mrs (Anne Chamberlain): 167-8, 435, Boo, 855, newspapers at (before 1939), Sg.t; Churchill's plan to retire to, goo-I 943 Chamberlain, Sir Austen: 819 Chiteau de L'Horizon: 'sunlight days ... gone for ever', 173 Chamberlain, Joseph: and Germany, 994 Chatfield, Admiral of the Fleet Lord: 40, 6g-71, 1 oo-1; and Chamberlain, Neville: and the outbreak of war, 5; and the black­ Scandinavia, IIO, 128; Churchill's report to, 125; and army out, 14; and German air superiority, Ig-20; and the bombing expansion, I so; his possible replacement by Churchill, I g6; of Germany, 23: Churchill's letters to (September 1939 to May resigns, 203, 204, 216; glad to be 'out of the picture', 332; a 1940), 24, 29-30, 39-40, fio, 97-8, Ill, II], 20], 212; and gift from, 853 n.2; 'belaboured' by Churchill, 1122 Cabinet changes, 27, 203-4, 2o6-7; his 'inadequacy', 45-6; Chatham: danger to, 42, 6o; air battle over, 736 and Churchill's 'excellent broadcast', 51; and the United Chatwin, Commander C. A. N.: 4Bg n.2 States, 54-5, 549, 745, 758; and Hitler's peace offer (October 'Cheap and Nasties': 25 1939), 56-7, 6o, 694; and retaliation, 62; suffering from gout, Chequers: Churchill's first visit to (as Prime Minister), 450; 77; and the Labour Party, 88; and Scandinavia, 109-IO, 111, further visits to, 586, 587, 588, 661, 663, 675, 710, 781, 786, 127-35, 145, 147-8, r8o-1, t8g, 1g8-2oo; and Churchill's 791, 799, 813, 838-42, 938, 945-6, 992, 10oo, 1030, 106o, judgement, 1 r8; and Hore-Belisha's dismissal, 120, 124; and 1077-8, 1080, IIOI, 1134-5, II45-6, II75, II]6, 117g-8o, Belgium, 126; and British aid to Finland, 136, 185; and neutral 1203-4, 1224-5; a 'Mad Hatter's Dinner Party' at, recalled, States, 139; and a cross-Channel incident, 148--9; visits Chur­ 683-5; defence of, 6g1-2, goo; Wavell's visit to, 718; discus­ chill's map room, 162; dines with Churchill, 167-8; a peace sions at (August-December 1!)40), 726--g; and the Battle of appeal to (March 1940), tgo; and the mining of the Rhine, Britain, 736, 767; and scientific experiments, 747i the 'Joint I94, 198, 198-g, 207, 208-g, 2IO, 212, 2I4 and 'Narvik', Ig8- Planners' at, 763, 765, 813; and invasion indications at, 773, 9· 207, 237, 238, 240, 244, 250, 255, 264, 267, 268-7I; and 813i and the idea for a broadcast, 855; 'Nelson' evacuated to, Churchill's widening responsibilities (April 1940), 216; and 863 n.4; and Lindemann's albums, 884; Churchill's mound of Sweden, 226-7; and Trondheim, 244, 245; and the political work at, 891-4; a 'naval night' at, 922; and 'the glow of fires crisis of April-May 1940, 246-7, 248--9, 264, 267, 271-2; and from afar', 941; Christmas 1940 at, g61; Hopkins and Willkie Norwegian appeals for help, 253, 259, 26I; and the evacuations at, ggg; Hopkins revisits, I007i Harriman at, I033i Winant at, from Norway, 273-4; fall of, 277-313; and the western Blit;:.­ 105g-6n, 1266-8; Churchill broadcasts from, 1008, to6g; and krieg of May 1940, 3o8-1$ and Churchill's Premiership, 314- the Bismarck, Iog2; and the Hood, 1093-4; and Wavell's dis~ 17, 321; becomes Lord President of the Council, 317,329 n.I, missal, 1 1 14; and the German invasion of Russia, I 1 I 8-I g, 332, 357; and British bombing policy, 334; and the sending of 1122-g; Auchinleck at, 1149; Churchill's broadcast from (24 fighters to France, 335-6, 355, 523; and the Leadership of the August 1941), 1173; Alan Brooke at, 1224-5, 1234-5; and the Conservative Party, 347; and the battle for France, 355, 35g- coming of war with japan, 1265-6; 1267-g 6o, 363, 393, 451, 456; and internment, 378, 38g; and Italy, Cherbourg: 370, 48o, 543, 546, 550, 563, 568; the possible seizure 404 n.1; and Britain's prospects, 41o-rr, 412, 418, 421; and of, 718, 764; invasion preparations at, 794; a fire ship scheme Lord Gort, 42$ and Lloyd George, 425-6, 474; and the IRA, for, 815 n.4; bombarded (operation 'Medium'), 834; bombed, 432-3; Churchill dines with (30 May 1940), 435; Press criticism 1129; a possible raid on, I I 38 of, 474-s; and Anglo-French Union, 546, 550, 56o; contrasted Cherwell, Baron (later Viscount) (for earlier index entries stt Linde­ with Churchill, 556, 887-8; and the fall of France, 557, 6r5; mann, Professor Frederick): and the United States, li4Ii and and Eire, 5 77; his 'warm praise' of Churchill, 58o n. g; and Churchill's Production speech, II45i and 'Riviera', 1154 n.3, Oran, 642; pre-war respomibilities of, 659; Churchill gives 1159, u6g; and possibly poisoned cigars, Il95 n.1; at 'pleasure' to, 735; encourages Churchill, 741; Churchill's Chequers, 1224; criticized, 1235 report to {August 1940), 766-7; 'growing confidence' of, 769; 'Chesterfield decoy', the: 7 I 2 and the Battle of Britain, 776; and Dakar, 790, 810; his last Chiang Kai-shek: and Japan, 1200 illness, Boo, 812, 817, 8Ig, 82o; and the Conservative Party Chile: 163 Leadership, 828-g, 835-7; 'these anxious days', 853; Chur­ China: 'dread' of a 'Nazi triumph', 8o-I; and Japan, 357, 1045, chill's further report to (October 1940), 854-5; and Britain's 126o; and Hitler, 662; and the Burma Road, 679, 825, 833; guarantees to Greece and Turkey (1939), 884; dies, goo-r; 'approaching collapse' of, II2Ij and 'Riviera', 1166 Churchill's obituary speech on, go2-g; his funeral, gog; the Chobry: sunk, 337 INDEX

Church House, Westminster: a possible evacuation to, 783: Churchill, (Sir) Winston Leonard Spencer-continued Churchill's first speech in, 902 'Atlantic Charter', Auchinleck, Australia, 'Battle of Britain', Churchill, Clarissa (later Countess of Avon): 433 Blitz (on Britain), Bombing Policy (British), Brooke (Sir Alan), Churchill, Clementine (later Baroness Spencer-Churchill): and Chamberlain (Neville), Chequers, Churchill (Clementine), Britain's lack of preparedness in 1939, 17; cinema and Ice Churchill (Randolph), Colville (Sir John), Coventry, Crete, Hockey excursions of, 167; and 'Narvik', 263-4; and the politi­ Cripps (Sir Stafford), Dowding (Sir Hugh), Dunkirk, Eden cal crisis of May 1940, 285, 286--7; and a First World War (Anthony), Enigma, Finland, France, Gas, Germany, Gort letter, 314, 327 n.1; 'in an agony of fear', 332 n.2; and a pacifist (General Lord), Greece, Halifax (Lord), Harriman (Averell), sermon, 36I; and her nephew's return from Dunkirk, 429; and Hitler, Hoare (Sir Samuel), Hopkins (Harry), Invasion (of the fall of France, 553, 561; and the West Indies, 556 n.2; Britain), Ismay (General), Italy, Japan, Lindemann (Profes­ warns her husband of 'a deterioration' in his manner, 587-8; sor), London, Martin (Sir John), Middle East, Morton (Sir at Chequers, 614, 683, 739, 786, 922 n.g, g61, 992 n.s; two Desmond), Mussolini, Narvik, Neutrality, Newall (Sir Cyril), cousins arrested, 6I6; and military exercises in Kent, 653i and Nicolson (Sir Harold), Norway, Oran, Paris, Peace Terms, the 'Annexe', 78$ at Uxbridge, 783--6; and an invasion alarm, Pearl Harbour, Peck (Sir John), Petain (Marshal), Phillips 8o2; and the Dakar expedition, 810; and the Conservative (Admiral Tom), Poland, Portal (Sir Charles), Pound (Sir Party Leadership, 835; travels to Scotland, 86o-I; and Chur­ Dudley), Prince if Wales (HMS), Purvis (Arthur), Reynaud chill's reading of the newspapers (before 1939), 894; at Ditch­ (Paul), Rommel (General), Roosevelt (Franklin D.), Seal (Sir ley, goo n.2, 9B3 n.2; and air raid shelters, 939 n.2; calls in a Eric), 'Second Front', Sinclair (Sir Archibald), Smuts (Gen­ doctor, gBg; travels to Scotland, ggo; visits blitzed ports, 999; eral), Soviet Union, Spain, Spears (General E. L.), Stalin, at Bristol, 1058; at Plymouth, I on; and the sinking of the Supreme War Council, Sweden, Tobruk, Trondheim, Turkey, Hood, 1094; a fire-watcher, 1 104; supports John Colville's ap­ U~boats, United States of America, Vichy, Wavell (Sir Archi­ plication to join the RAF, 1135; and 'Riviera', 1149, 1157-8, bald), Weygand (General), Winant (John G.), Windsor (Duke I I 70; and a crucial meeting, 1194; at Manston, 120 I; her of) and Yugoslavia. 'anger', 1202; her 'affection', 12o6; her Aid to Russia Appeal, Characteristic• of, as seen by his contemporaries: 'writing 1210 his new memoirs', 15; 'impinged on other Ministers' concerns', Churchill, Lady Gwendeline: 433, 992 n.5 23 n.r; 'all the weapons ofleadership', 46; 'very boastful', 8r; Churchill, HMS: IIfi9, 1247 n.3 'vigorous and eloquent', go; 'galvanising people at all levels', Churchill, johnS. (Jack): 433, 775,949,992 n.5, 993,994, II70, IS6; 'a manifestly humane person', I 56; 'no rigidity of mind', 1202 165; 'nothing can frighten him', 173; 'very responsive to a Churchill, johnS. Uohnny): returns from Dunkirk, 42g-3o; dines sympathetic handling', 203: 'a gentle, almost paternal, smile', at Downing Street, 58o 220; 'bellicose moOO, alive and enjoying himself, 294; 'absolute Churchill, Pamela (later Mrs Averell Harriman): and the All­ loyalty', 299; 'ready as always with confident advice', 307; mark, I53i a 'charming girl', 167; dines at Downing Street, 'action-with a snap in it', 324; 'the weakest whisky-and­ 58o; at Chequers, 838 n. I' g8I n.4j 'examining the devastation' sodas', 336 n.1; 'his geniality and air of brisk confidence', 384; with Averell Harriman, 1062 n.g; and Kathleen Harriman, 'ceaseless industry', 427; 'so full of courage and determination', I 104; news of, I 105; the 'latest news' of, 1127; and 'Riviera', 46o; 'head and shoulders above them all', 468; 'a nice pink

1159; and Churchill's generosity, 1178 pig' 1 556; 'quite Undismayed by the State Of affairs' 1 568; 'COUr­ Churchill, Mary (later Lady Soames): her recollections, 62, tosg; age and vitality', 574; 'strength, resolution, humour, readiness and 'Black Move', &n; at Chequers, 614, 838 n.I, 961, 992 to listen', 583i 'irascibility and rudeness', 587-8; 'irritableness', n.1, 992 n.5; and an invasion alarm, 8o2; and her mother's 592; 'less violent, less wild and less impetuous', 6oo; 'a won­ view of the Conservative Party Leadership (in October I94o), derful tonic', 617; 'getting very arrogant', 652; 'enough courage 83s; at Ditchley, goo n.2; at Bristol, 1058--9; 'the greatest dar­ for everybody', 653i 'really he has got guts', 665; 'in wonderful ling that can be imagined', I I7?j 'heroic', 1226 spirits, and full of offensive plans', 670; 'full of the most mar­ Churchill, Lady Randolph: 1109 n.3 vellous courage, considering the burden he is bearing', 675; Churchill, Lord Randolph: 73, 836, !41 'his powers of glowing speech', 6g6; 'very much on edge', 732; Churchill, (the Hon.) Randolph F. E. S.: and the Duke of Wind­ 'could give such pleasure', 735; 'he really cares, he's crying', sor, l3i accompanies his father to France Qanuary 1940), 122; 77 5; 'most refreshing and entertaining', 78o; 'does not try to marries, 167; and the political crisis of May 1940, 305, 3o6, cheer us up with vain promises', 792; 'becoming less and less 313-14; and his father's emergence as Prime Minister, 327-8, benevolent towards the Germans', 8oo; 'a wonderful vitality 357-8, 454. 46o, 468 n.s. sBo; 'coarse and aggressive', 616; and bears his heavy burdens remarkably well', 838; 'his very and the punishment of members of the pre-war Government, presence gives us all gaiety and courage', 851; 'jovial and 619; and his father's views of 'the best way of killing Huns', genial', 86t; 'by putting the grim side foremost he impresses us 729; at Chequers, 799, 838 n.I, g61, 992 n.I; elected to Parlia­ with his ability to face the worst', 887; 'full of vigour and ment, 831; birth of his son, 838; his choice of school, 949 n.I; bright of eye', 938; 'as brisk as ever', g62; 'most communicative leaves for the Middle East, 1004, tow; and the German in­ and benign', gg6; 'very irritated', IOOij 'amazing grasp of vasion of Greece and Yugoslavia, I054i Churchill's report to, detail', 1018; 'no defeat in his heart', 1018; 'statesmanlike', I 104-5; his proposal, accepted, 1 124-5; and General Haining, Io2o; 'head and shoulders above all others', togS; 'very graci­ 1125 n.g; and Averell Harriman, 1127; Churchill's further ous', IIOlj 'a devastating effect on planning', III2j 'not a report to, 1176-8; and Auchinleck, 1220 n.1; Churchill's third gambler', Il5Ii 'innately loveable and generous', II70i 'carry­ report to, 1226-7; in the western desert, I246 ing the heaviest burden of responsibility any man has ever Churchill, Sarah: s« index entry, Oliver, Sarah shouldered', II97i 'a loveable person, in spite of his impati­ Churchill, (Sir) Winston Leonard Spencer: ence', I2I5i 'an exceptionally kind look', 1234; 'a great deal of enters the War Cabinet (3 September 1939), 3i and the Mili­ caution, even vacillation at times', 1248; 'unusual vehemence', tary Co..ordination Committee (October 1939), 40; joins the 1266; 'full of bounce again', 1273 Supreme War Council (February 1940), I47i First Lord of the Exhortatioae of: 'To your tasks and duties', s; 'the search Admiralty, 155-73; increased powersof(April 1940), 204-6; a for a naval offensive must be incessant', 38; 'give me your aid further increase in powers of, (May 1940), 277--9; and the to smooth away the obstacles', 58; 'let us to the task, to the political crisis of May 1940, 285-312; becomes Prime Minister, battle, to the toil', 143; 'do not forget the enemy', 297; 'let pre­ 313-18; his position as Minister of Defence, 322--6; and the war feuds die', 2g8; 'no terms, no surrender', 530; 'your mood German bombing beam, 58o-4; and Enigma, Britain's 'most should be bland and phlegmatic. NQooOne is down-hearted secret source' of Intelligence, 6og-13. For specific aspects of policy, here', 6o8; 'assemble your ideas and facts, so that I may give set the subject index tmries, including llwsefor 'Action this Day', extreme priority and impulse to this business', 615; 'we cannot INDEX

Churchill, (Sir) Winston Leonard Spencer---continued Churchill, (Sir) Winston Leonard Spencer--continued accept any lower aim than air mastery', 656; 'I entirely de­ 1226; 'very angry', 123t; 'highly delighted', 1238; 'very im­ precate any stampede from this country', 671; 'we have to patient', 12gg; 'chann of manner ... in difficult moments', gain the victory. That is our task', 743; 'I want you to hit 1266; 'enormously relieved' (Pearl Harbour), 1274 them hard, and Berlin is the place to hit them', 757; 'never ReftectiOD• of: 'All will come right', I3i 'It is right to feel maltreat the enemy by halves', Bog; 'Keep jogging along', 8q; the things that matter', 16; 'I cannot doubt our victory', 20; 'Do not let us be lured into supposing that the danger is past', 'the more humane conceptions of', 23i 'woefully outmatched', 8g2; 'simplify, shorten and reduce', 895; 'now is the time to 32; 'one ... who treads alone', g2; 'departments full of loose take risks', 910; 'you are too young to die', 914; 'Do not let fat', 41; 'we have only to persevere to conquer', 45; 'not with­ spacious plans for a new world divert your energies from saving out mercy ... but at any rate with zeal', 50; 'our defeat would what is left of the old', 939 n.3; 'we must try not to be taken mean an age of barbaric violence', 1o6; 'victory will never be by surprise by events', 955; 'a busy Christmas and afrantic New found by taking the line of least resistance', tgg; 'a brave officer Year', 961; 'you must have less fat and more muscle', 978; will always be humane', 158; 'we have to contrive and compel 'continually comb, scrub and purge', 978; 'The hour has come; victory', tgo; 'public men charged with the conduct of the war kill the Hun' (in the event of invasion), 994; 'Give us the tools, should live in a continual stress of soul', 190; 'we must take our and we will finish the job', IOIOj 'Continue to pester, nag and blows', 229; 'the risk must be run and the price must be paid', bite', 1043; 'By all means make the best plan of manoeuvre, 251; 'we can but try our best to execute a sound conception', but anyhow fight', I0:)2j 'a true sense of proportion must rule', 261; 'mendacity is many-tongued', 295; 'Is this not the ap~ 1076; 'I trust no respite will be given to the enemy', 1081; 'Lift pointed time for all to make the utmost exertions in their up your hearts. All will come right', 1 wg; 'Divided, the dark power?', 364; 'our inflexible resolve to continue', 425: 'there is ages return. United, we can save and guide the world', 1 I w; nothing to be gained from recrimination', 4g9; 'impossible to 'Let us redouble our exertions and strike with united strength run any further risk', 441; 'they had only to carry on the fight while life and power remain', 1121; 'I must insist upon knowing to conquer', 444; 'wars are not won by evacuations', 464; 'we all the essential facts', 1 I go; 'Oh don't mind me, it's only my seem incapable of action', 477; 'we are indeed the victims of a way', Il4li 'We must give what help is possible' (to the Soviet feeble and weary departmentalism', 477; 'It is vital to our Union), 1 144; 'We must go on and on and on, like the gun­ safety that the United States should be involved in totalitarian horses, till we drop', 1 14$ 'We are not here to pay each other war', 485; 'If words counted, we should win this war', 552; 'we compliments', I rsr; 'Ought not wearing-down attacks to be are sure that in the end all will come right', 566; 'Let each made?', 1172; 'We must have an American declaration of war man search his conscience ... I frequently search mine', s6g; .. .', u8o; 'Has any of this been passed to joe', I2IOj 'Throw 'rhetoric is no guarantee of survival', 571; 'we shall not fail in in all and count on me', 1222; 'you must have a robust convic­ our duty, however painful', 642; 'we await undismayed the tion of the loyalty, integrity and courage of the British nation', impending assault', 664; 'we may show mercy-we shall ask 1228; 'if you don't love my dog, you damn well can't love me', for none', 664; 'There are no competitors for my job now. I 1235; 'It is much better to let events tell their own tale', 1240; didn't get it until they had got into a mess', 6g7; 'Never in the 'KBO', 1273 field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so Foreca•t• of: 'a very large recrudescence of submarine few', 742; 'the dead weight of inertia and delay which has so warfare', 24; 'we shall suffer continually', 77; 'nothing to offer far led to us being forestalled on every occasion by the enemy', but blood, toil, tears and sweat', 332-3; 'I can give them 754; 'we have got into a groove in which much action is outside nothing but disaster for quite a long time', 333; 'England will our control', 767; 'very fine arguments are always given for go on to the end, even quite alone', 341; 'I shall drag the doing nothing', no; 'naturally they all stand together, like United States in', g58; 'we shall make them rue the day they doctors in a case which has gone wrong', 772; 'Little does he try to invade our island', 449; 'I expect worse to come', 469; know the spirit of the British nation', 778; 'we have very bad 'It will be a long pull if we are to get a thoroughly good times indeed to go through before we emerge from the moral result', 767; 'whatever happens, we will all go down fighting to perils by which we are surrounded', 822; 'A Hun alive is a war the end', 79g; 'I can make no promises at all of victory', 822; in prospect', 841; 'nothing in history was ever settled except by 'The decision for I 941 lies upon the seas', 936; 'if you are not wars', 861; '"Safety First" is the road to ruin in war, even if able to stand by us in all measures apart from war, we cannot you had the safety, which you have not', 885-6; 'the intolerable guarantee to beat the Nazi tyranny', 973; 'we must expect a shackles of the defensive', 899; 'wars are won by superior will­ series of very heavy, disastrous blows in the Balkans', 1007; 'no power', Bgg; 'we are still paying for our failure to rearm in option but an unwilling peace', 1078; (of the United States) good time', go2; 'we dwell under a drizzle of carping criticism', 'the longer they wait, the longer and more costly the job will 91 8; 'we need to show ourselves capable of vehement offensive be which they will have to do', Il06 amphibious action', 934; 'there is a kind of warmth pervading Moods of: 'oddly oppressed with my memories', 32; 'the England', 941; 'there must be no pariahs', 944; 'we seek no longest three weeks I have ever lived', 4g; 'I'm feeling very territorial gains, we seek only the right of man to be free', 985; fertile tonight', 164; 'jubilant', 217; 'no need for cheering 'Fate holds terrible forfeits for those who gamble on certainties', dreams', gq; 'buoyancy and hope', ggg; 'depressed', g54, 377; 995; 'it is a pretty tough job to reshape human society in an 'I cannot say I have enjoyed being Prime Minister very much after-dinner speech', 995 n.2; 'next to cowardice and treachery, so far', 46g; 'a new lease of life', 67o; 'cantankerous', 675; 'at overconfidence, leading to neglect or slothfulness, is the worst the very top of his form', 676; 'depressed', 716; 'a sober and of martial crimes', roog; 'It is no good running after these growing conviction of our power 10 defend ourselves success­ people. Events alone will convince them', IOJ5i 'In this war fully', 726; 'Each night I try myself by Court Martial to see if every post is a winning-post, and how many more are we I have done anything effective during the day', 758-g; 'tears going to lose', 1078-g; 'Hard times; but the end will repay', in his eyes', 861; 'I purred like six cats', 89g; 'vision, truculence, 1079; 'A one-man State is no State', I079i 'If we win, nobody resolution and great unhappiness', 1919-20j 'Normally I wake will care. If we lose, there will be nobody to care', I I 12 n.5; up buoyant to face the new day. Then I awoke with dread in (on Wavell and Auchinleck), 'I feel that I have got a tired fish my heart', 951; 'tired and depressed for him', 1002-g; 'I refuse on this rod, and a very lively one on the other', Itr6; 'We altogether to be hustled and rattled. God knows that we are have only to go on fighting to beat the life out of these villains', doing our bit', togs; 'gravely depressed', ron; 'worst gloom', 1 I 33i 'There are always excellent reasons in favour of retire­ 1078; 'less dark', 1079; 'elated', to84; 'a bad temper all this ments. Victory rewards those whose will-power overcomes week', 11 g8; 'as excited as a schoolboy on the last day of term', these reasons', 1149; 'I am appalled by the proposal to remain 1148; 'a thoroughly good temper', II55i 'impatience', II7o; passive', I 152; 'we are in the presence of a crime without a 'deeply moved', 12og; 'very depressed', 1 225; 'greatly cheered', name', 11 74i 'There is a very dangerous feeling in America INDEX

Churchill, (Sir) Winston Leonard Spencer-continued 'Cold Water': air raid counter measure, 913 that they need not worry now ... ', 1 I 77i 'No one wants to Cole, G. D. H.: 190 recriminate, but ...\ 1 I84; 'Neither sympathy nor emotion Colijn, Dr H.: 17 will overcome the kind of facts we have to face', I184; 'I feel Colmar: bombed, 309 the world vibrant again', 118$ 'he is an unwise man who Cologne: possible mines in Rhine at, 488; British air raids on, thinks there is any certain method of winning this war', I2o6; 'I 925, 1015, I 130, I 169, I23I feel sure that if all is risked, all may be won', 1218; 'I have to 'Colorado': defence of Crete, w8g restrain my natural pugnacity by sitting on my own head', Colville, (Sir) John: and Chamberlain's future, 46; and Chur­ 1227; 'the firmer your attitude and ours, the less chance of chill's future, 5 I, 77i and the effect of a Churchill speech, 8I; their taking the plunge', 1259; 'What a holocaust!' (Pearl and an imminent increase in Churchill's authority {March Habour), 1269; 'we have no reason to doubt the justice of our 1940), I95-6; and the 'pious parrot', 210; finds Churchill cause', I 274 ~ubilant', 2 I 7; Churchill's 'good case', 229; and 'Narvik', 246, Speechet1 by (House of Commons): (23 May 1916), 521; 26g; and the changes in organization of April I 940, 249; and (15 May 1930), 146; (5 May 1938), 10; (25 September 1939), Churchill's 'rampages', 263; and the political crisis of April­ 45-6; (8 November 1939), n; (6 December 1939), ~; (27 May 1940,271-2,279, 287; and the emergence of Churchill as February 1940), qo--2; (II April 1940), 227-30; (8 May Prime Minister, 327; and Lloyd George, 332; and Churchill's 1940), 294-9, 304-5: (13 May 1940), 332-3; (23 May 1940), desk, 336; and Churchill's new administration, 339, 343; and 384; (2B May 1940), 416-17; (4June 1940), 46s--B; (1BJune Churchill's first visit to Paris as Prime Minister, 353-4; and 1940), 06g-71; (•oJune 1940), 577-Bo; (•0 June 1940), 0gg- the battle for France, 354, 358--9, 36o, 363, 376-7, 3B1, 3B5, 6oo; (4July 1940), 641-3; (1BJuly 1940), 67o; (3oJuly 1940), 3B6, 397· 4'5· 45<>-1, 492, 516-17, ,.,, 526, 543. 547· 56.), 6g6; (20 August 1940), 741-s; (5 September 1940), 771; (17 719 n.3) at Chartwell, 361-2, III3i and the United States, September 1940), 792-3i (8 October 1940), 831-3; (5 Novem­ 367, 542, 6os, 66o, 681 n.I, 7I5, 764; the youngest member of ber 1940), B79, 886-8; (12 November 1940), goo-3; (13 Churchill's Private Office, 384 n.4, 400, 455 n.I, 592; and November 1940), go6; (21 November 1940), 920; (10 De­ Churchill's method of dictation, 391; his biography of Gort cember 1940), 940; (17 December 1940), 942 n.4; (19 De­ quoted, 397; and a discussion of peace terms (May 1940), 413; cember 1940), 951; (22 January 1941}, 1003-4; (12 March and Churchill's 'ceaseless industry', 427; and Dunkirk, 433 n.s; 1941), 1033: (9 April 1941), 1056-7; (7 May 1941), 10B3-4; and St'Cret Service reports, 446; and 'an unpleasant scene', (13 May 1941), 1o87; (22 May 1941), 1092; (27 May 1941), 448; and the defensive, 459; and a 'magnificent oration', 468; togs; (10june 1941), II07i (25]une 1941), III2 n.s; (2gjuly finds Churchill 'on edge', 469; and fighters to France, 47o--1, 1941); I 146; (9 September 1941), 1187; (30 September I94I), 478--g; finds Churchill 'impatient', 477; and Italy's declaration 1207; (20 November 1941), 1240; (8 December 1941), 1274 of war, 491; and a proposal for Anglo-French Union, 546-7, Speeches by (non House of Commons): (23 February ss8-6o; and the power of words, 552i and 'a nice pink pig'' 1940), 170; (19 April 1940), 252; (9 October 1940), B36; (9 556; and the French fleet, 565, 566, 639; and Andrew Marvell, November 1940), Bgg-goo; ( 15 January 1941 ), 990-91; (31 570 n.t; and Churchill's speech of I8 June 1940, 571; and January 1941), 999; (18 March 1941), 1036; (27 March 1941), Churchill's speech of 20 June I94o, 58o; and Churchill's 1044; (12 April 1941), 1059; (12 June 1941), noB-g; (16 character, 6oo; and 'Black Move', 6ot; and invasion, 6o2; at August 1941), 1 16g-7o; (I 8 August 194 I), 1170; ( 27 September Chequers, 614-1B, 740, 763, 765, ilo<>-2, B3B--42, BB3-7, BBs- IQ4I), I203i (30 November 1954), 318 7• 945-6, 106o n.3, 1134-5, I qg--Bo, 1203-4; and gas warfare, Broadcasts by: (1 October 1939), 4g-5Ij (12 November 618; and Hitler's plans, 620, 624; and the aftermath of'Oran', 1939), &Hit; (18 December 1939), 9fr7; (2oJanuary 1940), 639, 644; and Britain's 'dire need', 653; and renewed fears of 136-4o; (30 March 1940), 201-2; (19 May 1940), 363-5; (17 invasion, 657, 6g6; with Churchill at Dover, 65B--9; and June 1940), 066; (14]uly 1940), 663-5: (11 September 1940), civilian morale, 66g; finds Churchill 'cantankerous', 675; and 777-g; (30 September 1940), B1g; (21 October 194o), B55-6; India, 682; and invasion fears receeding, 710; and 'Razzle', (23 December 1940), g6o--t; (9 February 1941), tooB--10; {27 7I 1; and Churchill 'depressed' by a shipping loss, 7I6; and April1941), 1069; (!6June 1941), nog-10; (••June 1941), 'the bit of grit that saved us' in May 1940, 719 n.3; and Dakar, 112o--I; (14July 194I), 1136; (24 August 1941), 1173-4 722, 8o8; and Churchill's revolver practice 'while smoking a Churchill, Winston Spencer: at Chequers (hom), 838; christened, cigar', 729; and reinforcements to Egypt, 732; and the Battle 927; and Harry Hopkins, g8I n.4; 'very good accounts' of, 1105 of Britain, 735, 736-7, 765-6, 767; and Churchill's directive to Ciano, Count G.: 22, 34I-2, 49I Wavell, 735; and Churchill's speech preparations, 74o--1; and Cincar-Markovic, Dr Aleksandar: 1042 the Blitz, 75B, 76o-1, 7B3, 795, Boo, B51, go1, 103B; and Chur­ Citrine, Sir Walter (later Baron): I 74-5, 1199 n.t chill's nightly Court Martial, 758--9; and public morale, 768; Gig of Bedford: sunk, 977 and 'Paddock', 799; and the German 'New Order', 813; 'un­ Ciry 'If Bmares: torpedoed, 764 n.4, 793 hampered by bells', 823; and 'applause for Churchill, 831; and Gig of Calcutta: and United States supplies, IOIJ Nelson the cat, 833-4; and a Churchill directive, 848; and a Ci!Y of Paris: sunk, 82 blow to Churchill, 855; on a visit to Scotland, 86o-I; 'for a Clan Fraser: bombed, 1054 year or two they will cheer me', 863; and Vichy, 866; and 'the Clark, Alfred: 660 n.2 most unnecessary war in history', 877; and Churchill's mass of Clark, Kenneth {later Baron): and the safety of paintings in the paperwork, 8g1, 8g3; and Churchill's 'written' directions, 89~ National Gallery, 449 and 'our failure to rearm in good time', go2; and the M.inister Clarke, Captain A. W.: 323 n.3, 9gB n.1 of Shipping, 910 n.1; and Coventry, 912, 914; and Greece, Clarry, Sir Reginald: and Dowding, gog n.1 917, 919, 1023-4, 103t; and Cecil Beaton, 919; and 'holding 'Claymore': attack on Lofoten Islands, 1002 on', 929; and 'Compass', 940 n.6; 'a kind of warmth pervading Clemenceau, Georges: and Churchill, 170; his son at Tours, 535 England', 941; and Lothian's death and successor, 942-3, 952; Clermont-Ferrand: aircraft factory bombed at, 309 and Churchill's visit to Harrow, 948--9; and contacts with Clive, Lord {'Clive of India'): his defects and qualities, 862 Vichy, 96o; and Churchill in 'mellow mood', 967; and a crisis Clough, Arthur: his poem, 1022, I070 with America, 975; and Hopkins, 981, g8g-s, g86-8, 993-7, 'Olump': oil pipe line to be destroyed, 88g n.3 1 r48; and Churchill's speech of 22 January 1941, IOO$ and Clyde, the: 71, 439; bombed, I035, 1082-3 atrocities against Jews in Rumania, 1004-s; and Churchill's Coblenz: possible mines in Rhine at, 488 broadcast of 9 February 194I, IOIOj and a convoy disaster, Code names: method of choice of, g66 1016; and Lend Lease, toig; and Churchill's 'capacity for Codrington HMS: Churchill crosses to France in Qanuary 1940), work', 1032; and the 'Soul of Yugoslavia', 1041j and the Battle 121-2; bombed and sunk in Dover harbour (July 1940), 68g n.I ofMatapan, to41J n.2, 1049; and German plans against Russia, INDEX

Colville, (Sir) John-continued Coventry, HMS: and 'Hats', 771 1050; and the evacuation of Benghazi, 1052; and Wavell, I055i Coward, Flight-Lieutenant]. B.: 992 n.I at Bristol, ros8--g; and 'grave possibilities' in Greece, 1065; Craigie, Sir Robert: 1046 n. 1 'we must save Egypt and Suez', I0]2j at Plymouth, I0]7j and Cranbome, Viscount (later 4th Marquess of Salisbury): and the Churchill's worst gloom', 1077-8; and Churchill's 'less dark Dominions, 822-$ and Lothian's death, 942; and Lend Lease, mood', 1079; and Tobruk, 108o; and Churchill 'elated', 1084; IOig; and Greece, I028 n.6; and japan, 1047; and the German and 'Tiger', 1085; and Hess, 1087; and Syria, togo; and the invasion of Russia, 1 I 22 Bismarck, 1093, I094i and the replacement of Wavell, 1095, Cranbome, Viscountess (later Marchioness of Salisbury): 321 I 102, I I 14; and Crete, Iog], 1099, 1100 n. Ij and Beaverbrook, Crecy (battle of, 1346): French bravery at, 516 I 102; and Churchill's speech of 10 June 194I, I 107; and 'Bat­ Cressy, HMS: sinking of (in 1914), 37 tleaxe', I I ro, 1 I I3i and Churchill's 'inconsiderate' behaviour, Crete: a plan to occupy, 36o; and the danger of an Italian occu­ I 1 12; and the German invasion of Russia, IItg-2o, 1122, pation of, 876; British support for, 884, 8g8--g, 905, 933i and a I I27-8, 1 I37i and 'Riviera', II48, 1154, I 170; and Churchill's risk to, 954; to be 'held in force', 1o65; to be 'worked up later', 'optimism', 1 r 75-6; seeks to join the RAF, r 135; and Soviet 1065; and Enigma, 1072, roBs, ro88-g; battle for, I0]6, IO]B- intentions, 1184 n.s; and British munitions supplies to Russia, 91 108o, 1082, 1o85-6, ro89, 1092, IOM-5· Iog6-7; evacuation 1200; and a dictation session in a train, I20I-2j and a tour of of, IDg9-I roo; aftermath of, 1101, 1103, I 105, 1107, 1 I 10, the Midlands, 1202-s; and Britain's 'one error of judgment', I I 13, 1183; 'could and should' have been defended, 1203 1203; his last day in the Private Office, 12o6 Crewe, tst Marquess of: 997 n1. Combe, Brigadier: captured, 1058 n.t Crimea: German offensive against, I22I, I229 Comines: defence of canal at, 397 Cripps, Sir Stafford: to go to Moscow, 358, 599; suggested for 'Commandeer': attack on Patmos, 953 n.2 Washington, 942; suggests Eden visit Moscow, JOts; his Par­ Communism: 'rots the soul of a nation', 136; and the French liamentary seat, 1016; and Turkey, 1036; and Churchill's mes­ navy, 596; 'and squalour', g8s; and Nazism, I 120 sage to Stalin (of 3 April 1941), I05D-Ij suggests British aid Communists (in Britain): 342, 840 from Russia, 1o67; and the German invasion of Russia, 1 I 1g, 'Compass': Wavell's proposed offensive in the western desert, Bgg, 1 I44 n.t; and British aid to Russia, I t6g, I IBI, 1 I83-4, 1186, 910, 921, 923, 924, 933, 934· 935i begins, 940, 941 I I87, 1227; and Enigma, I2oo; seeks to give up his post, 1236 Compiegne: Franco-German armistice signed at, 576, 58o 'Cromwell': invasion alert, issued (7 September I94o), 774> 793-4 Conakry: and Dakar, 72 I, 748, 788 Cromwell, Oliver: 56; quoted on 7 May 1940, 291-2; his 'defects', Concarneau: Churchill to sail to, s6r 862; and the bombed House of Commons, 939 Concentration camps: 142, 143, r 108 Cross, (Sir} Ronald: 24 n.2, Io76; and Scandinavia, r to, 232; Concrete ships: 6ts-r6 and Britain's Middle East commitments, g<>9-IOj and shipping Conservative Central Office: and the political crisis of May 1940, dangers, IOI6-J7, 1017 n.I, 1032 286 'Crusader': Auchinleck's planned offensive against Rommel, Conservative Party:- leadership, 347-8, 828-g, 835-7, 1043; I 153, I 192, 12I6-19, I222-4, 1224, I225, 1230; 'a prolonged, cheers, 642; 'hostile' elements of ('in recent years'), 918; the wearing-down battle', 1233, I 23g-52 'bulk of Tories hated him', IOO$ Churchill's 'sympathy' with Crusaders, the: and a 'prosaic past', 465 theoretical ideas of, ro44; and the German invasion of Russia, Cuba: cigars from, I 195 1 122; 'only hope' for, 1 179 'Cultivator No. 6': 158---9, 356 n.4 'Consumption': attack on Stampalia, 953 n.2 Cumbn'land, HMS: and Dakar, 788 n.2, 8o6, 8og Continental Tyrants: thdr imaginations 'excited and befooled', Cunningham, Admiral Sir Andrew B. (later Admiral of the Fleet 467 Lord): Churchill's criticisms of (June I94Q), 477 n.5, 772; and Convoys: I2, 66, 70, 78, 83-4, 153, g83, tot 1, IOI6, 1017, ro.jB, 'Mandibles', 95$ and Greece, 1025, 1027, 103o; and Tripoli, 1075, I 146; and the United States, I020, to6o, I

held down, 1042, 1070; make 'the final sacrifice', I 108; and Defence Plan No. 5: 12o8 'dissention' with Slovaks, I t6I de Gaulle, General Charles: 275 n.2; enters French Government, Cz~stochowa: 9 47o; visits Churchill, 486--7; 'confidence' of, soo; and General Georges, 502; Churchill's remarks to, 504; his practical sugges­ Dahlerus, Birger: 55 tions, 507; offends Weygand, 512; and the Brittany redoubt, Daily Express: Churchill angered by a report in, B94-5 517, 538; 'young and energetic', 522; 'believes much can be Daily Herald: criticisms in, 474-5 done', 524; 'completely staunch', 533, 534i 'L'Itomme du destin', Daily Mail: quoted, 2o6--7, 227-8; Churchill and the news de­ 53s; attempted reassurance of, 536--7; mission to London (15 partment of (before 1939), 894 June 1940), 551, 556, 557--8; and the Franco-British Union, Daily Mi"or: 'mischief' of, 6o; criticisms in 830, 1144 558--61, 565; and Napoleon, 56o; returns to London (17 June Dakar: 590, 633, 634; and 'Scipio', 71g--25i and 'Menace', 724, 1940), 567, 590, 595; and Mendes France, 597 n.g; and French 733, 747-52, 765, 786, 787--go, 8o4-10; afiennath of, 812-13, volunteer forces, 623 n.2, 678; and Vichy France, 667, 68o n.Jj 832, 8g8; a criticism of, rejected, 821-2; and Vichy, 825; publicity campaign for, 667-8; and Dakar, 719-23, 747-52, further criticism of, 8go----I; Vichy cruisers at, 841, 847; possible 765, 787, 789-go, 8o4-10, 812--13, 832; at Chequers, 739, 945, U-boat base at, 864, 921, 1074; 'the worst' of all fiascos, 945; a I03Ii nature of British commitment to, 8r6; and Duala, 82o; possible Anglo-American assault on, I 245 'eddies' from, 847; and the Vichy-British discussions (October­ Daladier, Edouard: 74; and Scandinavia, 147; and the mining of December 1940), 8{4.--8, 956--00; and Oran, 945; and the Bis­ the Rhine, 186--7, 202, 207-12, 214, 215; succeeded by Rey­ marck., 1095 n.4; need to be 'very stiff' with, II57i birthday naud, 194; and Narvik, 220, 238, 272; and the battle for greetings from, 1247 n.g France, 349, 351, 353, 354, 422; and possible negotiations with De La Warr, gth Earl: 28o Italy, 434; dropped, 470; seeks asylum, 635 Delaye, Captain (later Rear-Admiral) Jean-Roger: and Vichy Dalmeny: Churchill visits, 861 warships, 787 Dalton, Hugh (later Lord): 'required', 315; and a remarkable Delhi, HMS: off Libreville, 866 demonstration, 41g-21j and SOE, 667; and propaganda in the Delighl, HMS: sunk, 689 n.1 United States, 740 n.4; and 'Claymore', 1002; and Vichy, 1033 'Delilah': reprisal raid on Dusseldorf, 1035 n.3 n.2; and Yugoslavia, 1043, 1249; and the need for 'widespread Denmark: 26, 93, 138; occupied by Germany, 217, 223, 225, 228, guerilla activity' in Europe, 1 I 75 229, 235, 422; its 'bludgeoned' people, 365; 'pillaged', ~; Dalzell, Lord Hamilton of: 543 n.4 fate of, referred to, 1009 Damascus: 1 I 03 Denning, Colonel Basil Cranmer: killed in action, 463 Danckwerts, Rear-Admiral Victor Hilary: gg8 n.l; and a 'nega- Depiford: sunk, 104 n.2 tive' answer, 1074-5 Derby: defence of, 33-4, 1082 Danger: 'a tonic', 437 Derby, qth Earl of: I 203 Daniel, Captain C. S.: 34, 763, 813 n.4 Derna: withdrawal to, needed, 1053: captured, 1058 Dardanelles, the: 16, 25, 69, 247, 248, 26o n.3, 327 n.I, 468, 677, Desborough, Lady: 51, 321, 11o6 no De Valera, Eamon: 43, 67, 433, 497, 57], 938 n.t Dark Ages: fear of a return to, 137 Devonport: danger to, 6o Darlan, Admiral]. L. X. F.: 'extremely ready to C

to Canada and the United States, 62g; and need for 'drastic Greece, 9I9 n.2, 923, IOI2-I31 1024-30, 1035; and 'Compass', steps', 623; and a second admonition against, 63g--4o; and 923 n.4, 934, 935; and Yugoslavia, 1054; and Enigma, 1086; Canada, 715: and the possible evacuation of Egypt, 1071; and and the moral of the German conquest of Yugoslavia and the House of Commons, 1084; and Wavell, 1099; Churchill Greece, 1088; and Wavell, 1103, 11 I5i a 'marvellous escape' 'inveighed' against, 1 135 of, 1104; at Dover 1113; and Churchill's request for a 'monthly Defence, Minister of: organization of Office of, 322--6 statistical return', ttgo; and a possible landing in France, I 138 Defence Plan No. 1: 1044 n.t; and the Middle East, 1140, 1152 n.2, 1172; and 'Riviera', Defence Plan No. g: 1131 1154 n.g, 116o n.g, 1167 n.2; Churchill 'disparages', 1204; and Defence Plan No. 4: 1 r6o 'Crusader', 1217; replaced, 1234 1286 INDEX

Disarmament: possible German demand for, 407, 418, 420 Dungeness: vulnerable to invasion, 779, 8o2, 879 Ditchley Park: 841 n.2; Churchill's first weekend at, goo- 1; and Dunglass, Lord (later Lord Home of the Hirsel): 27 I Coventry, 912; Churchill's further weekends at, 946, g8g, ro66, Dunkerque: at Oran, 58g, 590, 596, 62"9, 636-7 to6g 1087, I 106, 1185, I 186 Dunkirk: aerodrome bombed at, 309; and the fall of France, 36I, Divine, David: quoted, 465 n. I 362, 379, 393i threatened, 394, 395, 397; evacuation from, 402~ Dnepropetrovsk: evacuated, I I 74; captured, 1185 36,437-40,447-8,450,452,455-6, 463-4; aftermath of evacu­ Dodecanese Islands: 922,926 n.I, 933, 947,953, 1002, 1014-15, ation from, 47·1, 478, 490· 503i air battle above, recalled, I025 5 70; a wound from, 733; German preparations for the invasion Dollis Hill: emergency Government headquarters at, 78 t-2, 799, of Britain from, 769, 780, 852; and the Spanish Armada, 794; Boo, 814, 823: 'quite unsuited', 859 a Churchill recollection of, 985; fighter protection over, I 139; Dombaas: planned advance to, 253, 254, 259, 261; fighting south fear of 'another' (in Greece), 1204 n.1 of, 267-8, 2 76 'Dunlop': fighter plans to Egypt, 1075 Dominions, the: not to be informed, 92; seek to 'express their Dupuy, Pierre: and British contacts with Vichy, 957-g views', 130; needed 'with us', 18o DUsseldorf: bombed, 355, 1035 Donovan, Colonel \Villiam J .: 672, 738 Dutch Brigade: Churchill supports, 476 Doric Star: sunk, 95 Dutch East Indies: Japanese threat to, 679, 686, 825, 936, 1047, Dorset.shire, HMS: at Dakar, 633 I253o 1259, 126o, I263, 1266, I267 Dorval (Montreal): and trans-Atlantic air supply route, 7I4 Dykes, Colonel (later Brigadier) Vivian: 323 n.3, 1154 n.3 Douglas, Lewis: I o84 Dyle: British troops on line of, 3I I Douglas, Air Vice Marshal W. S.: 448 n.4, 826 n.4, 938, 992 n.I 'Dynamo': Dunkirk evacuation, begins, 405; and 'Ariel', 564 Dover: 312; an officer 'insulted' at, 847; and invasion, 650, 651, 687; Churchill's visit to, 658-g; a destroyer sunk off, 68g n. I; Eastbourne: air raids on, 914 rockets tested at, 7IOj homes damaged at, 76o; 'general weak­ Easter: 'a very good time for invasion', 105$ 'snow at', 1083 ness' of defences at, 762~$ guns at, 770, 840; invasion danger Eastern Prince: sails for Britain, 514 at, 8o2; air raids on, 9I4i Hopkins and Churchill at, 992; Eastwood, Christopher: 702 n.4 Churchill re-visits, I 1 I 2 Ebro, river: to Dowding, Air Marshal (Sir) Hugh: 88; and the battle for France, EckemfOrde: intense shipping activity at, 212 34o-1, 343, 347; and Dunkirk, 416; and the despatch of fighters Eden, Anthony (later Earl of Avon): his praise, 45: and Eire, 67~ to France, 456--8, 47Q-I, so6; to be consulted, 476; 'England 8; and Scandinavia, 128, 435 n.Ij and Cabinet changes (April against Germany', 564; and the 'beam', 582; and the Parachute 1940) 203; and Churchill's indignation with Hoare, 225-6; and and Cable tocket, 620 n.2; Churchill opposes removal of, 657-- the fall of Chamberlain, 277, 287, 300, 305, 309, 3I2j and 8; 'profoundly moved' by a Churchill broadcast, 665 n.3; and Churchill's emergence as Prime Minister, 3I7i at the War the German bombing of civilians, 668--g; at Chequers, 71 I, Office, 329 n.I, 331, 332, 334; and the fighting in France 766, 838; and the 'Yagi' searchlight control system, 7I$ and (May-June 1940), 338, 359, 36o, 361, 363, 370, 376, 381, 394, the Battle of Britain, 735, 766, 784, 785; and German pilots 395, 402, 403, 406, 423, 424, 448, 457; part of a 'motley crew', escaping by parachute, 766; and parachute mines, 8oi; not 339; and the Soviet Union, 358; thanks Churchill, 365; and receptive 'to new ideas', 824; and night air defence, 826 n.4, the United States, 367, 926, 969, 974-5; and the IRA, 432; 857 n.6; and German attacks 'lacking in purpose', 841-2; and a Dutch Brigade, 476; and Churchill's anger with Wavell added to the Enigma circle (October 1940), 849; removt":d from Qune 1940) 477; and the aftermath of Dunkirk, 481-·2; and his Command (November 1940), go8-g; Churchill seeks re­ the fall of France, 487, 4g8-9, 500, 502, 505, 510, 512, 516, employment of, 1040 n.3; Churchill indignant on behalf of, 5I8, 52 I, 52:2, 547, 555, 557-8; Churchill's admission to, 555; to6o; Churchill seeks the Middle East commancJ, for, 1 IOt n.2 and the French fleet, 557, 565; and Anglo-French Union, 558; Down Street: Churchill sleeps at, 863, 883; Churchill sends his and anti-invasion plans, 59I, 624-5; and the Home Guard, Private Secretaries to, 914 6oo-I; and morale, 652; and rifles from the United States, Downing Street: bombed, 842~3, 852, 854 655; and Dill, 658; and brass bands, 662; and the Middle East, Drake, Sir Francis: 778 666, 73o--32, 735-6, 755-6; and 'pin~pricks', 676; and Vichy, Drax, Admiral Sir R. A. R. Plunkett-Emle-Erle: 34, 94, 103, 6nr8o, 865-6, 868; and 'Vulnerable Points', 6g2; and 'an evil 104, 879 n.3 which ought to be checked', 717 n.4; and France's 'shame', Drew, Major-General]. S.: 543, 545 718; and Italy's 'soft spot', 7I8; and Dakar, 7:21, 749, 790, Bog; 'Drink': naval base at Suda Bay, 933 n.l and Britain's military resources, 726 n.I; and the Battle of Bri­ Duala: and de Gaulle, 78g, 812~13, 820, 82I, 841; protection of, tain, 735; and planning procedure, 754; and the Blitz, 78o; 847, 866 and an invasion alarm, 8o2; and the Foreign Office, 8t7-I9i Duchess of Bedford: reaches Quebec safely, 764 n.4 and the Commandos, 82o; and Nelson the cat, 833~4; added Duckham, Sir Arthur: 665 n.2 to the Enigma circle (October I940), 849; in Egypt 857, 882, Dudley, 3rd Earl of: 1202 883-4; and Greece, 885-6, 8g8-9, 905-6, 958, 10I2~I4, IOI5, Dudley Ward, Freda (Marquesa Casa Maury): 665 n.2, g83 n.2 1023~30, 1035-6; and Enigma, 896 n.2; and the Patria, 8g8- Duff Cooper, Alfred (later Viscount Norwich): and the political 9i and 'Compass', 8gg, goo, 910, 923, 934, 94o-1; and 'Mandi­ crisis of May 1940, 287, 299 n.4, 302, 329; joins Churchill's bles', 923, IOij; and Purvis, 926; and Churchill's birthday, Government, 329, 356; Minister of Information, 490; and the 928-g; and Lothian's death, 942; at Chequers, 946, 999 n.2, French fleet, 597~8, 628; and Press coverage of air raids, 6o2- III8, II79i and the 'dark days of summer', 951; becomes 3i knowledge of 'Menace' to be kept from, 725; and British Foreign Secretary, 953; and Vichy, 958, g6o, 1157, 1244 n.4; propaganda in the United States, 740; a gift from, 853 n.2; and 'Workshop', 935, Iooi; finds Churchill 'tired and de­ and Greece, 1028 n.6 pressed, for him', 1002; and Antonescu, 1005; and Turkey, Duisburg: bombed 355 1007, I252i and Stalin, lOIS, 105I; and Yugoslavia, I050, Dulanty, John Whelan: 42 1054; and Rommel's advance, 1052~s; and the Soviet Union, Dunbar-Nasmith, Admiral (Sir) M. E.: 879 n.3 I067, I I I9, I I22, I 123, I 144 n.I, I ISO, I I65 n.I, I 181, I I93• Duncan, Sir Andrew: his son killed in action, 46$ becomes 1214 n.s; and the United States, 1074, 1126; and Hess, 1087 Minister of Supply, 820 n.s; and the Supply Committee, 927; n.3; and a 'bad day', 1095; and the evacuation of Crete, 1099; and Britain's shipping needs, g86 n.s; and United States and Iceland, 1 1 11; his criticism of Churchill, 1 1 I 2; and supplies, 992, I032 n.2; at Chequers, 992; and the shipping Wavell's removal, I I I3 n.3, I I 15; and Finland, I 137; and danger, 1017 n.I; and the Battle of the Atlantic, 1040 n.I; and Spain, I 161; and peace overtures (September 194I), I 187; the Tank Parliament, 1o81 n.2 'very sour', 1 206; and 'Crusader', I 2 I 9; and Churchill's rt'"buke INDEX

Eden, Anthony~continued Enigma machine (decrypts o£)---continued to Cripps, 1228 n.1 and 2; and Stalin's complaints, 1231; to to forget many things', 1179; and Ditchley Park, 1185; and visit Moscow, 1237; and the coming of war with Japan, I255, 'Vulture', t185, I2og, J2I2, 1237 n.g; and Auchinleck's plans 1256-7, 126o, 1263, 1264, 1274 to take the offensive, 1192-3, 1216, 1233: and Beaverbrook's Eden, Lieutenant Michael Francis (later 7th Baron Henley): at mission to Moscow, I20o; to be divulged to the Soviets Cheq uen;, 938 'provided no risks are run', 12og; and German military opera­ Edmonds, Brigadier-General Sir James: 1175 tions in Russia, 12og--w, 1212, 1237 n.g; and 'Force K', 1233: Edward VII, King: I 54, 454, 835 and a commando attack on Rommel's headquarters, 1239 n.t; Edward the Confessor: 274 and Auchinleck's 'Crusader' offensive, 1242, I 243-4, 1245, Edwards, Captain Ralph: 166, 215 n.I, 23I 1246, 1247; and Roosevelt, 126o n.2 Edzdl: aerodrome at, in need of protection, 737 n.3 Enterprise, HMS: 6so n.3 Egersund: German troops land at, 223 Eritrea: British victory in, 1047, I 176 'Egg-layer': aerial mines, 582 Eskdene: mined, but afloat, 93 Egypt: 22, 64, 425, 428, 491, 498; possible Italian invasion of, Eskimo, HMS: damaged, 236 567; fighting on border of~ 573; and Oran, fi4o; trans-Atlantic Essen: Krupp works at, bombed, 844 n.2 air route to, 714; defence of, 727, 735, 934; supplies to, 731, Estella, Miguel Primo de Rivera, Marques de: and the Duke of 732; danger to, 755-6, 793, 794; and Greece, 758, 897, Bgll-g, Windsor, 70&-7 905, IOIO, 1024; reinforcement of, 813, 822, 848, go&---7, 945i Estha, Admiral Jean Pit"rre: at Oran, 590, 596 and the Patria, 8gB; a defensive role only in, 921; renewed Etaples: and a possible German invasion of Britain, 78o threat to, 953, 1005, 1061, 1063, 1064; possible evacuation of, Eton College: and Hitler, 949 1071, 1072; and need to 'save', 1072-3: and the danger of the Euriades: and United States supplies, IOI 7 'loss' of (May 1941), 1078-9; continued threat to, 108o, 1114, Europe: 'in revolt', sog; 'starving, agonized and surging', 579i I 124; American supplies to, 1102, I I 1 x; and Attlee's wish for 'every Hun corner of', to be bombed, 885 an offensive against Rommel, 1 ISO European Confederation: Churchill envisages, 943 Eire: 'so-called', 10, 42; and the Treaty Ports, 33; and the 'malig­ Evacuations: wars 'not won' by, 291, 464 nant minority', 4$ 'at war but skulking', 67-8; a proposal to Evans, Vice Admiral A. E.: 798 n.2 'infringe' neutrality of, 197-8; and Berehaven, 409, 574; and Evans, Admiral Sir E. R. G. R.: and a British initiative in the IRA, 432-3; possible Fleet movements of (to Eire), 473i its Norway, 185; selected as Naval Commander, 187; rejected, neutrality at risk, 497, 577, 579, 794-5, 839; invasion danger 188 n.I; and anti-invasion measures, 409 to, receding, 878; and continued need for naval and air bases Evan ton: aerodrome, in need of protection, 737 n.g in, 88I, 938; and 'Felix', 945: and Lord Chatfield, I 122 n.1 Evening .News: Churchill reading, 888 Eisenhower, Colonel Dwight D. (later General, and President): Evening Standard: quoted, 365 511, j20n.2 'Excess': proposed convoy to Egypt, 946 n. I Elizabeth, Princess (later Queen Elizabeth II): and Churchill's Exettr, HMS: 95, 117, I70 'worrying time', 1068 'Exporter': campaign in Syria, I 103 Elizabeth, Queen (later the Queen Mother): 614. 708, 716, 781; Express, HMS: at Kuantan, 1272 a dictionary for, g6t; and 'Tiger', ro86; and 'Riviera', Ir48; and Churchill's 67th birthday, I 247 n.3 'F' schemes: oil and flame projectors for beaches, 1 1g8 n.3 Elles, Lady: 1077 Facts: 'better than dreams', 3 I 7 Elli: Greek cruiser, sunk by the Italians, 758 n.2 Fadden, A. W.: 'your orders ... will be obeyed', I 191 Elliot, Group Captain {later Air Chief Marshal Sir William): Fareham, Lord Lee of: 96I n.3 323 n.3 Famborough: air research at, 885 Elliot, Maxine: dies, 173 Faroe Islands: occupied (April 1940), 226, 228; Swedish destroy- 'Elsie': radar-controlled searchlight, 763, 814, 828, 830, 858 n.2 ers on way to, 573i and U-boats, 689 Embick, Major-General S. D.: 9g8 n.t Farquarson, Robert: 950 n.g Emden: German ships gather at, 767 Faner, David: 1120 n.I Emmons, General Delos C.: 6gt Fascists (in Britain): 342, 359, 378, 840 Empirt Song: sunk, 1085 n.2 Faulkner, HMS: at Narvik, 252 Empire Training Scheme: convoys for, 12oB Fecamp: naval action against, 496---7 Empress of Bn'tain: bombed, goB n. 1 Fedala: a possible landing at, 6go Empress of Canada: and Spitzbergen, I 157 n.4 Feiling, (Professor Sir) Keith: and Chamberlain's successor, got Emrys Evans, Paul: 299 n.4, 303, goB Felixstowe: Commandos at, 820 Enigma machine {decrypts of): 6o9-13i and German invasion Ferry pilots: trans-Atlantic air routes of, 714, 715, 813i United plans against Britain, 6og, 6I 1, 6rfrr7, 626 n.3, 640, 687-8, States contribution to (June 1941), 1 I 11 726-7, 730, 766--!), 1n 775-6, 7n 77g-Bo, an-12, 8':t-'4, Fiji, HMS: sunk, 1099 n.5 824-5, 834, 838-9, 84<>--1, 842, 852, 876--g, 889:)0, 986; and a Finland: and the Soviet Union, gg--wg, 107, 128; appeal fOr German bombing offensive against Britain, 622, 9I2; and British help from, 135-6; 'superb, nay, sublime', 136; and German bomber strength, 654-5; and Hitler's safety, 675; and Allied use of assistance to, to get 'a foothold in Scandinavia', the security of Churchill's buff box, 8I4; and the circulation 144-5, I47-8; continued resistance of, 174; British help 'too of, 848-g, Bgj-6, 994 n. 1; and German air raids on Britain, late' for, I82; Churchill opposed to further help to, tf4.; 916; and German moves into the Balkans, 921, 923 n.3, 953, renewed urgency of aid to, I 85; Russo-Finnish Treaty signed 978-9, 1005 n.3, 1007; and Italian naval movements, 1048 by, 188; 'deserted', 6gs; United States demands on Britain seen n.g; and German troop movements out of and back to the as a parallel with Russian demands on, 733i and the Soviet Yugoslav border area (March t94I), 1050; and the German Union, 1118, I I37, I229, I23I n.2, 1250 invasion of Yugoslavia, ross; and German strength and move­ Fisher, Admiral of the Fleet Lord: 4, 32, 378 ments in the western desert, I o63, 1066, I o8o-1, 1080 n. g, Fishguard: 'F' scheme at, 1 198 n.3 I 172; and German plans to invade Crete, 1072, 1085-6, w88- Fitzgerald, Captain (later Rear-Admiral): I22, 488 9i and Rommel, 1066, I08o-x; and Wavell, 108o n.3; and Flamborough Head: and invasion, 687 Crete, I08j-6, toBB--9; and the German invasion of the Soviet f'lamingo: Churchill's flights to France in, 209, 212, 349, 498-g, Union, 105o-I, I II7, nBs; and 'Purple', II 18; and the Battle 522, 538-9; Churchill's further flight in, 661 of the Atlantic, 114fr7, 1207, 1248 n.Ij and Riviera', 1154, Flamingo, HMS: off Andalsnes, 272 II 56 n.3; and atrocities against .Jews, II74 n.1; 'you will have Flandin, Pierre Etienne: 492, 958 1288 INDEX

Fleming, Ian: 463 n.3 Ga.Ilivare--continued

Fleming, Michael: dies of wounds, 463 147-8, 175-6, I 78, I82, I83, 184, 188, 18g, 196, 2001 222j Fleming, Peter: 463 n.g operation 'Rupert' against, 225, 232, 238, 256-7, 258, 259, Fleming, Valentine: killed in action (1917), 463 262, 267, 275; and Swedish-German relations, 226-7 Flemings, the: 1161 Gambetta, Leon: 'speak of it never', 856 Flemming, (Sir) Gilbert: 47 Gambia: 749 Flushing: a fire ship scheme for, 815 n.4 Gamelin, General Maurice: 75, go-I, 122; and Finland, I44-5i Foch, Marshal Ferdinand: in rgt8, s8o and 'Cultivator No. 6', 159; and the Rhine mine, I86, 192, Fog: and tht invasion danger, 791-2, 793-4, 8o2, 8ts-I6, 879; 194; and Norway, 26g; and the battle for France, 346, 349-52, and 'Menace' (the Dakar expedition), 8o6 354 Forbes, Alistair: at Chequers, 8g8 n. 1 'Garrotter': attack on Cagliari, tOOl n.3 Forbes, Admiral Sir Charles: go, 31, t6g, 213, 220; Churchill's Gartavon: sunk, I6 n.2 appeal to, 221-2; and anti-invasion plans, 6gg Garvin, J. L.: 853 n.2 'Force H': at Oran, 628--45 Gas: and the defence of Britain, 400, 617-18, 665, 674, 762, 799, 'Force K': its origin, 1064 n.r; formed, II72; a success for, 1233; 816, 826, 947-8, g82, g88, Il98 n.g; and Lindemann, 593 a blow to, 1 252 Gaus, Carl Frederick: 94 n.2 Former Naval Person: origin of, 367 n.2 Gaynor, Flight-Lieutenant (later Squadron-Leader) G. J .: at Formidable, HMS: damaged in action, 1256 Chequers, 884-5 Forrestal, james: Roosevelt's e~issary, 1069 Geddes, Sir Eric: 1152 n.2 Fortune, Major-General V. M.: 470; Churchill defends, 481; sur- Gelsenkirchen: bombed, 844 n.2 rounded, 488; surrenders, 525 Genoa: 443, 500 Fort William (Canada): and aircraft for Britain, 400 Gensoul, Admiral Marcel: at Mers el-Kebir, 632-44 Founding Fathers: their success, I 259 n.2 'George': anti-aircraft gun radar, 814, 858 n.2 Fowey: 'F' scheme at, I Ig8 n.3 George V, King: 154, 835 Fowkes, MaJor-General C. C.: his victory, I249 George VI, King: and the magnetic mine, 87 n.4; and the All­ Fowler, H. W.: his dictionary, g6I mark, 153; and Commander Bickford, 168; and Churchill's Fox, First-Lieutenant Hubert: his recollections, I4B-g increased responsibilities (April I940), 235, 243; and Cham­ Foxhound, HMS: in Narvik bay, 236; at Oran, 633 berlain, 299-300; and Churchill's emergence as Prime Minis­ France: Rhine frontier of, 20; Belgian frontier of. 29, 34; weakness ter, 312-I4, 316-17; Churchill reports to, 376, 387, 667, 716, of, 32; possible German invasion of, 44; Churchill's visits to 1032, 1086; and a Privy Councillorship for Brendan Bracken, (October 1939), 73-6, (January 1940), go n.3, 12o-3, (May 453-4, 469; and the Franco-British Declaration of Union, 56o; 1940), 347, 349"""5$ and 'Narvik', 194, 2511-jj, 261, 262, 264, and Churchill's powers, 588; and the Duke of Windsor, 6I3- 272-3, 304-5; and the mining of the Rhine, 186-7, 194; and 14, 6g8-9; and a peace appeal (August 1940), 694-5; his aero­ the German invasion of (May 1940), 3o6; and future restora­ plane, use of, 719 n.2; and the bombing of Buckingham Palace, tion of, 4-fts; and the Franco-German Armistice, 5 76, 58o, 588- 78o-1; and the Garter for Neville Chamberlain, 819; and g; and Oran, 628--45i and possibility of war with Britain, 639; Cabinet papers for Neville Chamberlain, 855, 85 7; and a mes­ troops from, in Britain, 623, 678; and British relations with sage to Petain, 863-4; 'not a bright spot anywhere', 877; and Vichy, 67g-8o; independence of, to be restored, 6g5; lroops of, Enigma, 8¢ n.2; and 'Compass', 940; a siren suit ror, g6t; his to go to Pal~tine, 735~; gold of, at Martinique, 751; troops broadcast, g62; and Harry Hopkins, g81, 984; and Churchill's of, to defend Egypt, 755 n.2; and 'Menace', So4-to; gold of, in first meeting with Roosevelt, 1148, 1159; and Churchill's Africa, 8o6; gold of, in the United States, 853; her people held rebuke to Cripps, 1228 n.g; and Churchill's 67th birthday, down, 1070; people of, 'make the final sacrifice', 1 1oB; and the 1247 h.3 call for a 'second front' in, I I 38, I I 39 Georges, General Joseph: and France's Rhine defences, 20; and Fran~j:ois-Poncet, Andre: 240 n.3 the Belgian army, 76; Churchill's visits to, 75-6, go n.3, 122, Frankfurt: bombed, 1133 n.2, 1136 159, 21o-1 I, 354; and 'Cultivator No.6', 159; and the western Fraser, Rear-Admiral Bruce (Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fraser of Blit;:krieg, 340, 354, 36o, 361, 370, 374, 3gB; 'purely "negative" ', North Cape): 5, 12, 17-18, 54, 83, 86, ~. 827 n.4; at 423; and Dunkirk, 424; and British mines, 488; and the fall of Chequers, 922 France, 502-3, 512, 51], 520, 524, 544; and 'Crusader', 1240 Fraser, Peter: 386, 918, 1073 n.3; and 'Crusader', 1222-3 Georges Leygues: leaves Toulon, 786 n.I Free French, the: Churchill 'determined' to help, 722 Geraldus: sunk, 84 n.3 Freeman, Air Chief Marshal Sir Wilfrid Rhodes: and Enigma, Germany: invades Poland, 3, 8; and the sinking of the Atkenia, 5- 896 n.2; at Chequers (Christmas 1940), g61; and a landing in 6; and British bombing policy, 28; possible bombing policy of, France Uuly 1941), I 138 n.I; and 'Riviera', I I 54 n.3, I r6o 33-4, 44-5; her intentions (in September 1939), 29; iron ore n.3, 1167 n.2; and 'Crusader', 1216-17 supplies of, 34-6, 104-6, 127-35; potential weakness of, 37; Freemasons: and Churchill, 27 n.4 and the partition of Poland, 44, 99i and central Europe, 56; Freetown: and Dakar, 721, 8o5, 8o7 alleged invasion plans of (October 1939), 6g-7o; and the Low French, Captain G. A.: 722 n.I, 724 n.g Countries, 193i and Norway, 213-22, 233-5, 236, 282, 294-5; French Equatorial Africa: and de Gaulle, 812 and Holland, 225; western offensive plans of, 230; and the in­ French Indo-China: attack by Japan on, 8o2, 936; proposals for, vasion of Holland, Belgium and France, 306; Britain possibly 1253. 1259 at 'mercy' of, 482; and Vichy, 679, g88; and parachute mines, French National Committee: in London, 5go-1, 595 795i to be 'abolished', 8or; and the 'New Order', 81g; to be Frhent: Germans at, 373 bombed 'to the greatest extent possible', 881; and her 'flagging Freyberg, Major-General (later General Lord) Bernard Cyril: ally' Italy, 910; existed 'before the Gestapo', 943: and the peace and Greece, 1028; and Crete, 1076, 1082, Io85-6, 1o89, 1096- settlement, 994, 103I; treatment of, after invasion, 1031; and 7, I 100, I 103 the road to war with the United States, 1020 n.2, 1036; and Furious, HMS: and 'Jaguar', 1075; and Japan, 1256 Japan, 1045~; its 'much-tried' people, 1084; assets of, frozen in USA, 1109; invades the Soviet Union, I I 17-22; ill-effect of Galatea, HMS: ready to sail, 561 the Yugoslav volte-face upon, I203j declares war on the United Gale, Lieutenant·Colonel (later Lieutenant-General R.N.): 630 States, I273 n.3, 724 n.3 Ghormley, Read·Admiral Robert L.: in London, 6go-1, 762 n.g; Gallipoli: evacuations from (1915-16), 463 in Washington, 9g8 n.1; and Defence Plan No. 3, 1 131; and G3.llivare: proposed British operations against, 112, 132, 144, the Middle East, 1140 INDEX 1289

Gibraltar: 7; and Mussolini, 404 n.1; and the Canary Islands, Greece-continued 567, 584; the future of, 584-5; possible German seizure of, Rommel, 1052; the battle in, to6t, 1062, 1063, 1o64-5: evacu­ 623, 955, 959; Admiral North at, 675; aod Spain, 676-7, 816; ation of troops from, 1o65, 1o67, 1o68, 1075: 'overwhelmed', and 'Hats', 764 n.2, 771; and 'Menace', 787, 8o8; fears of Vichy 1o6g, 1o83, 1o88; and the United States, 1072; people of, 'make air raids on, 84 7, 868; weakness of, 921; and 'Tiger', 1o66; the final sacrifice', 1 roB; British losses in evacuation of, forgot­ fears for, 1074, 1142, 1245 ten, 1183; Britain's 'one error of judgment', 1203 Gielgud, (Sir) John: 190 Green, Peter: 950 n.g Gilbert, Martin John: reaches Quebec, 764 n.4; and Churchill's Greenwood, Arthur: and 'Narvik', 18o, 2g6; and the political Directives, 848 n.2 crisis of May 1940, 300, 303, 308, 315-16; Minister Without Gillam, Squadron Leader (later Group Captain) Denys: Chur- Portfolio, 330, 1056; and Mussolini, 404 n.1; and proposals for chill visits, 1201 peace terms (May 1940), 413, 418 n.1, 419; and Dakar, Bog; Gilmour, Sir John: 24 n.2, 162 and Enigma, 896 n.2; and the Production Council, 1003 n.2; Gipsy, HMS: severely damaged, 84 and Greece, 1014 n.I, 1028 n.6; a 'jackdaw', 1084 n.3 Giralda: sunk, 145 n.4 Greer, USS.: in action, 1020 n.2, 1187 Gladstone, W. E. (later Viscount): and Churchill, 6g6 GrenJJJk, HMS: sunk, 456 n.3 Glasgow: Irish 'traitors' in, 71; and brass bands, 662; convoys to, Grenfell, David: 728 9Bs; having a 'bad time', 1035 Grenfell, Gerald: killed in action (1915), I 106 n.2 Glasgow, HMS: evacuations o,n (from Molde), 276 Grenfell, Julian: killed in action (1915), 51, uo6 Gloire: leaves Toulon, 787 n.I Grigg, Sir Edward: 27, 356 Glorious, HMS: and Norway, 281, 36g; sunk, 482 Grigg, (Sir) James: 46-7, 697 Gloucesm, HMS: sunk, 1099 n.5 'Grind': landing at Tangier, 956 n.2 Glyn, Sir Ralph: g6, 299 n.4 Gubbins, Brigadier (later Major-General Sir) C. MeV.: 337 Gneirenau: 26, 89 n.3, 711, 1041 Guernsey: a 'silly fiasco' at, 676 Godfrey, Rear-Admiral J. H.: 7, 11, 42 n.3, 102 Gun Laying (GL) sets: 814, 827 n.1, 840, 858 Godfroy, Vice-Admiral Rene Emile: at Alexandria, 640 Gunston, Sir Derrick: 299 n.4 Godwin-Austen, Lieutenant-General (Sir) Charles Alexander Gustavus V, King of Sweden: a peace appeal from (August 1940), Campbell: and a corridor to T obruk, I 246-7 6g4-5 Goebbels, Josef: 'coming to report', 829 'Gymnast': occupation ofBizerta or Casablanca, 1225, 1249 Goeben: escape of (in 1914), 25, 1095 Goering, Hermann: 55--6, 668; 'coming to report', 829 Haakon, King of Norway: evacuated from Molde, 276; his belief Gold Coast: air route through, 813 in an Allied victory 'in the end', 472 Gondar (Ethiopia): victory at, 1249 Habbaniya (Iraq): under attack, 1075, 1o82 Goodall, Sir Stanley: 54, 158 Habeas Corpus: suspension of, 840 Goodenough, Olmmander: I 154 n.3 'Haddock Force': bombers sent to Provence, to bomb Italy, 513 Good Samaritan: United States reluctance to play role of, 975 n.1 Gordon, General (Gordon of Khartoum): his defects and quali- Hagannah, the: and the Patria, 8g8 ties, 862 Hague, the: 307 Gordon-Finlayson, General Sir Robert: at Chequers, 727; and Haifa (Palestine): 889 n.3, 8g8 General Hobart, 862 n.2 Haile Selassie: 1082 Goree Island: and the Dakar expedition, 8o8 Hailsham, ISt Viscount: 277 n.I Gorell Barnes, (Sir) W. L.: 66o n.3, 666 n.2, 1200 n.4 Haining, Lieutenant-General (Sir) R. H.: 448 n.4, 517, 544 n.3, Gort, General Lord: 75, 120, 122 n.2, 123, 124; Churchill visits, 748 n.3, 749 n.I, 765 n.2, 789 n.I, 879 n.3j and Enigma, 8g6 21 I-I2j and Trondheim, 247-8; and British military weakness, n.2; at Ditchley, 946; and Greece, 1028 n.6; and the Middle 288; and the westem Bli~krieg of May 1940, 3 I 1, 338, 339, East, 1125, 1152 358-9, 361, 362, 363, 368, 36g, 370, 379. 38o, 381, 383, 385, Halifax, Nova Scotia: and British war supplies, 771, 855 386, 390, 393-4, 395-401, 403, 411, 415, 416, 422-3; and Halifax, Viscount: Foreign Secretary, 9, 22, 38, 68; Churchill's Dunkirk, 428-32, 435, 439""40, 446, 448, 455; 'gallant', 466; letters to (September 1939 to May 1940), 3o-1, 72-3, 133-4. and the French fleet, 597-8; and parachute mines, Bot; his flat 13!)-40, 189-90; and Norway, 35, 107, 109, 128-35, 175, 178, homhed, 8o2-3; a gift from, 853 n.2; proposed as C.hief of the I7g-8o, t8g; and peace negotiations (October '939), 55--6, Imperial General Staff (November 1941), 1234 72-3j and Belgium, 58, 218; lacks 'forcefulness', n; opposes a Gott, Richard W.: 309 n. 2 statement by Churchill, 84-5; and the magnetic mine, 93, 95; Gott, Lieutenant-General W. H. E.: 1086 n.3j captures Sollum, Churchill rebuked by, 138-40; aod the Allmmk, 152; and lo8g 'Narvik', 18g-go, 194, 232-3, 237, 238, 241, 36g, 382, 435; Grtif Spee: sinks British merchant ships, 95; blows herself up, g6, and peace moves (March 1940), tgo; and the mining of the 1 I 6, 136; Churchill sends Roosevelt an account of the action Rhine, 194, 208-g, 21o-1 1, 214; and Sweden, 227, 240, 573: against, 146; merchant seamen captured by, 151 and the political crisis of May 1940, 276, 286, 3oo-2, 312-13, Grtifton, HMS: sunk, 456 n.3 315, 328; and bombing the Ruhr, 28o, 335; remains at the Grantham, Captain Guy (later Admiral Sir): 4, 8 Foreign Office, 317, 236, 329 n.1, 332; and Britain's weakness, Gratangen: plans to capture, 304 335, 336; and Italy, 341; and fifth-columnists, 342; and 'these Gravelines: 389; German invasion preparations at, '4o- 1 dark days', 365; and the Italian 'proposals' of May 1940, 402, Graziani, General R.: reaches Sidi Barrani, 794 404, 411-13, 418, 421; and Belgium, 407 n.Ij and Lord Gort, Great Missenden: bombs dropped at, 711 423; and Egypt, 425; and the fall of France, 445, 451, 459, Greece, King of: British assurances to, 1027; and the withdrawal 495, 526, 527, 533, 541; and Yugoslavia, 476; and a Dutch of British troops from Greece, ro67 n.6 Brigade, 476; and Italians in Britain, 491 n.3, 498; and the Greece: 3o-1, 69, 89, 241; arms purchases from, 28g; at war with Franco~British 'Declaration of Union', 558; and Iceland, 577; Italy, 758, 917, 920, g82; British support for, 758, 873, 876-7, and Gibraltar, 584, 816; and the French fleet, 586, 628; and 877-8, 88o, 882, 883, 884, 886-7, 88g, 8¢, ~. 902, 903-7, the United States, 591, 6go; and R. A. Butler's 'odd language', 91g-2o, 945, 978-g; and secrecy, 8g6, 8g7; and an imminent 59~; and peace proposals, 5~, 6o7, 694-5; aod 'Susan', German attack, 922, 978-So, 1007; and Turkey, 954; dollar 631; and Daladier's wish for asylum, 635; and a criticism of needs of, 976; Churchill prepared for a 'setback' in, g8g; refuses Churchill, 652; critical of a Churchill telegram to Roosevelt, a British force, 1002; danger to, 1005; Britain's decision to send 653: critical of the 'Atlantic Islands Project', 654 n.3, 677; de troops to assistance of, 1010, IOI2-f4• 1015, 1023-30; and Gaulle and Vichy, 68o n.I, 812, 863, 864, 866, 867, 956; and 1290 INDEX

Halifax, Viscount--continued Hawaii: American fleet 'concentrated at', 355; deterrent effect of the British Fleet in the event of invasion, 716; and Dakar, 719, American fleet at, 1258; and the Pearl Harbour naval air base Bog; at Chequers, 739, 1 179; and Chamberlain's last illness, at, 1261; Japanese attack on, 1267 817, 854; and invasion 'postponed', 86g; and Greece, 878, 884 Head, Major Anthony (later Viscount): 852 n.4, 1082 n.2 n.2, go6; and Enigma, 8g6 n.2; and Spain, 921 n.I; and Loth­ 'Headache': devices to bend the beam, 814 ian's death, 942, 952; sent as Ambassador to the United States, 'Hedgehog': internees to Canada, 638 n.2 952-$ and Churchill's quiet Christmas, g62; and a crisis with Heligoland Bight: 70, 212 America, g6g; leaves for Washington, g8g, ggo; and the post­ Hemnesberget: Allied plans for, 304 war world, 995 n.2; and Lend Lease, Iotg-2o, 1034; and the Henderson, Leon: 874 shipping crisis, I02I; urged not to 'discourage' Roosevelt, 1068 Henderson, Vice-Admiral Sir Reginald: 14 n.3; and Purvis' death, 1164; and the Duke of Windsor, 1212; Hendon: aerodrome at, 498, 76o; aircraft destroyed on the and Morocco, 1225; birthday greetings from, 1247 n.3j and ground at, 838 Japan, 1263, I 265 'Henry': operation against Namsos, to take Trondheim from the Hall, Professor (Sir) Noel F.: and Enigma, 8g6 n.2 north, 241, 242, 244; fails, 263 Halton: Churchill's visit to, 663 Henshaw, Alex: a test pilot, 1202 Hamadan (Iran): 1174 Heraklion (Crete): German parachutists dropped at, togo n.6 Hamburg: railway sidings at, bombed, 355: motor boats assemble Hermes, HMS: and a British naval victory, 656 at, 434; German warships at, 71 1; attacks on shipping at, !49; Herriot, Edouard: 534, 535; and the French fleet, 586 oil plant bombed at, 920; further bombing of, 1035, 1133 n.2, Hess, Rudolf: his flight, 1087-8 1136, 1191 Higham, John: recalls Churchill's work as First Lord, 11, 156-7; 'Hammer': and Trondheim, 254, 264 and the sinking of the Royal Oak, 62 Hammersley, Samuel Schofield: 302~3 Highwave: sunk, 145 n.2 Hampden, John: 291 Hill, Kathleen: 'the ships were still there', 4i with Churchill in Hankey, Lord: 37, 70, 79; and Scandinavia, 110, 174; and France, 73 n.2, 121, 122; and Churchill as First Lord, 157; 'Narvik', r8g, 246, 248, 268; his possible departure from the and Churchill as Prime Minister, 391, 556, 6o5i and 'Black Cabinet, 196; and the Priority Sub-Committee, 216; and the Move', 6or; ChurchilJ's dictation to, 617, 886; and the Blitz, fall of Chamberlain, 309, 328; and the future of the French 842; and Churchill's reading of newspapers (before 1939), 8g4; fleet, 481, 494~5; and Greece, 904, 905; and the United States, and Churchill's speech on Chamberlain, go2; and an 'ex­ I 141; and Soviet oil, I I71 hilarating' gift, r 102 n.5; and Peter Kinna, 1 1 56; and the death Hanover: bombed, 104I, 1133 n.2, 1 I36 of Admiral Phillips, 1273 Hardinge, Sir Alexander: 453~4, 613-14, 701, 702, 7o8 n.2; and Hillgarth, Captain Alan: in Spain, 585, 678, 787, 853; birthday Enigma, 8g6 n.2 greetings from, 1247 n.3; Spanish plans of, 1248 Hardy, HMS: sunk, 224, 2S2 Hindustani: and security, 353 Harrar (Ethiopia): captured, I048, 1049 Hinsley, F. H.: his assessment (of September 1940), 794 n.I Harriman, Kathleen: and Churchill, I 101; and Pamela Chur­ History '![the English-Speaking Peoples, A: 56 chill, I 104; and 'Riviera', 1159; birthday greetings from, 1247 Hitler, Adolf: and the invasion of Poland, 8; his future plans, 29; n.3 his 'grip' on the German people, so; his offer of a negotiated Harriman, W. Averell: his mission to London, 1020, 1033-4, peace (October 1939), 55, 56, 6o, 72; his 'oil' position, 63: his 1036, 1038-9, 1048; 'England's strength is bleeding', I057; at 'worst malice', Bo; the 'whole world' against, 81; his 'secret Bristol, tosS, 1059; at Chequers, ro6o n.3, 1078, 1092 n.5; weapon', 82--98; his 'hate and spite', 136; Sumner Welles' visit 'examining the devastation' with Pamela Churchill, 1062 n.3; to, r6t; and Chamberlain, 167; and a Churchill speech, 172; and the Battle of the Atlantic, 1o64; with Churchill on an his 'elimination' a pre-condition of peace, 191; and Norway, inspection, 1066; on Merseyside, 1069; at Plymouth, 1077; at 197; his 'murderous rage', 201; to be harried, 205 n.3; has the Battle of the Atlantic Committee, 1082 n. I, roSs; and 'missed the bus', 207; and the German invasion of Norway America's attitude to the war, togo--I; and the sinking of the (April 1940), 213, 215, 229, 232, 234, 251, 275, 285, 296; a Hood, 1093~4; and British needs, I too; his mission to the 'knock-out blow' from, envisaged (May 1940), 290; and the Middle East, 1101, 1104, 1106, 11 I I, 1 I2S, 1126-7, 1140; and western Blil?.krieg, 345, 407; and talk of peace moves (May United States supplies, I 141, I 152; and 'Riviera', II59i and 1940), 41 J~13, 418; and the fall of Belgium, 414, 416; and the the Anglo-American Mission to Moscow, I 164, 1178, I 193, imminent fall of France, 419; 'That Man', 420, 662, 676, 838; 1200, 1212; birthday greetings from, 1247 n.3; and the coming and the invasion of Britain, 466, 483, 485, 492, 5o6, 540, 570, of war with Japan, 1265, I 267~9 578, 591, oo2, 62o, 624, 625, 662-3, 665, 668, 6g3-4, 6g6, Harris, Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Arthur: and British 726, 757, 76g, 771, 774, 778-·g, 852, 855, 86g; and the chance bombing policy, 656 n. r; in Washington, r r6s n.3 of 'conquering the world', 486; and Italy's entry into the war, Harris, Sir Percy: 41 7 491; and a barrier to the 'mastery of the world' by, 524; his Harris, (Sir) Ronald: 249 'propaganda machine', 529; and a possible 'puppet Govern­ Harrod, (Sir) Roy: 49 ment' in France, 531, 534i and a Roosevelt message, 54o---1; Harrow School: Churchill's visit to, 948-51; 'the unhappiest days 'merciful moderation' of, doubted, 548; his 'curse' to be lifted, of his life', 1204; birthday greetings from, 1247 n.3 566, 665; his 'dangers', 579; and Spain, 585; and the French Harstad: British base at, 242, 247, 249, 28g, 328; bombed, 337 fleet, 589; and Britain's mistakes, 593i 'no large theme' of, to Hardepool: and invasion, 650 appeal to masses, 6o3; no peace negotiations with (June 1940), Harvey, J.: 001 6o7; and Enigma, 611, 675; and 'Asia and probably Africa' to Harvey, Oliver (later Baron Harvey of Tasburgh): and French draw from, 655; offers peace or 'unending suffering', 673; and praise for Churchill, 140; and Eden's criticism of Churchill, neutrals, 694-5; and the Duke of Windsor, 707; peace proposals 1 I 12; and British help for Russia, 1144 n.t; and 'Crusader', dropped as leaflets, 7ro; his 'reputation for veracity', 740; and I219; and Japan, I2S6 'the gates of India', 742; and Oslo, 764; 'this wicked man', Harvie-Watt, Lieutenant-Colonel (Sir) George: Churchill's visit 779; has 'put on his bathing suit', 82s; his 'act of mass terror' to, 828---9, 835; and a 'most bitter attack' on the Government, (the Blitz) 'will fail', 826; and the next ten years, 831; his effort 1224; and a criticism of Lord Cherwell, 1235 'flagging', 838; his horoscope, 852; 'his doom is certain', 853: Harwell: and the Battle of Britain, 736 his most serious error, 854; and 'retribution', 856; and a 'com­ Harwich: 67, 7', 650, 687 plete victory' over, 864; 'a better man than Mr Churchill', 895 'Hats': supply ships to Malta and Alexandria, 764, 771 n.3; and 'Neville Chamberlain's tomb', 903i and 'Felix', 945i Havanl, HMS: sunk, 4s6 n.3 and Harrow School, 949; and Napoleon, 951 n.4; and poison INDEX

Hitler, Adolf-continued Hopkins, Harry L.-continued gas, g82; 'that Goddam sonofabitch', g86; 'a decision soon, or pression' in the British Cabinet, 1 1 76; and Anglo-American bust', 1000; 'will not avert his doom', toog; and the United aid to Russia, 1210; birthday greetings from, 1247 n.g, 1248; States, 1020; and Yugoslavia, 1023, 1041, 1042; and Japan, andjapan, t253, t265 1045; 'we shall be on his track', 1056; defeat of, 'certain', ro6g- Hopkins, Sir Richard: and the United States, 768 70i and Gibraltar, 1074;, able to spread himself, 1074; 'no Harder, Lord: 'you have greatly softened the blow', 8q; and option' but peace with, 1078; and American 'staunchness', Lloyd George 'too old', 952 1079; a 'fleeting dictator', 1079; and Tobruk, 108o; and HMS Hore-Belisha, Leslie: Secretary of State for \Var, g, 19, 70, 76, Bellerophon, 1083: 'has his problems too', 1083-4; and Beaver­ 79, 162; and Scandinavia, 108; dismissed, 12o-1, 124; and the brook, I 102; and Stalin, 1107, 1138; 'he will find no peace, fall of Chamberlain, 299 n.4; and 'Oran', 643; and brass bands,

no rest .. .', nog; invades Russia, III], 1119, 1121, 1123; 662; Churchill's answer to, 1083; opposition of, 110.) 1 1107, British hopes of diverting air power of, away from Russia, 1133; 1227 his fate after the war, 1135; and Harry Hopkins, II43i the 'Hornblower': thought a code name, but not, 1158 'taunting' of, rr68; and the 'bloody ruts' ofhis tanks, in Russia, Horne, tst Viscount: 277 n.I II74i 'will not have a pleasant winter', 1175; his 'miscalcula­ Hornum: attacked, 192 tion', 1t77; his method of earlier conquests, 1184; his choice, Hotz, Lieutenant-Colonel: assassinated, 1223 n.2 1188 n.2; 'evidently feels the draught', 1212; and 'Crusader', House of Commons: a proposed statement in, 84-5; authority of, 1223, 1241j and the origins of the war, 1227; 'may call a halt' s6g; Secret Sessions in, sn-Bo, 6g6, 792-3, I I 12 n ..J; bomb against Russia, 1228; and 'a grand European alliance', 1229; danger to, 86o; bombed, 938, 1086, 1105; Churchill 'fully in 'must be shattered in the end', 1241J; withdraws an Air Corps control of', 12 I] from Rus.qa, 1252; and the Rhineland crisis of 1936, 1262 House of Representatives: approves Lend-Lease, IOO?i an im­ Hoare, Sir Samuel 'later Viscount Templewood): Lord Privy portant resolution, 1212 n.4; Churchill receives a visitor from, Seal, 14, 15, I8, 19, 27, 36; Churchill 'an old man', 47, I6g; 1238 n.4 Churchill 'exhilarated', 51; Churchill's questions to, 5g-6o; House of Rimmon: 11 18 and Scandinavia, 105, 129, 13o--1, 132, 18g, 233 n.2, 250; and Hudson, Sir Robert: 24 n.2, 163 Hore-Belisha's dismissal, uw; and the 'bad effect' of a Chur­ Hull: bombed, 1082 chill broadcast, 138; and 'Narvik', 18g, 250; becomes Secretary Hull, Cordell: 540, 1019, 1229; and japan, 1259, 126o of State for Air (April 1940), 203, 205---6; finds Churchill 'opti­ Humanity: 'our guide', 106 mistic', 216; reluctant to initiate bombing of Germany, 225; Humber, the: ?I, 83, 92 n.4, 6so, 671 and the fall of Chamberlain, 2go, 3o8--9; and the western Humberside: bombed, 1084 n.4 Blit<;lcri.eg of May 1940, 3o6-7, 310; praises Churchill's 'vision 'Humour': landing in Morocco, 956 n.2 and grip', 322; Ambassador to Spain, 357, 495, 573, 58o n.3, Humphreys, Squadron-Leader R. H.: 913 585, 588, 6o4, 920, 1084 n.3; and the Duke of Windsor, 613- Hungary: 29; attacks Yugoslavia, 1054: and the Soviet Union, 14; and 'Oran', 643; and 'Dakar', 8o4; and Churchill's 1229, 1250; Britain declares war on, 1250 n.g Leadership of the Conservative Party, 837; and Vichy, 853·-4, Hunt, Sir David: and Churchill's drinking habits, 336 n.r; and a 86g, 864, 866 n.2; his Parliamentary seat, 1016; birthday spittoon, 6os n.3; evacuated from Crete, 1099 n.r greetings from, 124 7 Huntziger, General Charles-Leon: a message from, 957, 958; Holbart, Major-General P. C. S.: at Chequers, 838 n.1; a dispute doing 'excellent work', g6o concerning, 861-3 Hurcomb, Sir Cyril: 93 Hogg, Quintin (later Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone): 299 n.4 Ibn Saud: and a Jewish State, 1090 Hogue, HMS: sinking of (in 1914), 37 Iceland: 'will be protected', 228; 'plenty of places to run into' on, Holland, Captain (later Vice-Admiral) C. S.: 66; at Oran, 632-- 5 n; training of aliens in, proposed, s86; Canadian troops for, 44 655; and U-boats, 689; war needs of, 873; and Holland: 17, 44, 5 7-8, 67; possible German invasion of, 76, 78-9, the United States, 1074, 1100, 11og, 1111, t 126, 1134, 116o; 134, 136, 193,202,214,225, 262, 28o; invasion of, 3o6; Govern­ Churchill's visit to, 1169, 1170; and the German U-boats, ment-in-exile from, 476; troops from, in Britain, 678 n.4; 'con­ I J76 quered and subjugated', despite neutrality, 694-s; plan for a Ickes, Harold L.: 662, 694 landing in (August 1940}, 718; experience of, to be avoided, Ihler, General: 525 957, 10og; people of, 'make the final sacrifice', 1108 Illustrious, HMS: and 'Hats', 771, 822; damaged, 98g, 1256 Hollis, Colonel (later General Sir Leslie): 307 n.2, 324, 526, 527, Independent Labour Party: members remain seated, 642 535-6; and anti-invasion preparations, 737, 852 n.4; and the 'Index': air bases on Crete, 933 n.r Dakar expedition, 75I-2, 789; and the Middle East, 882; and India: and Eire, 68; and 'a Nazi triumph', Bo--1; sailors from, the Dodecanese, 954-5; and Beach Protection Vessels, 1124; 158; regular troops to be recalled from, 276; arms purchases and 'Riviera', I 154 n.3, 1163; and Churchill's 'political-strat­ from, 289; troops on their way from, 424, 442, 450, 477; and egic' view in September 1941, I 1g6 n.g; and tank landing craft, 'Oran', 643; and a statement of policy, declined, 682; possi­ 12o8; and the fate of the Prince ifWahs and Repulse, 1271 n.2 bility of Hitler 'at the gates of', 742, wag; 'ardour and per­ Home Guard: Churchill's proposal for (October 1939), 0!)-fu; severance' of troops from, 1047 n.2; and Iraq, to6I n.2, 1062; naming of (June 1940), 6oo-1; to be armed, 66I; its 'desire to 'approaching collapse' of, I 12r; and the 'Atlantic Charter', attack', 664; to 'harass and impede', 674; and 'Vulnerable 1164; Wavell in, 1197 Points', fi92; 'just as much soldiers', 778; two members of, India Bill: controversy during (193o-5), 837 killed, 854; a friend of Churchill's in, 856--7; and rifles for the Indomitable, HMS: Clementine Churchill launches, 172 n.2; Middle East, 882 Churchill tours, 1203 Hong Kong: reinforcements for, 1261 'Influx': attack on Sicily, 955 Hood, HMS: fin4 n.5, 1og3; sunk, 1093-4, 10g6 n.2, I 155 n.t Inglis, Group-Captain (later Air Vice-Marshal) F. F.: and Hopkins, Harry L.: and 'Oran', 643-4; Roosevelt's personal German invasion plans, 768-9; and German military policy, emissary, 938, g8r-woo, tooS-9, 1036; Churchill's telegram 927 n.6 to (28 February 1941), I017-18; and Harriman, 1020, 1031, Inglis, Brigadier I.... M.: and Crete, 11 IO, 1 I 13 I 033, 1101; and Lend Lease, 103 I; and shipping, 1031, 1048, lngoldsby Legends: Churchill recalls, s8I I o85, 1 1 oo, 1 I 1 1; and tanks, 1124; and the Middle East, 1140, 'Inhumanity': an act of, 'unworthy of British name', 8g8--9 1148; and United States supplies, 1141; to visit Russia, 1 I43: lnOnii, lsmet (Pasha): 1005---6, too], 1043 and 'Riviera', I I 55· 1155 n.2, ns8, 116o; and a 'wave of de- International Red Cross: and bombing, 832 n.l 1292 INDEX

Invasion of Britain: possibility of, and plans against, 372, g86--7, Ismay, Major·General Hastings--continued 392,400, 408, 409, 434, 441, 442, 444,452, 45g--6o, 6or; 'often and the French fleet, 629 n.3, 639 n.1; and Intelligence, 688 been thought of before', 466; and further support for France, n.2, 6go; and anti~aircraft experiments, 713-14; and the flow 482-4, 485; and 'local watch', 4Bg-go; and the coming air of information to Churchill, 7I8; and Wavell's military needs, battle, sor; and the United States, 548--g, sso; and the Franco­ 719 n.2, 730; and Dakar, 722 n.3, 748; and the Battle of Britain, German armistice, 563, 570; and Hitler's future, 578; prepara· 736-7, 742, 761, 767; and the planning procedure, 753-4; and tions to meet Uune-December 1940), 6o6--7, 615, 6I]-t8, 620, Greece, 758, 903-4, gos; his admiration for Churchill, 765; 622, 649-53, 663, 664, 666, 671; likely points of, 65o, 687; and experimental work, 768; and the Blitz, 775, 776-7, 795, 'imminent', 6g6; receding, ]Io, 715-t6; and the rOle of the 941-2; visits the 'most vulnerable' area, 779; and 'Paddock', police after, 171 I-I2j and the British fleet, 715-I6; a probable 781-2, 814; and poison gas, 799, 816, 826; and fog, 816; and 'fatal check' to, 726; and Enigma, 730; continued rumours of, the Dominions, 823; and radar, 83g-40, 857 n.6; and the 757, 766-7, 768-g, 771, 773-4, 777--9, 791-2, 792-3; 'the water Munich crisis (of I938), 86I n.Ij and future strategy, 879 n.g; is getting colder', 825; a daily anxiety, 826; and the 'fishes', and the Middle East, 882, 979 n.4; and 'Compass', Sgg, 924; Bss; the receding danger of, 86g, 878--g, 88g--go, g82; not 'wel· and security, 925, g63-6, I I 54; and 'Mandibles', 934, 953, come', g88; not imminent, g8g; continued preparations for, rots; and 'Workshop', 935 n.2, g62, g87; at Ditchley, 946, 1009; treatment of Germans after, I03Ii Easter 'a very good 1066; and Benghazi, 1052; and Tobruk, I055i at Bristol, 1059; time for', I 055i an ordeal 'from which we shall not shrink', and 'Tiger', ro66; and tanks, 1066--7; and Iran, 1073 n.2; and 1056; 'imminent', 1074 n.2; 'the supreme trial', II09i a 'pre· 'jaguar', 1075-6; at Plymouth, 1077; and Syria, ro82; and the lude' to, 1121; preparations for 1125-6, 1128--g, 11g8; the sinking of the Hood, I093-4; and the House of Commons, I I 03; 'supreme onslaught' (from March 1942), 1220; 'Bumper' exer· and Wavell's dismissal, t I IS-I6; and a future offensive, 1124 cise against, 1124, 1225 n.1; renewed possibility of, 1229 n.s; and Iceland, I I 26; and anti·invasion plans, 1128 n.4; and lnvergordon: British troops to embark from, 243 Churchill's Production speech, 1145; and Churchill's charac~ Iran: see index entry for Persia ter, 115o--2; and British aid to Russia, 11g8; and Yugoslavia, Iraq: 199, 873, 88g, 953, 1o61, 1o62; 'can be ignored', 1o65; 1249; and the fate of the Prince of Wales and Repulse, 1271 German threat to, 1073, 1079, 108o; and Syria, 1082; and the Istanbul (Constantinople): German bombing of envisaged, 1005, siege of Habbaniya, 1o82; and Auchinleck, 1 I I 6; 'vital oil 1007 areas' of, 1124; a renewed German threat to, 1138; rebellion Italy: 'neutral though indeterminate', 6; 'a bridge of mutual in~ in, crushed, 1 I 72, 1176; once 'ablaze', I 177; a further threat terests' with, 18; and Britain's 'resolve', 22; 'no friend', 32; a to, 1186, 1251 'potential ally' of Germany, 39i a potential ally of Britain, 57, Irish Republican Anny (IRA): 432-3, 577 64; Anglo-French policy towards, 74i 'averts her gaze', So; and Ironside, General Sir Edmund (later Field-Marshal Lord): Chief 'Narvik', 223, 234. 235, 240, 262-3, 268, 269, 285; and the of the Imperial General Staff, 3, g, 12, 17, 1g, 28, 39i and German invasion of France, 34I-2, 402, 404; and possible Scandinavia, 114. 127-8, 178, 217-18, 222, 224-5, 231, 233 peace moves (May 1940), 411-13, 417-2I, 434; and Egypt, n.2, 237, 244, 253, 254, 273-4; and Belgium, 126; and 'Cul· 425; possible military action against, 443, 453i and Yugoslavia, tivator No. 6', I59i and Russia, 174i and British military 4?6; at war with Britain, 491, 495· 497· !)00, 515-16, SIB, 552, weakness, 191; and Holland, 22s; and the political crisis of 573, 656, 695-6, 731; and the Franco-Italian Armistice, sg6; May I940, 286, 288, and the western Blitzkrieg of May I940, and Vichy, 679; possible invasion of, 7 18, 764; Britain defeated 307 n.o, 310, 311-12, 326, 333-4, 338 n.3, 346, 361, 362, 363, by (in Somaliland), 732, 755; and 'Hats', 771; and the Westem 370, 372, 373. 374. 376, 377. 38o, 383, 385-6, 392, 394. 395. Desert, 8o2-3, 847, gog--ro, 924; and the 'New Order', 813; 397 n.3, 401,406,423, 458; stands down as Chief of the lm· and Greece, 876, 878, 898-g, gq, 979, wos; to be bombed 'to perial General Staff, 401; and plans to meet a German invasion, the greatest extent possible', 88r; and a 'whoop of joy' at 4go-1, 657; and Churchill's 'courage and experience', 567-8; shooting down of pilots from, 901; and 'Compass', 940, 943; a his 'work map', 65$ replaced by General Brooke, 675 n.2 possible German invasion of, 945, 963; Churchill's broadcast Iroquois: threatened, 54-5 to, g6o-1; loses Cyrenaica, I007i and the British conquest of Irwin, Major~General N. M. S.: and Dakar, 725, 747-50, 78g-- Cyrenaica, Ion; and a naval defeat, 1048, 1049; and Yugo· go, 8o4-IO slavia, 1053-4; supply ships sunk, 1064; assets of, frozen in USA, Islam: 'on the side of progress', 8o trog; naval cypher machine of, broken, II47i and 'Crusader', Isle of Man: internment on, 38g 1218, 1223, 1247; and Yugoslavia, 1249; declares war on the Isle of Wight: and invasion, 687, 793i and the batde of Britain, United States, 1273 717 Ismay, Major~General Hastings (later General Lord): 3, 197, 230; Jacob, Lieutenant·Colonel E. I. C. (later Lieutenant·General Sir and Churchill's extra responsibilities (April 1940), 204-5, 272, Ian): 4, 23 n.I, 40; and Churchill as First Lord, 157; and the 278--g; and the call for an air attack on Germany, 225; and western Bli~krieg of May 1940, 307 n.2; and Churchill's De­ secrecy, 238 n.2, 84B--g; and 'Narvik', 244-5, 248, 267, 28o-1, fence Office, 323 n.3, 324-6; and Dunkirk, 43Ii and the French 382, 391; and the western Blittkrieg of May 1940, 307 n.2, 310 appeal for fighters, 451, 483 n.1; and anti~invasion plans, 623 n.3, 338 n.3; at the head of Churchill's Defence Office, 322-5, n.1, 649 n.2, 6so n.1, 651, 653, 687 n.2, 792, f4I; and arms 341 n.2, 714; and Churchill's tears (May 1940), 333; and the supplies from the United States, 66o; criticisms of Churchill despatch of fighters to France, 346, 365-6, 470, 47g, ¥!<>;and by, 659; at Chequers, 727; and anti-aircraft weapon produc­ the batde for France, 351-2, 354, 359. 378, 381, 386, 389-90, tion, 730 n.s; and the Blitz, 734 n.1; and 'Yagi', 768; and 401, 406, 45I n.2; at Churchill's side, 339, 349, 353, 378, 437, 'Paddock', 781-2j and anti·aircraft artillery, 828; and radar, 446, 499, 526-7, 561, 586, 779, ggo, 999, 1129; Churchill's 84o; and the Production Executive, 1003 n.2; and the Battle of minutes to, 427, 433· 45!f-OO. 472-3, 556, 577> 678, 6g2, 794. the Atlantic Committee, 1039; at the Tank Parliament, 1081 795, 823, 894, 915 n.1, 1097, 1114, I232 n.2; and anti·invasion n.2; and 'Battleaxe', 1110 n.4; and Wavell's replacement by measures, 409, 568, 617-I8, 623, 649, 6so, 652, 665, 674, Auchinleck, III6; and 'Riviera', 1154 D-3· 1155t us6, 1157. 6g1-2, 6g3, 852 n.4; and Dunkirk, 421, 424, 452, 478; and the 1161, 1163, 1166; and aid to Russia, 1214 n.5 IRA, 432-3; and the fall of France, 4g8--g, 501, so6, 512-13, 'jaguar': fighter planes to Egypt, 1075, 1081, 1103 515-16, 520, 526-7, 528, 535, s6t, 562-3, 574. 591i at Che~ Jamaica: 53 quers, 586,614,617-18,683,718, 739, 763, 765,813,838 n.l, James, Admiral Sir William: 'frowns gave way to smiles', 157, Bs3 n.3. 88s n.3. 945. 992 n.l, 999 n.2, 1030, 1071, 1078. 879 n.3 1079, 1092 n.s, togs; and United States supplies, 587, 681-2, Japan: 'placid', 6; 'no ally', 32; 'thinks herself betrayed', So; 'that 715, 882; and the War Cabinet Secretariat, 592-3, 686; and Japanese dog', 346; and the American fleet at Hawaii (Pearl Enigma, 61 1, 848----9, 895-6, 1 186; and the Channel Islands, 62~ Harbour), 355; and China, 357; and a German victory, 548; INDEX 1293

Japan-continued Kennedy, joseph-continued 'spectators' in, 571; and the United States, 6o.s, 1031 n.6; and 542; and the arrest of Tyler Kent, 485-6; Churchill sees, 490; the Dutch East Indies, 679, 686, 936; and Australia and New Churchill appeals to Roosevelt through, 540; and Andrew Zealand, 725, 1002, 1046--7; and the 'New Order', 81s; British Marvell, 570 n.I; and 'Gran', 644; and a British surrender policy towards, 825, 833, 936; likely to be deterred, g88; and 'inevitable', 694; gives a false impression, 982; his group, steel production, 99$ and Matsuoka's mission to Berlin, 1044- gg6 6; and Britain's naval victory over Italy, I049i and Britain's Kennedy, Ludovic: his tribute, 89 n.3 possible 'loss' of Egypt, 1078--g; and Germany's invasion of the Kent: and the battle for France, 353i military exercises in, 653; Soviet Union, 11 q, I I43i a 'very severe warning to', II6o, 'fortitude' of miners in, 729; and an anti~invasion exercise, 993 I23o; and the coming of war in the Far East, 1253-74 n.2 Jarrett, (Sir) Clifford: his recollections, 156 Kent, Tyler: arrested, 485--6 Java: 'still in our hands today', 1273 Kenya: and Mussolini, 404 n. I; defence of, 755; pilots in, 907; Jean Bart: 'no fighting value', 58g, 590, 5g6, 598; need to obtain Italians advance into, 925; no Italians left in, but prisoners-of­ control of, 631, 633; and need to 'put out of action', 656 war, 1011 n.2 Jeanneney, Jules: 534, 535 Keren (Eritrea): captured, 1047, 1049 Jefferis, Major Millis: and the floating mine, 8.s; and sabotage in Keyes, Lieutenant-Colonel Geoffrey: killed in action, 1239 Norway, 279; 'singularly capable', 746--7 Keyes, Lady (later Baroness): 270 Jelke, Frazier: 1091 n.I Keyes, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Roger (later Baron): and Bel­ Jellicoe, Admiral of the Fleet Sir John (later Earl): 32 gium, 126-7; and Trondheim, 27o-t; and the political crisis Jena: battle of (18o6), 856 of May 1940, 285, 291, 2g6; and the German invasion of Bel­ Jerome, Clara: I 109 n.3 gium, 309, 388, 389; and the Dunkirk evacuation, 404-5; and Jerome, Leonard: 1109 n.3 the surrender of Belgium, 407, 414-17; and Combined Opera­ Jersey, HMS: sunk, 1077-8 tions, 676, 6g6-7, 749, 765; and Dakar, 749; and Pantelleria, J esus Christ: his teachings, 1070 n. I 934; at Dover, I I 12; and Le Touquet, I 13I; his son Geoffrey Jewish State: in western Palestine, proposed, 1 ogo killed in action, 1239 Jews: persecuted, 99, 741; and illegal immigration to Palestine, Keynes,]. M. (later Lord): 853 n.2 8g8-g; and the Atlantic Charter, I 163; massacres of, I I 74 n. I Kharkov: captured, I 22 I 'Jezebel': reprisal raid on Bremen, 1035 n.3 Khartoum: air route through, 714, 715, 813; threat to, 822 Jibuti: and de Gaulle, 956 Kiel: German invasion preparations at, 626; German warships Jingoism: 'worse' than Socialism, 984 at, 7 I I; shipping gathering at, 767; attacks on shipping at, Johnson, Herschel B.: 367 n.2, IOI9 849· 920, 1041, 1054 n.5 Johnson, Ken ('Snakehips'): killed, 103I n.2 Kiev: Germans advance south of, 1147; Russians expect not to Johnston, Tom: ggo--t, 1016 n.2 lose, 1150 n.t; and Enigma, 1 185; imminent loss of, 1193; lost, Johnstone, Harcourt: 205--6, 740 n.4 IIg8 'joint Basic War Plan Number One': 1044 Kilroy, Lieutenant: g6 n.I Joint Intelligence Sub-Committee (JIC): 198, 310, 64o, 852, 8g5, Kimberley, HMS: off Narvik, 244 g66, II IJ n.3 King, Cecil: rebuked, 831 Jones, (Professor) R. V.: and the German 'beam', 58o-4, 61o- King, Admiral Ernest J.: 116o n.3 II, 757 King, Mackenzie: 144, 386, 400; Churchill's warning to, 473; Jones, Dr Thomas: 46 Churchill's thanks to, 4g6; and possible 'peace negotiations', Joseph: his coat, and Churchill's dressing gown, 1224 591; and the evacuation of children to, 67I; and 'Compass', Joubert de Ia Ferte, Air (Chief) Manila! Sir Philip: 581, 826 n.4, 940; and Vichy, 958; and the Battle of the Atlantic, 104I; at 840 Chequers, I I 77 Jowitt, Lord: 6t6 n.2 King George V, HMS: 58, 848, 861, 989 'JQ': the Enigma decrypts, 612 n.I King-Hall, Commander (Sir) Stephen: 303 'Julep': plan to seize Queenstown, 574 n.6 Kinna, Peter: and 'a melancholy story', 1156; and the problems of taking dictation, 12 15 Karlsruhe: British action at, 487, 488 Kinnaird's Head: sinkings off, 767 n.2 Karslake, Lieutenant-General Sir Henry: 397 n.3, 398, 399 Kirkenes (Norway): 102 · Kashmir, HMS: in collision, 218 n.I Kirkpatrick, Helen (later Helen Robbins Milbank): and Vichy, Kastellorizo: proposed attack on, 953 n.2; attack on, IOI4-I51 957 102,5, I 104 n.2, I 124 n.4 Kirkpatrick, (Sir) Ivane: and Hess, 1087 Kasvin (Iran): 1 I74 Kirkuk (Iraq): 88g n.3 Kattegat: British success in, 234 Kismayu: to be recaptured, 925 n.2; recaptured, 1011 Kayll, Squadron~Leader (later Wing~Commander) J. R.: at Kitchener of Khartoum, Earl: 247, 978 Chequers, 884-5 Kjtll: and the Altmark, I 52 Kearny, USS: sunk, 1020 n.2 Kleist, General Field Marshal Ewald von: retreats, 1247 'Keep Buggering On': 1273 Knatchbull-Hugessen, Sir Hughe: 924, 1oo6-7 Keith, HMS: sunk, 456 n.3 Knights of the Round Table: and a 'prosaic past', 465 Kelly, Denis: 138 n.3 Knowledge: 'taught, not bought', 23 Kelly, HMS: 13, 3o8; sunk, III8 Knox, Colonel Frank: 87o; and Morocco, 1225 Kelvin, HMS: in collision, 218 n. I Knudsen, William S.: 874 Kenley aerodrome: Churchill visits, 661, 739; and the Battle of Kos: possible seizure of, 922 Britain, 736, 740 Kosharovsky, Yuly: author's dedication to, xii Kennard, Sir Howard: 28--g Kota Bharu (Malaya): a Japanese landing at, 1269; British force Kennedy, Captain E. C.: drowned, 8g n.3 defeated at, I27o; a possible scenario at, 1272 Kennedy, (President) John F.: quoted, 1010 n.3 Kovno: occupied, 1123 Kennedy, Major~General Sir John N.: 545; Churchill's clash Kra Isthmus (Siam): I26t, 1263, I264 with, 107o-1 Kuantan (Malaya): Japanese forces reported at, 1271-2 Kennedy, Joseph: consulted, 53, 103, I 12; and Churchill's tele­ Kuibyshev: Soviet Government evacuated to, I22I, 1227, 1229, grams to Roosevelt, 63; 'alarmist ... untrustworthy', 339; pes­ 1236 simistic, 343; and Roosevelt's messages to Churchill, 355, 539, 'Kummel': plan to seize Berehaven, 574 n.6 1294 INDEX

Kuneitra: 1104 Lend-Lease: go8, 970, 97I, g83, g85, g88, 996, Ioo7, wq-I8, Kursk: captured, 1229 1031, 1032-3, 1034, 1040, I 167, 1238 n.I, 1259 Leningrad: Germans approach, r 133, 1137; Russians expected Labour Party: 'spirit of tolerance' of, 1 70; and the political crisis not to lose, I I 50 n. I; continued German advance towards,

of May 1940, 299-303, 3o8, 312; and Churchill's Premiership, I IJ41 118o, 1236, 1237 313, 315-q, 642, g8s; its 'part', 836 Lens: British troops move through, 36g; threatened, 370 La Chambre, Guy: 187 'Leopard': observers in Turkey, 677, 678 Ladbrooke, Squadron-Leader E.: his recollections, 1 16g-7o 'Leopards': British Storm Troops, planned, 56~, 574; and anti­ Ladysmith: 'liberation' of, recalled, 1235 n.2 invasion plans, 6o6 'Laggard elements': to have priority, 846 Leopold, King of the Belgians: 126; and the German invasion of La Guardia, Fiorello Henry: sends Churchill a 'thumbs up' Belgium, 309; and the Belgian surrender, 395, 4o6-7, 414-17, badge, 1 238 n.4 464; and Narvik, 435 Lambert, George (later Viscount): 6g6 Leros: plans for, 922, 95g, 1002 n.g Lampson, Sir Miles (later Lord Killearn): critical of a 'completely Le Touquet: planned landing at, 11g1 crazy' policy, 905-6; and the Middle Eastern War Council, Lewis, Lieutenant-Commander (later Captain): 82 n.I, 84 n.2, 1125 0.2 87, g6 n.I Lancastria: sunk, s64, s68, 64$ facts of, published, 68s 0.2 Le Witt, Jan: and burning oil, 948 n.2 Lance, HMS: and 'Force K', 1172 Leyden: 307 'Lancelot': an emissary to Weygand, 959 Liberal Party: 'indulgence' of, I 70; and Churchill's emergence as Landemare, Mrs: 6o 1 Prime Minister, gig; its 'part', 8g6 Lang, Cosmo Gordon (Archbishop of Canterbury): 588, 6g6, 757 Liher9': the Duke of Windsor's interview in, 709 n.3 Libreville: de Gaulle's forces at, 866, 867, 868 La Panne: 415, 428 Libya: 57; fighting on frontier of, 573; invasion from, expected, Lascelles, Sir Alan: 703 755i Italian strength in, 822; re-inforcement of, reported, Bg4- Laski, Harold: 140 n.4 5; threat to communications with, proposed, f47; British offen~ Laski, Nathan: 140 sive planned against, 92I; British offensive in ('Compass'), 940, L'Audacieux: leaves Toulon, 787 n.I 979; 'counts first', u>65; and the German invasion of Russia, Laurence Farm: Churchill's headquarters at (1916), 782 I 133, 1182; and 'Crusader', 122g, 1249, 1251, 2g38; and Laurent-Eynac, Victor: 198 0.4, 262 n.4, 272 'Whipcord', 1225--6; and 'Enigma', 1244 Laurrntic: sunk, 886 Liddell~Hart, Captain (Sir) Basil: gg4 n.2 Laval, Pierre: and Vichy, 855, 86g, 868, 958 Liege: German advance near, 312; 'isolated', 334 Law, Richard (later Lord Coleraine): 277 n.I, 299 n.4. 303 Lille: bombed, gog; line held at, 4o6 Lawrence, T. E. ('Lawrence of Arabia'): his defects and qualities, Lillehammer: 25g, 264 862 LillestrOm: in flames, 22g Lawson, Fred: 1238 Lindbergh, Colonel Charles Augustus: and a German victory, Lawson, Commander H. F.: 826 n.4 993, 996 Laycock, Major-General Robert: 1 178 Lindemann, Professor Frederick (later Viscount Cherwell}: and Layton, Elizabeth (later Mrs Nel): and Churchill's speech of 12 the Baltic, 12; and Churchill's Statistical Branch at the Admir~ June 1941, 1 to8; and a visit to Northolt, 1129; and a 'bad' alty, 48---g, 162-g; and convoys, 78; and mining the Rhine, 8g, week, 1 138; 'don't mind me', 1 141; and Churchill's Production 85-6; visits France with Churchill Oanuary 1940}, 122; and speech (of2gjuly 1941), 1145; and 'a roar of rage', 1214-1$ Narvik, 282; and the political crisis of May 1940, gos; and the describes Churchill as 'a loveable person, in spite of his im~ despatch of fighters to France, g66--7; Churchill's enquiries to, patience', I 2 I 5 392, 459, 47g--8o; Churchill's confidant, 3g6, 400, 468 n.s, 552- Layton, Admiral Sir Geoffrey: and the Japanese attack on g, 554, sgg, 601, 768, 8g2, 893; 'get to it', 449; and the United Malaya, I 26g States, 47g-4, 562, 6I5, 618, 746; and air experiments, re­ Layton, Sir Walter: 48; and the United States, 76g, 798-9, 87I- search and development, 55g, 58o, 58I, 620, 71g, 747i and 4, 875; and the Layton~ Marshall agreement (24 October I940), steel, 562; and supply, 576, sgg-4, 6rs, 6r8, 66g n.2, 730 n.s; 872-3 and the 'most secret source', 593, 6tr, 654-5; and air strengths Lazarus: 'skittish ... ', so I of Britain and Germany, 6og, 654-5; at Chequers, 614, 615, Leach, Captain]. C.: II55 n.t, I270, I271; drowned, I272 683-4, 7I I, 727, 739, 768, 8I3 n.4, 838 n.I, 853 n.3, 884, 885 League of Nations: and 'Narvik', xo6; and Finland, 108; and n.g, 945, g61, 992 n.I, 992 n.s, 994, 999 n.2, 1071, 1095; at neutral States, 137, 139; and Italy, 342; and United States Uxbridge, 767; and anti~invasion plans, 593, 622; and German withdrawal from (in I920), 538 night bombing, 823-4, 826, 857 n.6; at Ditchley, goo n.2, 946, Leasor, James: quoted, 527 g8g n.2, g88; and Greece, gos; and Hopkins, g86; and shipping, Leathers, Frederick (later Viscount): 65, Io76, Io84> 1106, 1172 IOIJ n.Ij and Iranian oil fields, 107g n.2; at various War Lebanon: independence of, I 092 Cabinet Committees, roB I n.2, 1082 n.I, n.2, I 126 n.g; created udbury: sunk, 65 n.4 Baron Cherwell, rro2 n.s Lee, Colonel (later General) Raymond E.: 762 n.3, 896, 1 I40, Ling, Brigadier C. G.: I75 II4I Linlithgow: 2nd Marquess of: and 'Oran', 643; and a statement Lees~Smith, Hastings: 417 of policy for India, 682; and Indian troops in action, 1047 n.2; Le Fantasque: leaves Toulon, 787 n.I and Wavell's replacement by Auchinleck, 11 I$ and the Leger, Alexis: 75; at Chequers, 614-15 German successes in Russia, 1175 Le Havre: British troops land at, 370; evacuation of British troops Lisbon: and the Duke of Windsor, 698-709 from, 388, 489, 543 n.1; Churchill flies over, 522; invasion pre~ List: British air-raid on, 192 paration at, 794; fire ships for, 815 n.4; bombed, II 29 Little Ann: sunk, 465 n.J Leipzig: a British bomber target, 757 LitWrW: torpedoed, gor LeipLiverpool: and brass bands, 662; and a breach of security, 750, Le Luc, Rear-Admiral M.A.: 636 752; children sent to Canada from, 764 n.4; bombed, 771, 8g1, Le Malin: leaves Toulon, 787 n.r 914 n.4, I02I, wgs, 1075 n.4, 1083 n.t; congestion at, g62; Le Mans: feared German attack on, 543, 544, 545 convoys to, g8g, 1017; Churchill visits (September 1941), 1203 Lemnos: occupied, 1054 Llanelly: 'F' scheme at, 1198 n.g INDEX 1295

Llewellin, Colonel J. J. (later Baron): and aid to Russia, 1214 Lyster, Rear-Admiral (later Vice-Admiral Sir) Lumley: 85 n.s Lyttelton, Oliver (later Viscount Chandos): and Churchill's De­ Lloyd, Geoffrey (later Lord Geoffrey-Lloyd): and fire ships, 815; fence Office (May 1940), 323: and Britain's supply needs, 427; visits Harrow with Churchill, 949-50 at Chequers, s86, 813 "·4i becomes President of the Board of Lloyd George, David (later Earl Lloyd-George): 46, 47, 120, Trade, 820 n.J; and a bomb on Downing Street, 843i a possible 142, 164--5, 204, 532-3, 681, Bg$ and the fall of Chamberlain, choice for Washington, 952; at Ditchley, g83 n.2; and Harry 277, 280, 287, 293-4, 2g6-7; declines Office under Churchill, Hopkins, g85--6, g88; and shipping, 1 o I 7 n. 1; his 'great suc­ 332, 425--6, 428; Churchill seeks Chamberlain's support for, cess', I 106; and Churchill's broadcast of 12 June 1941, 1 108; 474; predicts Britain will 'tum against' Churchill, 676 n.g; his Minister of State in the Middle East, 1125, 1134 n.1, 1152; 'mistake' in 1919, 818, 837; a gift from, 853 n.2; a possible warns Churchill of dangers, 1 139i and Captain Hornblower, 1156, Ambassador to the United States, 942-3, 946, 952; apples from, I zs8; and Auchinleck's threatened resignation, I 191; at g62; and Baldwin, 994; Churchill's answer to, 1 o8s; Cabinet Chequers, 1204; and 'Crusader', 1218, I220, 1222-4, 1225, changes following his death, 1016; opposition of, II05i Chur­ I 242; and Dill's replacement, I 234 chill to avoid 'ghastly error' of, 1238 Lytton, Neville (later 3rd Earl Lytton): qo Lloyd George, Gwilym (later Viscount Tenby): 943 Lytton, Countess (Pamela Lytton): 327 Lloyd, Lord (George Lloyd): and the Altnuzrk, 153; and the fall of Charnberlain, 277 n.r, 290; and the rejection of 'parley or Maastricht: 334 surrender', 420; and the Middle East, 477; and the West Indies, M & B 6g3 (antibiotic): sent to Russia, 1211 n.6 556 n.2; and the French fleet, 572, 577, 58o, 586; and the MacCallum Scott, A.: a recollection of, II05 n.I Duke of Windsor, 6g9, 700, 701, 703; and Dakar, 720, Bog; MacArthur, General Douglas: 432 n.2 dies, 1016 0.2 MacDonald, Malcolm: and air raid shelters, 939 n.2; his Parlia- Loch, Major General K. M.: 826 n.4, 857 n.6 mentary seat, 1016 Lofoten Islands: attack on, 1002 MacDonald, Ramsay: and French disarmament, 538 London: and bombing, 23, 33-4; a possible German parachute Macdougall, Major·General A. 1.: 649 n.2 landing in, 71-2; to be fought 'street by street', 664-5; 'For· MacDougall, G. D. A.: 49 n.2 tresses' of, 671; air raids on, 734, 744, 756, 757-8, 764; 'Blitz' Mackesy, Major.General Pierse Joseph: and 'Narvik', 187, 224, on, 775, 776--7, 773:J, 78o, 811, 812, 814, 819, 824, 831, 841, 232, 238, 242, 243; his decision to delay, 249-257, 26o--1, 283- 848, 877. go6, 914-5. 938, 941, g63, 1031, 1038, 1062 n.3. 4; superseded, 336; question of 'disciplinary action' against, 1086, 1136 and unexploded bombs, 78o; 'front line' in, 84-o; 435 n.I and Hitler's most serious mistake, 854; and an anti·invasion MacLachlan, Donald: 1248 n.s exercise, 993 n.2; its ruins 'good assets', 1o86 Macmillan, Harold: and the fall of Chamberlain, 293, 294, 299 Londonderry, 7th Marquess of: 277 n.1 n.4; 303: and Churchill's Premiership, 333i attends the Battle London Naval Treaty (of 1930): 12, 145 of Atlantic Committee, 1126 n.3 London Underground: shelters in, suggested, Boo-r Macready, Major.General G. N.: and Greece, 919 n.2 Longfellow, H. W.: quoted, 9g8, 1010 Madrid: and the Spanish Civil War, 518, 519; Germans in, 585; Longmore, Air (Chief) Marshal Sir Arthur Murray: and Greece, and the Duke of Windsor, 6g8 882, 905, 906-7, 979; and the Dodecanese, 953i and the west· Maeterlinck, Maurice: 1 I 8o em desert, 1008-g; and Greece, 1027, 1029, 1063; replaced, Maffey, Sir John: 161-2 1101 Magdapur: sunk, 82 Looe: 'F' scheme at, I 1g8 n.3 Maginot Line: 20, 69, 70; Churchill's visit to Qanuary I940), Loraine, Sir Percy: 22, 57, 223, 491 I2o-3, I25j threat to {May 1940), 334; broken, 346; German Lorient: bombed, 1129 superiority against, 402-3; Churchill's pre-war visit to, 894; Lossiemouth: airport at, 'vulnerable', 372 Britain 'not pinning' her faith on, 997 Lothian, 11th Marquess of: 88, 112, 18o, 367-8, 410, 486, 493, Magna Carta: sent to the United States, 449 6os; Churchill's advice to, 6o7; and the French fleet, 623-4, Magnetic mine: secret and mastery of, 82--gS, 824 635; and United States supplies, 681-2, 611g,jo, 772-3, 796-­ Mainz: British action at, 487, 488 g, 87o; and the Duke of Windsor, 701 n.5, 702, 7o8; and British Maisky, Ivan Mikhailovich: and 'Oran', 644; warnings through, morale, 733 n.2; and Dakar, 8o5, 8o7; and a lost telegram, 1051 n.3; and the German invasion of Russia, 1 I23; Churchill 88g; at Ditchley, goo n.2; and an appeal to Roosevelt, 926; lunches with, 1177; and Stalin's appeal to Churchill of 4 Sep­ dies, 942; referred to, 1021 tember 1941, 118o-2; and Jack Churchill, I202j and Stalin's Loveday, Thomas: 7g--8o, 81 complaints of II November 1941, 1231; birthday greetings Lowestofi: 'F' scheme at, I 198 n.3 from, I247 n.3 'Lucid': fire ship scheme, 815 n.4 Makins, Roger (later Baron Sherfield): 207 Ludlow-Hewitt, Air Chief Marshal Sir Edgar: 365, 366 Malabar: sunk, 65 n.4 Lulei: possible British operations against, 105, 112, 114, 144, 175, Malaya: and Australia, 1 002-3; rubber from, sent to the Soviet 192-3; Allies agree to interrupt iron ore traffic through, 200; Union, I 148; and Japan, I255, I26t, 1265: a Japanese landing and 'Narvik', 2I5, 257, 259; plans to mine (May 1940), 391, on, 1269; 'still in our hands today', 1272 392, 459. 476 Malaya, HMS: and the United States, 1041 Lumsden, Lieutenant·Colonel Herbert (later Lieutenant·Gen· Maleme (Crete): I 1 28 n.4 eral): 396 n.3 Malkin, Sir William: 90 Lumsden, John: 950 n.3 Mallet, (Sir) Victor: I 75 Lund, Brigadier 0. M.: 2124 n.I; and the battle for France, 354, Malta: and Mussolini, 404 n.t; ships at, under repair, 477; Italian 498 air raid on, 586; and 'Hats', 764 n.2, 771; further re·inforce· Lusitania: sunk (in 1915), 54, 1258 ment for, 847, 848; and the possible bombing of Rome, 876; 'Lustre': British troops for Greece, 1024, 1027, 1048, 1049 HMS Jersey sunk at, 1077-8; and smoke·screens, 1082; ship Luton: bombed, 771 sunk off, 1085; and 'Force K', 1 1 72; and 'Crusader', I 223 Lutyens, Sir Edwin: a gift from, 853 n.2 Manaar, sunk: 16 n.2 Liik.,ow: torpedoed, 1118 Manchester: Churchill's speech at (27 January 1940), 142-3; Luxembourg: threatened, 202; invaded, 307, 330 bombing of, 83I, 1083 Luxeuil: bombed, 309 MancMster HMS: to be de·magnetized, 95, 97 Lympne: airfield at, attacked, 757 Manchuria: to8 Lyon: bombed, 309 Mandel, Georges: 75i becomes Minister of Colonies, 194-5; 1296 INDEX

Mandel, Georges--continued Martinique: and 'Catapult', 629 n.3, 632; and 'Reflex', 751 'efficient and determined', 422; not 'flabby', 44$ dines with Marvell, Andrew: quoted, 570 Churchill, 446; at Tours, 'energy and defiance personified', Mary, Queen: 1247 n.3 528, 534i and the ChB.teau de Cangey, 537-8; and the Franco­ Mason-Macfarlane, Major-General F. N.: in Moscow, 1150 n.I, British Declaration of Union, 565; at Rabat, 597; executed, 1227, 1228 635 n.2 Massawa: possible capture of, 683-5; captured, 1056 'Mandibles': attack on Dodecanese Islands, 923, 933 n.g, 953 Massey, Vincent: 400 n.8 0.2, 1015 Massiglia: French politicians on board, 597, 598, 635 Mankind: 'unteachable', 994 Massy, Major-General (later Lieutenant-General) H.R.S.: and Mannerheim, Field Marshal Carl Gustav Emil: 175: Churchill's Churchill's 'wrath', 6o2 appeal to, 1250 Mastiff: blown up, 14 Mannheim: raid on, 1035 n.g; bombed, 1082, 1133 n.2, 1136, 'Matador': a landing on the Kra Isthmus of Siam, proposed, 1231 1264 Manorbier: trials at, 858 Matapan, Battle of: 650 n.3, I048 Mansergh, Captain: (later Vice-Admiral Sir) Cecil Aubrey Matsuoka, Yosuke: his mission to Berlin, Rome and Moscow, Lawson: 36 n.g 1044-6 Mansion House (London): Churchill's speech at, 8gg--goo Maugham, Robin: 992 n. I Manston: airfield at, attacked, 757; Churchill's visits to, 761, 'Maurice': proposed Trondheim operation (April I940), 231, 238, 1201 239, 242, 244; becomes 'Hammer', 254 Marchant, Sir James: 5 n.2 Mauritius: deportees to, 8g8-9 Marder, Arthur J.: 156 n.I Maydwell, Valerie: 687 n.l Margerie, Roland de: 438 n.2, 446, 501, 526 Maze, Paul: a Frenchman's praise, 321-2, 856--7 Margesson, David (later Viscount): and the fall of Chamberlain, McCalmont, Colonel R. C. A.: 6g2 n.I 299, 302; and Churchill's new administration, 339, 356; and McComas, Lieutenant Anthony: 1008 the Union of Britain and France, 546, sso; and the fall of McCorquodale, Alastair: 950 n.3 France, 547; and Randolph Churchill, 831; and a bomb on 'Menace': operation against Dakar, 724-5, 747-52, 764, 765, 786, the Carlton Club, 844; Churchill defends, 918; visits Harrow ·787-go; 'the heart made sick', 8o4-10 with Churchill, 949; becomes Secretary of State for War, 953i Mendes France, Pierre: at Rabat, 597 n.3 and United States supplies, IOJ7 n.4, 1032; and Greece, I024, Menin: Gennan attack on, 395, 396--7 I028, 1028 n.6; and the Battle of the Atlantic, 1040 n.I; and Menin Ridge: sunk, 65 n.4 invasion, 1055 n.6, I I28; at Chequers, 1070, Iog2 n.s; and a Menzies, Robert: and Scandinavia, r 30, 131; and a possible in· 'chilling' answer, 1074; and the Tank Parliament, Io81 n.2, vasion of Britain, g86-7, 410; rebuked, 821-2, 826; and Sidi I I I2j and aid to Russia, 1214 n. s; and Brooke, I234-5 Barrani, 940; at Chequers, 1018, 1031; and Greece, 1031; and 'Marie': capture of jibuti, 956 n.4 japan, 1031 n.6, 125s; and Singapore, 1046; at Bristol, 1058; Maritz.a: and Enigma, 1243; sunk, 1244 and Churchill's hopes for the future, 1103, 1 I 25-6; and the Marlborough, 1st Duke of: Churchill's biography of, 52, 762 n.3; defence of Syria and Iraq, 1186; birthday greetings from, 1247 'not the conventional soldier', 862 n.3 Marlborough, Duke and Duchess of: 433, 992 n.5 Menzies, Colonel {later Major-General Sir) Stewart: 'C', 667, Marne, Battle of the (1914): 36g, 505 6g6, 726 n.4, 814, 912, 1141 n.1; and Auchinleck, 1243 Marsh, Sir Edward: 170, 853 n. 2 Mersa Matruh: 794, Bgg, I 249 Marshall, General George C.: and United States' military Mers el-Kebir: French warships at, 597, 5gB, 6o4 n.4; Anglo- supplies for Britain, 426, 427, 461-2, 513, 618, 872; and the French conflict at, 628-45 Layton-Marshall agreement (24 October 1940), 872-3; at Mersey, 2nd Viscount: 27 n.4, 468 'Riviera', 116o n.3 Merseyside: bombed, 1035, 1082; shipping situation on, 1069 Marshall-Cornwall, General (Sir) James: and a 'Mad Hatter's Messina: attack on, proposed, 955 Dinner Party', 683-5 Metaxas, Joannis: dies, 1025

Martel, Major-General (later Lieutenant-General Sir) G le Q; Middle East: British troops in (October I939) 1 64-j used as a cover 3g6 for operations elsewhere, 182; 'catalepsy' of British affairs in, Martin, (Sir) John: joins Churchill's Private Office, 384, 399- 477. 666; British military needs in, 7I9, no, 8J3j re-inforce­ 400, 4o6, 592; and the Belgian Armistice, 415: and Churchill's ment of, 822, 848, 876--7, 88o, 882, 883, go&-7; and Gennan 'confidence and energy', 436; and Churchill's staff routine, moves in the Balkans, 979; danger of 'the loss of, 1078-9; 454-s; and the fall of France, 562; and a 'human goodnight', continued threat to, 108o; Britain at 'the utmost strain' in, 567; and a Churchill broadcast, 571 n.s; and Lindemann, 593i II39i American worries about, 1140, 1166; and 'C.38m', 1147; and Bridges, 594-5; and 'Black Move', 6o1; and Churchill's British plans for, 1182; American help for, 1 186; re-inforce­ bath time comments, 621; and Churchill's 'Oran' speech, 642; ments for (September 1941), and Russia, 11g6, 121$ and the and a military guard for Chequers, 6g1; and Egypt, 756; and coming 'Crusader' offensive, 1216 the 'Annexe', 783; visits Uxbridge, 783-4; 'keep jogging along', Mihailovic, General Drazha: 1247 0.3, 1249 8q; finds Churchill 'in particularly good form\ 82o; 'un­ Milner-Barry, P. S.: r 185 n.4 hampered by bells', 823i and a bomb on Downing Street, 842- Milos: refugees on, 898 $ and 'Pompeii' at the Carlton Club, f4.4; and a second bomb Minney, R. J.: 3 n.2 on Downing Street, 851; and 'a madhouse', 863 n.4; and a Minsk: Gennans attack, 1 I 33; atrocities in region of, 1174 n.I United States supply crisis, 87o; his 'special eye', Bgg n. 1; and Mississippi River: 'let it roll', 743, 744 Churchill's 'written' directions, 8g3-,..; and Coventry, 912; and Mittelhauser, General Eugene Desire: 226 a visit to Scotland, ggo; and a visit to the Czechoslovak forces, Mittelman, Colonel: an emissary, 959 0.3 to66; and Churchill's meeting with Roosevelt off Newfound­ Mo: a British landing to be made at, 279, 304; British troops at, land, 1148--g, I 156, 1158, 1159; and 'Riviera', I I 54 n.3; 'I feel 337 the world vibrant again', 1184-5; and Bletchley, I 18s; and aid Mogadishu (Italian Somaliland): captured, 1015 to Russia, 1210; Churchill sometimes 'difficult to interpret', Mohamed Ali el-kehir: sunk, 716 n.5 12I5i and 'Crusader', I239i and Pearl Harbour, I268; and Mohawk, HMS: sunk, w64 japan's attack on Malaya, 126g; and Gennany's declaration Molde: proposed British action at, 233, 261; embarkations from, of war on the United States, 1273; at Utequers, 737, 739, 791, 276, 281 g61, g62, I 145 Molotov, V. M.: 'will tell us nothing', 1127-8; and British aid to INDEX 1297

Molotov, V. M.-conlinued Moscow-continrud Russia, 1168; 'opposed' to going on fighting, 1184 n.$ rejects likely to fall', 1237; and British air support, not possible, a British offer, 1228 1251 Monckton, Sir Walter: and the Duke of Windsor, 702, 7o6-8; in Moselle: mines dropped in, 487 Cairo, 1241 n.5 MosjOen: 261, 279, 281, 282, 304, 326-7; British force withdrawn Monk, General (and the Restoration of 166o): 56 from, 329; to be a 'no-man's land', 336--7 Monnet,Jean: 462,463 n.l, 479· 484,514,546,551, ss8, s6o-l, Mosley, Sir Oswald: a possible 'Hitler puppet', 420; arrested, 572, 587, 86g 485; 'if he were Prime Minister, 486; in prison, 616 n.3 Monrovia: 8os, 807 'Most Secret Source': first use of, 583i Lindemann privy to, 593i Montagu, Edwin: 1227 n.l nature of, 6og-I 3; see indtx entry for Enigma machine Montagu,judy: 614,992 n.x, 992 n.s, 1227 n.1 Mottistone, Lord: 711 Montagu, Venetia: 983 n.2, 1227 n.I Mountbatten, Lord Louis (later Admiral of the Fleet Earl Montcalm: leaves Toulon, 787 n.I Mountbatten of Burma): 13, 938, I on-8, I I 18 Monte Carlo: the casino at, 883 Mount Sinai: glow of, 6g7 Montevideo: and the Grrif Spee, g6, 116, 136 Mayne, 1st Baron: a gift from, 853 n.2; and the United States, Montgomery, General (later Field Marshal Viscount Mont­ 1019; and Greece, 1028 n.6; birthday greetings from, 1247 n.3 gomery of Alamein) Bernard L.: and the fall of France, 356, MUnchhausen tales: to be spread, g66 n.5 396 n.3; at Dunkirk, 432 n.r; at Brighton, 624-5 'Munich': Churchill not 'tarred' with the brush of, 286 Montmirail (battle of, 1814): 856 Munich Agreement: scenes after, recalled, 642; 'sole object' of, Montoire: Hitler and Petain meet at, 864-5 averred, 861 n.I 'Moonlight Sonata': German air raid, 912-5 'Munich Mouser', the: 'still prowls', 863 n.4 Moore-Brabazon, Colonel J. T. A.: 68; becomes Minister of Munster, 5th Earl of: and the 'very grave' situation, 38I; returns Transport, 820 n.$ and a 'lively dinner', 842; and morale, from Dunkirk, 429 85$ visits Harrow with Churchill, 949; and shipping, Murat, Marshal Joachim: and de Gaulle, 668 I o 17 n. 1; and the Battle of the Atlantic, I 040 n. I; becomes Murmansk: German troops transferred through, 326; British air

Minister of Aircraft Production, 1076; and the German in­ squadrons for, 1139, 1144, 1 I741 1 I9Ii British ships in action vasion of Russia, 1 12o; and 'a melancholy story', 1156 n.2 near, 1187; British aircraft in action near, 1208, I22Ij request Moreing, A. C.: dies, 831 n.3 for troops through, 1227 Morgan, Captain (later Vice-Admiral) C. E.: and tides, moons Mussolini, Benito: and a negotiated peace plan, tgo; and and landing places, 650, 687 'Narvik', 223, 240, 24Ii Churchill's message to (May 1940), Morgan, Brigadier (later Major-General) H. de R.: at Andalsnes, 341-2, 36o; and the 'loot of civilisation', 345; and a further 259, 268 peace plan (May 1940), 404; and a possible peace appeal to, Morgenthau, H~ry, Jr.: and British supply purchases in the 41o-11, 411-13, 434; and Italy's declaration of war on Britain, United States, I 18, 344, 426, 461-2, 4B4, 513, 6os, 678-g, 491; and Greece, 758, 982; and Libya, I7I7; 'one man, and 772-3, 79~, 86g-7o, 873, 875 n. I, 87), 907-8, 927, ~, one man only', g6o; 'still smarting', 1008; his 'defeat' certain, 97'· 976, 1035 1041, 1o69; to be 'strangled', I 135 Morocco: and 'Susan', 63o-1; and 'Threat', 765; and 'Menace', Mutter, Ronald: later killed in action, 950 n.3 8o4-5; and Spain, 8I6; and Weygand's loyalties, 867-g; My Ear{y Life: gift of, 67o-1 German threats to, 921, 1069, 1074, 1142j plan to land in, 956 n.2; plan to defend, 959; and the United States, 1079, 1225, Namsos: possible British operation against, 144, 182, 222, 233, 1244; and 'Gymnast', I 249 236--7, 241, 242-3, 244-5· 247· 250, 252, 253· 254· 258, 259· Morris, Major-General (later General Sir) E. L.: gg8 n.1 261; British troops 'roughly handled' at, 263; evacuation from, Morrison, Herbert (later Lord Morrison of Lambeth): and the 273-4, 281, 282; final action at, 336-7; 'we don't want to go fall of Chamberlain, 293, 295, 315, 316; and Churchill's De­ and get Namsos-ed again', 718; and new radar-controlled pons, fence Office, 323; becomes Minister of Supply, 323, 332, 333 763: Britain cannot 'alford' to be 'Namsos·ed', I 138 n.2; and the evacuation of London, 420; and weapons' supply, Namur: 329, 330; 'lost', 350 475, 566, 679, 730 n.s; and steel, 562; and the Home Guard, Nancy: bombed (10 May 1940), 307, 309 6oo; and gas, 618, 762, 826, 947-8; and Britain's offensive Nantes: feared German advance to, 54$ British troops withdrawn plans, 655; 'doing well', 6g6; and a 'deplorable position', 716; from, 544; hostages shot in, 1223 n.2 and supplies from the United States, 746; and the Blitz, 758, Naples: 443, 491; bombed, 881 1079 n.2; and 'Yagi', 814-5; and Cabinet changes (September Napoleon: and the invasion of Britain, 466, 778; and the Penin· 1940), 8 I 8; and the 'most unnecessary war in history', 877; sular War, 543i and de Gaulle, s6o, 668; stopped at Acre, 719 and looting, 8g4-5; and air raid shelters, 916, 939 n.2, g67; at n.3; and Nelson, 778; a Nazi victory 'immeasurably worse' Chequers, 992; and Greece, 1028 n.6 than victory of, 844 n.1; and Prussia, 856; his maxim, sent to Morrison, William S. (later Viscount Dunrossil): 553 Wavell, 947; and Hitler, 951 n.4; and British Somaliland, 993i Morton, (Sir) Desmond: 78; and the Rhine mine, 86; and a a further maxim of, circulated to the War Cabinet, 1073; and Churchill 'Tuesday', 16o; and Churchill's Premiership, 357, Tobruk, 108o; and 'snow at Easter', 1083: his maxim, sent to 359, 366; Churchill's minutes to, 376, 3g6, 400, 409-10, 459, Auchinleck, 1226 566 n.4; his reports to Churchill, 421-·2, 435-6, 449, 463, 595, Narvik: proposed British operations against, 35-6, 103, 105, 106, 672; at Chequers, 450, 586, 739; and the proposed Anglo­ I07-II3, 13o-5, 144, 147-8, 176, 183, 184; plans for a landing French Union, 546, 550, 558, 55g-6o; and the French Army in at, 187-g, 196; and Eire, 197--8; Anglo-French agreement on, exile, 547; and 'Black Move', 601; and de Gaulle, 667-8, 721, 198-200; possibility of troops at, 200; and the mining of the 748, 749 n.1, 750, 751-2; and supply deficiences, fi69 n.2, 730 Rhine, 202-3, 207--8; minelaying off (April 1940), 210, 214; n.s; and Vichy, 688, 764; and invasion, 6g6; and 'Menace', German landing at, 213, 222; British plans to continue opera­ 788; and fire-ships, 815; and a security leak, 958 n.1; and Hess, tions against, 217, 2I8, 222; German troops in occupation of, 1088; at Dover, 1 I 13; and 'BJ', 1154i and Churchill's charac­ 223i naval action off, 224; British decision to capture, 225, ter, 117o; and Soviet intentions, u84 n.3; and Enigma, 1200; 226--7, 23o-1, 232-4, 236--44, 245-57, 258-6g, 272-3, 274-s. birthday greetings from, 124 7-8 279, 28o-r; final attempt to capture, 282-4, 288, 28g-go, 292, Moscow: Finnish delegation in (March 1940), r8s; Russians 294, 303-4, 307, 336--7, 368-g; and possible eventual evacua­ expect not to lose (August 1941), 1150 n.I; Anglo-American tion of, 371, 391; the search for 'success' at, 381-2; occupied, Mission to, I 16o, 1165; and Enigma, 12og, I211-12j German 415; withdrawal from, 434-5, 439, 472, 482; troops from, for advance towards, 1210, 1211, 1221, 1222, 1235, 1237; 'not France, 501, 503: recalled, 945 1298 INDEX

National Gallery (London): bombed, 841 Nicolson, (Sir) Harold--continued National Review: Wavell rebutts article in, 1197 German invasion of Russia, 1121; and Churchill's 'long and 'Naval Plan No. 4': 1 r6o careful' speech, 1 I 46 n. 1 Navarre: clandestine activities in, 1249 n.I Nigeria: air route through, 714, 8tJj and the 'Atlantic Charter', Navy Estimates: Churchill introduces, J7Q--2 1163 'Nazidom': and Bolshevism, 137; its 'divided counsels', 137-8; Night Air Defence: emergency discussion of, 826-7, 1o82 'nightmare' of, 542 Noel Baker, Philip (later Baron): 175 Nazi Rule: its 'odious grip', 468 Nogues, General A. P.: in Morocco, 867, 959 Neame, Major·General (later Lieutenant-General Sir) Philip: Nomura, Admiral Naokuri: and Indo-China, 1253 captured, 1058 n.I Norden bomb sight: 63 n.3, 473-4, 672 Neasden: and an anti-invasion exercise, 993 n.2 Norfolk: and a possible German parachute landing, 409-10; and 'Neglect no means': 884 invasion believed imminent, 766; and an anti-invasion exercise, Negroes: 'loyalty or, to have an outlet, 556 993 n.2 Nelson: Churchill's cat, 220, 6os~ 833-4, 863 n.4 Norfolk, 16th Duke of: 1o I 6 n. 2 Nelson, HMS: 31, 32; damaged, g2; and the French fleet, 6o4 Norfolk, HMS: hit by a bomb, 192 n.s; and Japan, 125 7 Norman Conquest: and the Channel Islands, 573 Nelson, Lord: and Napoleon, 778; his snuffbox, 853; and Trafal- North, Admiral Dudley: 'not got the root of the matter in him', gar, 1061; Churchill's quotation from, I 151 675; and 'Menace', 787; 950 n.3 Neptune: a British version of, 205 n.3 North, Roger Dudley: 950 n.3 Neptune, HMS: sunk, 1252 North American Supply Committee: 666 Neutrality: and Eire, 10, 67, 196--7, 497, 577, 579; and Egypt, Northern Ireland: a possible German invasion, 621; and the 22; and the Scandinavian States, 26; and Belgium, 28, 193, possibility of United States troops for, 1219 464; and the Balkans, 3o-1, 44; and Norway, 34, too, 104-s; Northern Prince: sunk, 1054 and Denmark, 9$ and 'Narvik', 133, 276, 282; and a Churchill North Foreland: vulnerable to invasion, 779, 8o2 broadcast (January I94o), I38; and Hitler's 'murderous rage', Northolt: Churchill visits, 883, I 129 201; and Sweden, 282, 459, 573, 694-5; and the United States, Norway: and German iron ore supplies, 26, 34-5, 36, 100, 102, I I73 104-5, 127-35, 144, 147-8; invaded, 213-17, 219, 225; to be Neutrality Act: to be circumvented, 344; amended (to allow encouraged, 232-3; 'the soil of the Vikings', 252; Britain's arming of merchant ships), I237• 1238 'loyalty' to, 267; need to 'bolster up', 26g; final appeal from, Neville's Court: emergency residence at, 781, 859 27$ and the political crisis in London in May 1940, 292-8; its Newall, Air Chief Marshal Sir Cyril (later Marshal of the Royal 'bludgeoned' people, 365; British plans to withdraw from, 382; Air Force Lord): Chief of the Air Staff, 9, 12, 17, 36, 39, 88, final evacuations from, 472, 4-82; possible German invasion 91, 107; and Scandinavia, 1I4, 176, 182, 188, 23o-1, 233 n.2, from, 624, 661; troops from, in Britain, 678 n.4; and U-boats, 234, 248-9, 251,254, 382; and British military weakness, 191; 689; independence of, to be restored, 695; Wavell suggests in­ and a possible German invasion of Holland, 225; and the vasion of, 718; and German plans to invade Britain, 773, 81 1; western Blit;:,krieg of May 1940, 307 n.2, 310 n.g, 311, 326, experience of, to be avoided, 957; and German troops not 329, 330, 335, 338 n.3, 339, 373, 377. 409, 414 n.3, 416, 544 deterred by snow in, 978--9; German bombers from, g8s; n.J, 546; and French appeals for fighter support, 346-7, 353, people of, 'make the final sacrifice', 11o8; and the German 355, 456--7, 470; and Italy, 453; Churchill's enquiries of, 475- invasion of the Soviet Union, I 137, I 181, I 193; civilian 6; and the fall of France, 549; and thf' 'beam', 582; and hostages shot in, I 199 n.1; an expedition to, planned ('Ajax'), German warships, 71 1; and trans-Atlantic air supply, 714; and I213, 1218 Dakar, 722 n. I and 3, 724 n.J, 789 n. r; and the Middle East, Novgorod: evacuated, 1 174 730; and the Battle of Britain, 736 n.3, 761; and Berlin, 757; Niirnberg: damaged, 168 and Greece, 758; and the Azores, 765 n.2; replaced by Portal Nutting, Captain: 1154 n.3 (October 1940), 82o; and night air defence, 826--7, 830, 857 Nye, Major-General (later Lieutenant-General Sir) Archibald n.6; and morale, 830; and invasion, 852 n.4 Edward: I235 n.t; and japan, 1261 Newcastle: possible Gf'rman landing at, 563; German air raid on, 639 O'Connor, Captain R. C.: perishes, 1252 n.2 Newfoundland: 410, 459; and United States bases, 732 O'Connor, Lieutenant-General (Sir) R. N.: 939, 1007; captured, Newquay: and invasion, 687 1058 n.I News Chronicle: criticisms in, 474-5 O'Connor, Sir Terence: 162, 229, 743 n.2 ]•,''ews if the World: 43, 154 Odend'hal Vice-Admiral J. H.: 6o4 New York: Churchill's accident in (1930), 390 Odessa: evacuated, 1216 New York Herald Tribune: its work praised, 749 'Ole Man River': Churchill sings, 743 New Zealand: and the war, 66; troops from, 410, 736; and japan, Olivtgrove: sunk, I 6 n. 2 679, 725; and Egypt, 755 n.2; and Greece, 1024, 1029, 1054, Oliver, Sarah: 'kow much I love you', 2o6; at Chequers, 739, g6r, I06I, 1068; and Crete, 1076, 1082; and 'Crusader\ 1222-3 g62; and the sinking of the Hood, 1094; 'heroic', I 227 Nicholl, Captain (later Rear-Admiral Angus Dacres): 323 n.3 Oliver, Vic: at Chequers, 961, g62; and the sinking of the Hood, Nicholson, Brigadier C. N.: 395 1"94 Nicolson, (Sir) Harold: contrasts Chamberlain and Churchill Onslow, R. G.: 630 n.3 speeches, 45-6; finds Churchill 'vigorous and eloquent', 90i Oran: French warships at, 572, 58g, 5g6-7, 6o4; Anglo-French and Churchill's 'feeble, tired speech', 228; and the political conflict at, 628-45; aftermath of, 664, 675; possible seizure of, crisis of May 1940, 277, 280, 285, 287, 2g<>-I, 292-3, 303, 3o8, 584; and Dakar, 8o5-6; dangers concerning, 874; 'the world 333 n.2; joins Churchill's Government, 356; and Churchill's was at stake', 945; the 'turning point', g88 'great speech', 469; and the United States, 548 n.t; and the Orbay, General R.: 69 French fleet, 565, 642 n.2; and Churchill broadcasts, 571, 665; Orkneys: possible German demands on, 407 and Churchill's 'new lease of lift-:', 67o; Churchill 'surpasses Orpington: bombed, 77 I even himself', 696; and the need for reprisals, 795-6, 851-2; Orrin, Miss Elsie: imprisoned, 895 n.3 and Churchill's 'good effect' on the House of Commons, 887- Osborne, (Sir) Francis D'Arcy (later 12th Duke of Leeds): 241, 8; and Churchill's eyes, 919-2o; and 'the best thing that Win­ ss5 n. 3 ston has ever done', g6t; 'a grim and obstinate voice', 1056; Oshima, Hiroshi: and the German invasion of Russia, I I I 7 and morale, 1079; and a 'hen-coop of wet hens', 1of4; and the Oslo: being evacuated, 2 I 7i not re-occupied, 228, 234; 'treachery' INDEX 1299

Oslo-----continued Peck, (Sir) John--continued at, 248; German advance from, 264, 274--5, 294-$ possible Minister of Defence, 325; and the Duke of Windsor, 702; and British capture of, 764 the Blitz, 758, 78g; at Chequers, 813 n.4, 853 n.3; and Chur­ Oslo Fiord: German warships enter, 217 chill's 'box', 8g1-4; and Churchill's reading of newspapers, Ostend: Germans demand free passage to, 416; increase of 8g4; and Coventry, 914, 915 n.3; and the Bismarck, 1095-6; German barges at, 773; British action off, 777; German plans and Churchill's 'inconsiderate' behaviour, 11 12; and some at, 78o; 852 'claps of thunder', 12og; and the American Constitution, 1259 Other Club, the: 24, 853, 1237 n.2; and Churchill's dictum 'Keep Buggering On', 1273 Otta: British troops withdraw to, 263; fighting at, 276 Peck, Air Vice-Marshal (Sir) R. H.: 88 Ouvry, Lieutenant~Commander J. G. D.: 87 Peirse, Air-Marshal (Sir) Richard: 91, I36, 254; and the western 'Overconfidence': the 'worst of martial crimes', 1009 Blit;:.krieg of May 1940, 307 n.2, 340, 378, 38o; and German air Overstraeten, General Robert van: 395 strength, 409; and the despatch of fighters to France, 470, 483 OxelOsund: 35, I I 3-I 4 n.t; and the fall of France, 544 n.3j and Dakar, 748 n.3, 749i Oxford and Asquith, rst Earl of (H. H. Asquith): 303, 521, 742 and reprisal raids, 772, 85o; and 'Cromwell', 774 n.1; added to n.I, 893 the Enigma circle (October 1940), 849; at Chequers, 853 n.3, byjord Peninsula: plan to capture, 304 885, 992 n.I Penelope, HMS: 1 I 72 Penzance: 'F' scheme at, I 1!)8 n.3 Pacific: refugees on, 8g8 Percival, Major-General (later Lieutenant-General) A. E.: 368, 'Paddock': Churchill visits, 781, 799, Boo; to be 'broken in', 814, 370, 37' 823; 'quite unsuited', 859 Phonne: re-captured, 385, 3g8 Padstow: 'F' scheme at, 1198 n.3 Pershing, General John J.: 504 Paget, Major-General (later General Sir) Bernard: at Andalsnes, Persia (Iran): 199, 1073, 1082, I 124; Anglo-Soviet occupation 272-3j and anti-invasion plans, s68, 574. 576, 5g8. 650, 66r; of, 1172-3, 1174-5, tq6, 1177, u81-2, 1187; Stalin seeks and the defence of Chequers, 6g1 n.5; and 'Ajax', 1213; and British troops through, 1 rgo, 1227; troops for, 1204, 1213; Bri­ Russia, 1229 tish supplies through, 1229; and the defence of the Caucasus, Paget, Lieutenant R. T. (later Baron): and security, 752 1231 Pakenham, Admiral Sir W.: 32 Pftain, Marshal Philippe: and the fall of France, 402, 438, 446,

Pakenham-Walsh, Major-General R. P.: his mission to the 453 1 500, 504-5, 5og-10, 513, 516-q, 522-5, 528; and the United States, 697, 733, 745-6, 797 n.5, 798 Franco-German armistice, 562, 565, 567, 576, 597; and the Palace of Westminster: 'an obvious prime target', 86o French fleet, 567, 577> 589, 595-6, 636; and Toulon, 863; and Palairet, Sir Michael: and Greece, 1027-8, 1067 n.6 Morocco, 86g; alleged assurances of, 956-8; British contact Palestine: troops from, 424, 442, 450, 477; troops to be sent to, with, 983; and the British 'chicken', 1135; 'may go even more 735-6; threat to, 822, 921, 953; 1073; oil pipeline across, to be rotten than he is now', 1245 destroyed, 88g n.g; refugees to be deported from, 8g8-g; troops Peter II, King of Yugoslavia: proclaimed King, 1043; flown to from, in Greece, 1o68; renewed threat to, 1 138, I 140; and the safety, 1 o65 'Atlantic Charter', n6g; once 'quaking', 1177; again endan­ Pevensey: and a possible German invasion, 620 gered, t 196 Philip, Prince (later Duke of Edinburgh): 1048 n.2 Pall Mall: 'gossip' in Clubs of, 753; bombs on, 842, 843 Philippines: 82s; and japanese plans, 126o Panama Conference (1939): 52-3, II6 Phillips, Brigadier (later Major-General) Charles George: 252, Pantelleria Island: plans to seize, 925, 933, 934-5, g62, g87, 1001 263 Papagos, General Alexandros: 1024, 1025, 1027-8; urges a British Phillips, Sir Frederick: and an Anglo-American crisis, 968-76 withdrawal, 1065; resigns, 1068 Phillips, Rear-Admiral Tom: 7-8, 12, 36 n.3, 41, 73 n.g; Chur­ Parachute and Cable rocket: 61 g-20, 738----g chill's minuteS tO, 77-8, 8g, 99, 157, 158, 166-7, If)g;; and the Parachute Mines: Germans drop (September 1940), 795; response United States, 53; and Italy, 57; and the Black Sea, 65; and a to (October 1940), 849 possible German invasion, 66-7, 65o---1, 651 n.I, 852 n.4; with Paris: road to, 'open', 339; Churchlll flies to, 349; and the fall of Churchill in France, 73 n.2, 74; and mining the Rhine, 8g; France, 377, 403, 419, 453, 470, 473, 488, 492, 495, 505, soB; and the magnetic mine, 85, 97; Churchill praises, g6; and its occupation imminent, 517, 518, 519, 54o; possible guerilla Scandinavia, 102, 103, 105; and British naval strength, 145-6; warfare to the west of, 526; Germans enter, 543; a recollection and 'Narvik', 199, 210, 223, 232, 254, 296; and the western of, 663~4 Blit?.krieg of May 1940, 307 n.2, 397 n.3; and Dunkirk, 463; Paris Peace Conference (of 1919): 532~3 and the fall of France, 544 n.3; and Britain's naval needs, 551, Park, Air Marshal (later Air Chief Marshal Sir) Keith: Chur- 574; and the French fleet, 590; and the Duke of Windsor, 709; chill's visits to, 768, 783-6 and Dakar, 721-2, 748 n.3, 749 n.2; and the Azores, 765 n.2; Passchendaele: 'mass slaughter' at ( 1917), 16, 840 and future strategy, 879 n.3; and Enigma, 896 n.2; and the Pasuur: diverted to Britain, 551 Battle of Taranto, 901 n.6; and Greece, 919 n.2; at Chequers, Patani (Siam): attacked, 1270 922, 945; at Ditchley, 946; and British naval forces for the Far Patria: blown up, 898 East, 1257-8; approaches Singapore, 1262; in Singapore, Patroclus: sunk, 886 1270; and the fate of the Pn.nce of Wales and Repulse, I27t-g; 'Paul': mining of Luleci. approaches, 391 n.4, 392, 459, 476 drowned, 1272-3 'PE': photo-electric proximity fuse, 615, 763, 840 Pkryne: sunk, 82 Peace Terms: discussed or rejected, 55-6, 72-3, 1go, 404, 407-8, Piccadilly: a breach of security in, 750 41o-n, 411-13, 417-21, 422, 428, 591, 598-g, 6o2, 694-5, Pile, General Sir Frederick 714, 826 n.4, 857 n.6, 858, 879 n.g; 993; 10]8, I 187 Churchill's journey with, 828-30; at Chequers, 838 n.1; and 'Peace with Honour': recalled, 1 170 the defence of Cheq uers, goo n. 3 Peake, (Sir) Osbert: 639 n.I 'Pilgrim', seizure of Canary Islands, 1142, 116o Pearl Harbour: Japanese preparations to attack, 1261; Japanese Pilsen: armaments works at, bombed, 920 attack on, 1267, 1268; 'What a holocaust!', 126g Pim, Captain (Sir) Richard: and Churchill's map rooms, 159- Pearman, Violet: 'one humble person', 172 162; his 'sacred domain', 164, 686; at Dunkirk, 456 Peck, (Sir) John: joins Churchill's Private Office (April 1940), Pioneer Corps: to be moved, 312; enemy aliens to serve in, 389 216-t], 220, 384 n.4, 400, 455 n.I, 592, 601, 674 n.r, 746, Pip, Squeak and Wilfred: and 'Narvik', 179 894; and the fall of Chamberlain, 29S-9; and Churchill as Piraeus: British forces for, 1027, 1035; bombed, 1054 1300 INDEX

Pitt, William (Pitt the Elder): 436 Pound, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Dudley-continued Pitt, William (Pitt the Younger): 568, 844 Norwegian plans, 2s3-4, 296, 476; and the bombing of Ger­ Pitt-Rivers, George: arrested, 616 n.3 many, 22Si and the western Blit<;krieg of 1940, 307 n.2, 310 Pius XII, Pope: and possible peace moves (March 1940), 190; n.3, 326, 338 n.3, 346, 397 n.3, 414 n.3; and Dunkirk, 431, has 'a lot of influential friends', 885 · 455, 46s; Churchill 'impatient' with, 477; Churchill 'angry' Plate, River: battle of, 95, 122, 151, qo; an account of, sent to with, 491; and the bombardment of Fecamp, 4g6-7; and

Roosevelt, 289 United States supplies, SI4-IS1 68I; and the fall of France, Playfair, Brigadier (later Major-General) I. S. 0.: 200, 763, 813 S44 n.3; and the future of the French fleet, 481,557. s68, S73. n.4 577> 588, 58~, 596, 6o4, 62g-44; and Swedish destroyers, Pleven, Rene: 546, 547, 551, 558 574; and the future naval offensive, 6ss n.2, 783; at Chequers, Ploegsteert: overrun, 465 n.2 718, 88s n.3, 922, 922 n.I, 1018; and Dakar, 72I, 722 n.I, Plymouth: French warships at, 629 n.3, 633-4; and invasion, 6so; 724; 787 n.3, 789 n.1, 790, 8o6 n.2; and the Middle East, 73<>- bombed, 1038 n.I, 1075; Churchill's visit to, 1077, 1079, to8o 32; and the Dardanelles, 77o-1; and 'Hats', 771-2; and 'Crom­ n.1 well', 774 n. 1; visits 'most vulnerable' area, 779i and Libreville, Plymouth Brethren: staunchness of, 1079 866; and future strategy, 879 n.s; and Enigma, 896 n.2; and Poison gas, see index entry for Gas Greece, 919 n.2, 1028 n.6, 1049; and 'Compass', 923 n.4; and Poland: invaded, 3, 5, 8---g, 17, 1g--20; 'devastated by air attack', security, 92Si and 'Workshop', 93Si at Ditchley, 946; and 28-----9; 'its agony', 32; partition of, 33, 44i 'indestructible', 49i 'Influx', 9SSi and United States destroyers, 970, 1126; and and a German peace offer, s6; the need 'to restore and revive', 'Mandibles', IOIS n.2; and convoys, 1017, I 132, 1208; and So; Nazi tyranny in, I42-3; its fall, and that of France, 352; its blockade, I033 n.2; and japan, I047• 1255--6, 1261, 1265, I269 fall, and that of Britain, 422; troops from, to be evacuated n.s; and 'Jaguar', 1075-6; at Plymouth, 1077; and Enigma, from France, S74i troops from, to be 'ripened', 678; independ­ 1086; and the Bismarck, togs; Churchill berates, togs; and a ence of, to be restored, 69s; pilots from, in 'Atfero', 7I4 n.3; landing in France, 1138 n.I; and the Middle East, 1140, 1172; gold of, 723; troops from, de Gaulle's attitude towards, 724; and 'Riviera', I IS4 n.3, ns8, 116o n.3, 1167 n.2; and a troops from, to go to Palestine, 735--6; troops of, and the de­ 'melancholy story', 1 IS6 n.2; and 'Whipcord', 122s; and fence of Egypt, 7SS n.2; to become 'a permanent thing', 801; 'Crusader', 1243; and Russian requests for a second front, troops of, and Crete, 8g8 125{)-Ij and the sinking of the Prince of Wales and Rtpulse, Poles: 'tortured and starving', 202; 'bludgeoned', 36s; held down, I272-3 1042, 107o; make 'the final sacrifice', 1108 Pownall, Lieutenant-General Sir Henry: 429, 431, 879 n.3; at Pompeii: 491; and the Carlton Club, f44 Chequers, 727, I092 n.s Pontoise: bombed, 309 Prague: its 'agony', 138 Poole: 'F' scheme at, ug8 n.3 Pratt, Brigadier (later Major-General) F. W. H.: 797 n.s Portal, Air Vice-Marshal Sir Charles (later Marshal of the Royal Price, Major (later Major-General) C. R.: 323 n.3 Air Force Viscount Portal of Hungerford): and the 'beam', 'Primrose': operation in Norway, 242, 243, 244 s8x; at Chequers, 737, 838, 842, 885 n.3; and reprisal bombing, Primrose Hill: view of London from, 831 772, 849, 85o; becomes Chief of the Air Staff (October 1940), Prince of Wales, HMS: s8, 1093, Io94; and the Churchill-Roose­ 82o; and night air defence, 857 n.6; and the United States, velt meeting off Newfoundland, I 148, I 15S· I Is6, I IS8, I IS9· 870, 871; and Greece, 878, 884, 919 n.2; and British bombing I I64, 1 I(jg--7o; to go to the Far East, I2S7, 12s8; approaches policy, 881-2, 917, 1123, 1132, 1136, 1178, 12os--6 1231-2; Singapore, 1262; at Singapore 1269; fate of 127o-3 and Enigma, 8g6 n.2; and Coventry, 914; and 'Compass', 923 Prin;; Eugen: I 093 n.4; and.'Workshop', 93S n.2; at Ditchley, 946; and the 'dark Procida: and Enigma, I243i sunk, I244 days of summer', 9SI, and Rumania, 954; at Chequers, 992 Profumo, John: and the fall of Chamberlain, 299 n.4 n.s, 994; and Turkey, IOOS n.4; and Air Chief Marshal Long­ Provence: beached, at Oran, 637 more, 1008 n.4; and Greece, 1028 n.6; and japan, 1046; with Provence (Vichy France): forts at, 86s Churchill on an inspection, 1066; and Enigma, to86; and Prytz, Bjorn: 14s, 326, sg8-g Dowding, I IOI n.2; and the German invasion of Russia, I I I 7, Pskov: Germans approach, 1133, 1137 1 I 44; and anti-invasion plans, I 128; and the Middle East, Publilius Syrus: quoted, I2I3 1140; and Murmansk, I2o8, I22Ij and Yugoslavia, 1249; and Pulr.kaslan: sunk, I6 n.2 japan, 1261, 126s 'Puma': a proposed military landing in Spain, 1083 n.3, I I42 Portal, 1st Baron (of Laverstoke): 287 Punjabi, HMS: damaged, 236 Partes, the Countess of: 353, S3S--6 'Purple' machine, the: decrypts of, III7, II47 Portland: and invasion, 687; a destroyer sunk off, 68g n. I Purvis, Arthur B.: and British supply purchases in the United Port Lyautey: a possible landing at, 630 States, 117-18, 326, 343-5, 426--7, 461-3, 484, 513-14, 55$

Portsmouth: 41, 42, 6o, I33· ISii 'frowns gave way to smiles', and the agreement of 16 June I940 1 s61-2; and the British Is 7; a complaint from troops at, 624; and the French fleet, 629 Purchasing Commission, 576 n.2, 587, 6os, 6x8, 626, 666; and n.3, 633; and invasion, 6so, 67Ii Churchill's visits to, 66g, 999; the agreement of 24 July 1940, 678-g; and a 'temporary de­ air battle over, 730; air raids on, 764, 999, 1032, Io62 n.s; terioration in the situation', 6go; and an 'excellent chance' of decoy site at, 10s6 further supplies, 737--8; and the problem of capital expendi­ Portugal: 677, 1161 ture, 768; his continuing efforts to secure supplies from the Pound, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Dudley: First Sea Lord, 4-s, 6, United States, 772-3, 7g&,j, 8o7, 86g-74, 8n, 904 n.5, 907- 8, Io-I I, I2, I3, 14, 2s; and Plan 'Catherine', 2s-7, 37-8, 8, 926--8, 974-5, 992, 1034; and Harriman, 1033; killed, 1164; IOI, 195; and the sinking of the Courageous, 33: and Italy, S7i and British aid to Russia, I2IO and naval construction, 58--g; and vigilance, 6o-1; and the Royal Dale, 62-3; and the Black Sea, 6s; and a possible German Queenstown: 54, 654 invasion, 66---7, 6so-I, 6SI n.t, 79I-2j and mining the Rhine, Quislings: 'vile race' of, 11o8 83, 122, I86; and the magnetic mine, 85; Churchill's minutes to (September to December 1939), 89, gg, 158, 16g, 195, 234, Rabat: Reynaud at, 597; a possible landing at, 630 496-7, 77o-1; Churchill praises, g6; and Scandinavia, 102, 103, 'Rachel': reprisal raid on Mannheim, 1035 n.3 w9, I 11-12, II4, 182, I84, 197; and the Altm.ark, IS2, IS7i Radar: 17, 6I5, 672, 682 n.t, 7I$ captured, 8ss and a Churchill 'Tuesday', 16o; and Churchill's 'good quali­ Radio Direction-Finding (RDF): see index entry for Radar ties', 169; and British military weakness, 191j and 'Narvik', Raeder, Admiral Erich: 54 210, 23,h 240, 24s, 2SO n.2, 264; and Bergen, 2I9i and further Ramilles, HMS: to go to the Far East, 1257 n.2 INDEX

Ramsay, Captain Archibald: 485 Rodney, HMS: and Japan, 1257 Ramsay, Vice-Admiral (Sir) Bertram: 405, 464 n.I, 6I5 n.2, 879 Rome: possible bombing of, 498, 876; British threaten 'systematic n.3 bombing' of, 1065 Ramsey, Admiral Sir Charles Gordon: 879 n.3 Romilly, Mrs (Nellie): 853 n.3 Ramsgate: bomb damage at, 76o, 76g; air raid on, 764; invasion Rommel, General (later Field Marshal) Erwin: General Fortune danger at, 801-2 surrenders to, 525; and 'Battleaxe', 966 n.s; reaches Tripoli, Ranpura, HMS: on convoy escort duty, 66o 1012j advances, 1052, rosS, I06Ij and Enigma, 1066, lOBo- I, Raritan: United States supplies loaded at, 5I3 I Igg, I242, 1244; to be moved against, in Cyrenaica, 1097, Rashid Ali: seizes power in Baghdad, 106I I 104; and 'Battleaxe', 1 IIO, II I5i and Auchinleck, 1 I40, 1222; Rationing: 47, 59, I62-3 commando raid on headquarters of, 1239; encircled, 124o; Ravenstein, General von: captured, I 246 captures Sidi Rezegh, 1242; his supplies curtailed, 1244; and a Rawalpindi, HMS: sunk, 89 tank raid, 1245; and 'Crusader' in difficulties, I249; and need 'Razzle': incendiaries on the Black Forest, 4gB n.2, 711 to 'beat the life out of', 125I; and a blow to 'Force K', I25S Red Cross Aid to Russia: S35 Romsdal Fiord: proposed 'foothold' in, 222, 254; aircraft losses Redhill: rocket site at, 82S over, 263 Redman, Colonel (later Lieutenant-General Sir Harold): 350, Roosevelt, Elliott: at 'Riviera', 1 I 59, I I67 547 Roosevelt, President Franklin Delano: his letters, messages and Reform Club: bombed, 843 telegrams to Churchill, (1 1 September I939), 52; (I I De­ Regulation 1SB: 616 cember I939), I03i (1 February I94o), 146; (17 May 1940), Reid, Whitelaw: and Churchill's 'Mississippi' speech, 744 355; (6 August 1940), 715; (13 August 1940), 732; (15 De­ Reith, Sir John (later Lord): and Churchill's 'inflated' reputa­ cember I94o), 952-3; (2oJanuary 1941), ggB, 1010; (20 May tion, 2 79; and a homing fuse, 3 I o; becomes Minister of 1941), 1087 n.Ij (1 I July 1941), I I I2j (I2July I94I), I I32j (6 Transport, 328; and Dill's discontent, 736 n. I; and railway September 1941), 1186; (I I November I94t), 1232; (8 De­ dislocation, 7So; and the Blitz, 939; and aircraft to Russia, cember 1941), 1269; Churchill'• lettera, telegram.• aad I207 m.eaaagea to (September 1939 to May 1940), 52-3, 63, 97, Rennes: evacuations from, 544 112, JJ6-r7, 146, 289, 335· 34s-6, 3ss-6, 367-8, 42&-7; (1 Renown, HMS: and Dakar, 788; and Japan, I257, 125S June 1940), 492-3, 497 (11 June 1940); (12 June 1940), 523- Repulse, HMS: at Singapore, 1257, 125S; in the Indian Ocean, 4, 525; (14 June 1940), 54o-1; (15 June 1940), 548-g, 551, I 25S, I 262; at Singapore, 126g; fate of, I 27o-3 552; (15June 1940, 2nd telegram), 552, 554; (5July 1940, not Resolution, HMS: 604 n.s; and 'Menace', Bo6, Bog; to go to the sent), 653; (31 July 1940), 688-9; (15 August 1940), 734; (22 Far East, 1257 n.2 August 1940), 744-5; (25 August 1940), 745; (27 August 1940), Retford: and the German 'beam', 5S3 758; (31 August 1940), 766; (22 September 1940), 8o5; (25 Retimo (Crete): German parachutists dropped at, togo n.6 September 1940), 8o7; (25 September 1940, 2nd telegram), 'Retribution': German attack on Yugoslavia, 1053, 1054 809-10; (4 October 1940), 825; (26 October 1940), 86g; (27 Reuben James, USS: sunk, 1020 n.2, 1258 October 1940), 875; (6 November 1940), 88g; (23 November Revenge, HMS: bombards Cherbourg, S34 n.6, 839; to go to the 1940); 92o--1; (S December 1940), 936-8, 102Ij (13 December Far East, I 25 7 n.2 1940), 942; (24 December 1940), g6g; (31 December 1940), Reves, Emery: and a Churchill speech, 140; and the United 974, 975-7; (20 February 1941), 1044-5; (9 March 1941), States, 740, 744 1031; (10 March 1941), I032; (I2 March 1941), 1033; (I9 Reynaud, Paul: 75; becomes Prime Minister of France (March March 1941), 1039; (30 March 1941), 1041 n.1; (6 April1941), I94o), 194-5, I98 n.4; and 'Narvik', 199, 220, 23S, 241, 272, 1054; (13 April 1941), 106o; (16 April 1941), 1063 n.4; (24 gS1-2; and the mining of the Rhine, 2o8-I2, 2I4, 215; and the April 1941), 1069; (25 April 1941), 1068; (29 April 1941), western Blit?.krieg, 338, 339-40, 36o, 364, 375, 377. 383, 385, 1073-4; (4 May 1941), 1078--9; (10 May 1941), 1087; (27 May gSS, 392-4; Churchill's flights to, 349-53, 378-81; 'in rather 1941), 1087 n.1; (21 May 1941), 1091-2; {23 May 1941), 1093; better heart', 354; his pledges, 364, 588, 641; and the battle for (20 May 1941), 1110; (31 May 1941), 1IOOj (r4June 1941), France, 402-3, 412, 41S, 421, 438-49, 45S, 478-81, 4S3-4. 1109, 111S; (15June 1941), IIIOj (20June 1941), III I, 1113j 495; 'firm', 422, 434; and Dunkirk, 424, 442-3, 450, 456; ap­ (21 June 1941), 1 111; (26 June 1941), 1123; (29 June 1941), peals to Churchill, 450, 46o--1, 47o-1, 478-81; Churchill's I 130; (7 July 1941), 113I-2; (25 July 1941), 1142; (4 August promise to, 4go n.g; and the fall of France (1 1-16 June 1940), 1941), 1155; (5 September 1941), u83; (7 September 1941), 497-513, 515-62; and the French fleet, 565; his faith in 'final 1186; (22 September 1941), 1200; (go September 1941), 1207; victory', 565-6; at Rabat, 597; at Casablanca, 635 n.2; his (4 October 194I), 1212; (20 October 1941), 122o-t; (9 letter to Petain (of June 1941), 1135 November 1941), 123g; (20 November 1941), 124o-1; (22 Rhine, river: 2o; possible mining of, 83, Ss-6, Bg, go-t, 185-7, November 1941), 1241; (15 October I94I), 1256; (1 November 192, 194J, 196, tg8, I99, 207-8,214, 221; mining of, authorized, 1941), 1258-g; (30 November 1941), 1262; (12 December 307; mines dropped in, 4S7-8 1940), 1274; telephoae eoa.ver••tioa• with Churchill (5 Rhineland: bombed, 1130, 1 t6g October 1939), 54; (19 January 1941), gg2; (24 July 1941), Rhodes: 922, 953, g8o, I002 n.g, 1052, 1073 11{8; (7 December 1941), 1268""9; Ribbelsdale, Lady: 140 'our best friend', I I], 473; and British supply purchases in Ribbentrop, Joachim von: and the Duke of Windsor, 706-7; and the United States, 118, 462, 513, 733, 907-ll, 926, 928, 937, Japan, 1045, I 117; and the Nazi-Soviet pact, 1227 1101, 1108, 1132, 1172; and possible peace moves (March Richelieu: 'the most powerl'ul', 589, 590, 5g6, 5gB, 633, 641, 656; 1940), 19o-1; his 'goodwill' (May 1940), 344; 'doing his best', and the Dakar operation, 723, 724, Bo6, 8o7-8 387; and further proposed peace moves (May 1940), 41o-rr, Richmond Park: anti-aircraft guns in, 82S 413, 434; and the fall of France, 446, 497-8, 529, 531-2, 534. Riga: captured, I 129 539, 54o-1, 542, 547, 548, 557i and destroyers for Britain, 463, Rio Claro: sunk, r6 n. 2 493,549,551 n.3, 590,653,681 n.I, 688-g, 6g4, 732,733,881, Riom: trial at, 635 937, 970,971, 974; and the Presidential Election (of November Ritchie, Major-General (later General Sir) N.M.: I243, 1246, 1940), 4S5, 6o7, 624, SBI, 88g, 928; a declaration by, of'grand I249 n.s scope', 492; 'danger' of invoking, 557; and the dangers to Bri­ 'Riviera': Churchill's meeting with Roosevelt, off Newfoundland, tain, 59I, 6o7; and the British fleet, 623-4; and Oran, 635, I 14S, II54-68 643-4; and a military mission to Britain (August 1940), 6go-t; Robinson, Sir Arthur: 141 and the Duke of Windsor, ]or; Churchill perturbed by, 715; Rock Island Arsenal: rifles released from, 797 and the British fleet, 715-16; and Britain's supply needs, 772- INDEX

Roosevelt, President Franklin Delano---continued St Helena: 77, 456, I I35 g, 799, 86g-75; an invasion alarm from, 8o2; and 'Menace', Saint James: quoted, 947 n.2 8os; and Singapore, 825; and Eire, 88I; and the Battle of StJames's Club: bombed, 843 Taranto, 901 n.6; and Lothian's death, 946, 952-3; and a crisis StJames's Park: unexploded bomb in, 852 with Britain, 968-77; broadcast (':Fireside Chat') of, 974; and 'St Joles': Churchill singing, 948-9 Vichy, 977, 10:33, I I35; and the visit of Hopkins to Britain, St Malo: evacuations from, 546, 563, 568; a fire ship scheme for, 98I-10oo; and tht" shipping danger, 1017; and Lend Lease, Bts n.4 1019, 1031, 1032; and the road to war with Germany, rog6; Saint Matthew: quoted, 947 the 'ocean-borne trumpet call' of, 1036; and HMS Malaya, St Nazaire: 379, 424, 546, 563, 568, 685 n.2 104I; 'England's strength is bleeding', 1057; and America's St Orner: 385, 386; captured, 394, 395 hoped-for entry into the war, I074-5; and Iceland, 1108, St Paul's Cathedral: bombed, 8g4; looting near, 894-5 1134; freezes German and Italian assets, I I09j Churchill's first St Valery-en-Caux: 488, 489, 525 wartime meeting with, I 148, I I 57. I I58-68; and the 'risk' of Salangen: Scots Guards land at, 243, 245, 247 continuing American neutrality, I I 73; 'no closer to war', I I 7&-7, Salisbury, 4th Marquess of: and the political crisis of May 1940, r rgg; warns Germany and Italy, r I87; his action unpredictable, 276, 27), 286, 3o8 1200; and the Duke of Windsor, 1212; and 'Whipcord', I2I9i Salmon, HMS: exploit of, 168 and the shooting of hostages in France, 1223 n.2; and Smuts, Salmond, Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir John: 826 n.4 I230; his correspondence with Churchill, referred to, 1236; 'now Salon: British bombers at, 500, 512-13, 515-16, 5I7 had the power to act', 12g8; and 'Crusader', 1240, 1241; and Salonica: 92g, I002j Germans enter, ros6 'Acrobat', 1244; and the coming of war with Japan, 1253-74 Salter, Sir Arthur: and United States supplies, 666, 679, 715, Roosevelt, Ensign Franklin D. Junior: at 'Riviera', r r67; with 7g7-8, 797, 798, 926; his mission to the United States, 1021-2, Churchill in Iceland, I 169 1070 Roosevelt, James: 52 Sandars, J. S.: 453-4 Rose, Dr Norman: 47 n.2 Sandys, Diana: at Chequers, 552-4,614,683, 7g7, 739, 8g8 n.I, Restock: German troops at, 207 853 n.3, 961 Rostov-on-Don: recaptured, 124 7; Germans retreat from, 1251 Sandys, Duncan (later Lord Duncan-Sandys): 7g n.2; in Chur­ Rosyth: 70, 7I, 72, 21g, 215 chill's Defence Office, g23j in Norway, 454; and the fall of Rothermere, ISt Viscount: a posthumous gift from, g62 France, 547; at Chequers, 552-4, 614, 683, 711, 737, 739, g61; Rothermere, 2.nd Viscount: ro66 and a military guard for Chequers, 691 n.5; and anti-aircraft Rothschild, James de: 66g, 85g n.2 liaison, 714; and the Blitz, 775; 'very bloodthirsty', rogi; a Rothschild, Lord (grd Baron): tests cigars for poison, 1195 n.1 'frightful accident' to, I 105 Rotterdam: go7, 31 r, 334, 695; German invasion preparations Sardinia: a plan to capture, toor; British prospects in, I223 at, 811-12, 842, 852; bombed, 1 q8 Sargent, Sir Orme: and Scanctinavia, roB; Churchill consults, Rouen: and the fall of France, g62, 482, 488 I3g-4o; and Italy, 223, 240, 241; and a Swedish peace pro· Rougier, Professor Louis: and Vichy, 864--6, 956, 957 posal, 695 n.1; and Enigma, 8g6 n.2 Roulers: line held at, 406 Sassoon, Siegfried: on Churchill's 'grand performance', I 70 Rowan, (Sir) Leslie: 1154, IIg8 n.I Saudi Arabia: and a Jewish State, Iogo Royal Family: proposed evacuation of, 449 Sawyers, Frank (Churchill's valet): 54, 6or, 614, 1119, 1214; and 'Royal Marine': 8g, 122, 194, 202-g, 207-12, 214, 216; author- Pearl Harbour, 1267 ized, go7; in operation, 487-8; further proposals lor, 488 Scandinavia: Anglo-French plan for a 'foothold' in, 144-5; con­ Royal Oak, HMS: sunk, 62-3, 7fi-7 flicting plans concerning, I 74-96; and the German invasion of Royal Sceptre: sunk, 9 n.2, 42 Norway, 219, 2g5 Royal Sovereign, HMS: successful convoy escort by, 153; to go to Scapa Flow: I 1, I2, 1g; Churchill's first wartime visit to, go; the Far East, 1257 n.2 danger to, 6o; and the sinking of the Royal Oak, 62; defences of, Royle, (Sir) Anthony: 950 n.g, 951 n.1 72; Churchill's second wartime visit to, 184; German air-raid Royle, Vice-Admiral Guy Charles Cecil: and the Rhine Mine, on, 192; 'Narvik' expedition leaves from, 2I2; British warships r86, 202, 209 sail from, 213; British troops to sail from, 221; unsuccessfUl Rucker, (Sir) Arthur: 271 German air attack on, 226; and the despatch of fighter Rufisque: attempted landing at, 8o6-7, ~ squadrons to France, g47; Churchill's visit to (January 1941), Ruge, General Otto: appeals to the Allies, 27g 98g--go; and 'Riviera', 1 I 55· 1170 Ruhr, the: possible bombing of, 63, 76, 78--9, 262, 28o, 311, 329, Scarlet Pimpernel: 591 334-5> 342-3; bombed, 343 n.l, 34fi-7, 355> 452; a possible Scharnhorst: 26, 7 I r, 104 I 'destructive raid' on, 7I8, 764; an obvious target, Bso; not dis· Scheidt, the: and the western Blitzkrieg, goB, ggo n.3; and the rupted by bombing, 917; bombed, I rgo battle for France, g7o-1, g96; and German invasion plans, 8gB Rule Britannia: and the fall of Chamberlain, 299 Schofield, Captain (later Vice-Admiral Brian lktham): r 154 n.3 Rumania: 29, go-I, 34, 6g; 'odious' conduct of, g8; and the First Scilly Islands: civilians machine-gunned in, 77 I World War, g9; and the Balkans, Bg; German military pre­ 'Scipio': landing at Dakar, 719; becomes 'Menace', 724; and parations in, 921, 92g, 978----9. 1002, wso; proposed bombing security, 750 of, 92 5, 954, r oo6; and Enigma, I J I 8; and the Soviet Union, 'Scorcher': impending German attack on Crete, 1089 1229, 1250 Scott, Captain ('Scott of the Antarctic'): 409 n.g Rupert, Prince: at Naseby, 1245 Scott, D. J. M. D.: 449 n.3 'Rupert': against Narvik and Gallivare, 225, 23o-I, 242, 244, Seal, (Sir) Eric: 41, 7g n.2, 172, 209, 21&-17, gB4 n.4, g99, 59:L, 256 n.2 j94, 746, 815, 894, 1206 n.2, 1273; and the German invasion Ruskin, John: 727 of Norway, 217; and Narvik, 218-19, 246; and Bergen, 219; Russell, Sir Alexander: gog and a new member of Churchill's Private Office, 21&-17, 22o; Russia: see index entry for Soviet Union and Churchill 'knocked out', 22g; and a Churchill speech, 230; and a staff conference, 2g r-2; and the western Blit;:.krieg, 3g9, 'Sackbut': plan to seize Cape Verde-Islands, 654 n.g, 677 g6g; at Chequers, 450, 922; and Churchill's character, 6oo; Sackville-West, Victoria: 469 and 'Black Move', 6ot; and 'fun & games' expected, 6:22; and 'Safety First': the road to ruin, 885--6 anti-invasion plans, 622; and 'a hell of a bloody crack', 625; Saigon: Japanese forces occupy (September 1940), 8o2, 9g6; and Churchill's 'Oran' speech, 642-g; and military exercises, Japanese air bases at, 1270 65g-4, 66g-7o; and the Duke of Windsor, 701, 702; and INDEX

Seal, (Sir) Eric----£onlinued Sinclair, Sir Archibald-----continued Enigma, 81 4; and German night bombing, 823-4; and Linde­ 347, 451, 457, 461, 470, 483 n.z; against peace terms (May mann's albums, BS.t; and Churchill's 'box', 8g3 n. Ij and 1940), 413; and Italy, 453; and the French fleet, 557, 597; and secrecy, 8g7 n.3j and Ditchley, goo n.2; and Churchill's Anglo-French Union, 56o, 561; and the 'beam', 581; and a obituary speech on Chamberlain, go2; and the bombed House dispute with Beaverbrook, 61g-2o, 759, 8n, I040 n.$ and a of Commons, 939; and Christmas leave, g6 1; and Hopkins, morale assignment, 652; seeks Dowding's removal, 657-8; and 992, 997, 99~1ooo; and 'a sort of holiday' for Churchill, the United States, 682, 743-4, 870, 871, 1032 n.2, 1044; and 1016; and Churchill's cold, 1024 n.1; and the Blitz, 1039, ro62 German warships, 7 I 1, 848, 85o; and decoy lighting, 712- r 3, n.$ and Yugoslavia, 1044; and priorities, 1076 n.2 1056; and Dakar, 72o-1; and rockets, 738--9; and the Blitz, 'Sealion': German invasion of Britain, plans for, 668, 672, 834, 758; Churchill critical of, 76o; and the repair of aerodromes, 83&--9, 842, 852, 878 761; and Churchill's personal safety, 782-g; and night air de­ Searchlight Control: 'Yagi' radar system, 713, 768 n.3, f4o, 858 fence, 826, 830, 85 7 n.6; and morale, 83o; and a OOmb on 'Second Front': Stalin's appeals for, I 18o--4, 11go; Pound Downing Street, 843; a gift from, 853 n.2; and the bombing of opposes, 125o-1; in being, 1252 Italy, 878 n.2; and Enigma, 8g6 n.2; and the camouflage of Sedan: Germans break through at, 338, 340; the 'hideous gap' the drive at Chequers, goo; and Dowding, 903--9, to6o, 1101 at, 417 n.1 n.2; and Coventry, 915; and Churchill's birthday, 928; and Self, Sir Henry: 798 n.1, 874 'Workshop', 935 n.2; and American volunteers, 977; and Sendall, Bernard: and Churchill as First Lord, 156; and Linde- Greece, 1028 n.6; and the Battle of the Atlantic, 1040 n.I, mann, 163-4 1126 0.3; and Japan, 1047; at Dover, 1112; and anti-invasion Serbs: 1 042; make 'the final sacrifice', 11 o8 plans, 1128; at Chequers, I I 34-s; and a 'melancholy story', Sermon on the Mount: and peacemaking, 995 1156 n.2; and aid to Russia, 1214 n.5; birthday greetings from, Shackle, G. L. S.: 49 n.2 1247 n.3 Shakespeare, (Sir} Geoffrey: and 'Action this Day', 151; his re- Singapore: and the United States, 346, 825, 936; defence of, 1046; collections, 164--6 and Japan, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1261; and the Prince of Wales and Shaw, George Bernard: Igo Repulse, 1262; Japanese intentions, and, 1264 Sherifcrest: sunk, 92 n.4 Singleton, Mr Justice (Sir John Edward}: 1220 n.3 Shearburn, Mary: 172 Singora (Siam): attacked, I27o, 1272 Shearer, Brigadier Eric James: 1178, 1218 Siren suit: Churchill wears, 833, 840; Churchill gives as a gift (to 'Sheffield decoy' the: 7 I 2 King George VI), g6r; a message in, wgo; 'a kindly teddy Shetland Islands: and U -boats, 68g bear' in, IIOij a 'beaming figure' in, 1195 Shigemutsu, Mamoru: 357, 1045 Skaanland: aerodrome at, 303, 476 Shinwell, Emanuel (later Baron}: and the political crisis of May Skagerrak: British aircraft shot down over, 263; German losses 1940, 297; declinesf0£fice under Churchill, 356; and the Bis­ crossing, 274 marck, 10g6; opposition of, 1105, 1227; Churchill's attack on, Skrine Stevenson, (Sir) Ralph C.: 2o8 n.3 1204 Slamat: sunk, 1o68 'Shrapnel': plan to seize Cape Verde islands, 567 n.I, 933, 946 Slessor, Air Commodore (later Air Chief Marshal Sir) J. C.: 8g, n.l 307 n.2, 763, 813 n.4; and the United States, 870, 998 n.I, Siam: and Japan, 1 16o, 1255, 126o, 1261, I263, 1264, I265-7; 1044 Japanese attack on, 1270 Sloane Square (London): underground station bombed, 9o6 Siam, Gulf of: and the American Fleet at Hawaii (Pearl Har­ Slovaks: 8o, 1161 bour), 1258; and Japan, 1263; a Japanese expedition towards, Slovenes: 1042 1264; a plan to raid convoys in, 1270 'Smeller': Air Interception radar device, 553, 767 n.1, 857-8, Siberia: and Japan, I26o I I31 n.2 Sicily: Italy's 'soft spot' (Eden), 718; and 'Workshop', 926 n.Ij Smith, Sir F. E.: 826 n.4, 8,:.7 n.6, 8,:.8 and 'Influx', 955; German communications with, 1063-4; and Smith, F. M.: 746 n.3 'Whipcord', 1218, 1219, 1222, 12~ Hitler sends an Air Corps Smith, Lieutenant-Colonel J. G.: 797 n.5 to, 1252 Smith, Sir Sidney: at Acre, 7I9 n.3 Sidi Barrani: Italians reach, 793, 794; battle near, 940; follow up Smithers, Waldron: critical of Lord Cherwell, 1235 to, urged, 944; mentioned, 997, I 004 Smolensk: Germans reach, I I 3 7; and Enigma, 1209 Sidi Omar (Libya}: German tank raid near, I245 Smuts, General Jan Christian: and 'Narvik', I83; and a possible Sidi Rezegh: captured, 1240; and Tobruk, 1241; lost, 1242 invasion of Britain, 386; and further fighter support for France, Sidon: OOmbarded, I 104 484-5; and Britain's 'offensive' plans, 6o3; and the defence of Siegfried Line: 5, 9 South Mrica, 6o6; and 'Menace', 8o5-6, 82g; and 'Compass', Sierra Leone: de Gaulle's appeal from, 8o4 940; and Greece, g8o, I029; and Randolph Churchill, 1004; Sikorski, General Wladyslaw: 574, 86o--I, 1247 n.3 'Each broadcast is a battle', IOIOj and 'Battleaxe', I 1 I r; and Simferopol (Crimea): captured, 1229 the Middle Eastern War Council, 1 125; and Auchinleck's Simon, Colonel: 378 planned offensive, 1152; and Roosevelt's 'shoot at sight' dec­ Simon, Sir John (later Viscount): 41, 47, 79; and Scandinavia, laration, 1188 n.2; and British aid to Russia, IIg6; and 105; and munitions deficiencies, 135; visits Churchill's map American belligerency, 12I2, 1230; birthday greetings from, room, 162; and 'Narvik', I8g, 238, 239; and the fall of Cham­ 1247 n.3; and Admiral Phillips, 1258 berlain, 290, 309 Smyrna (lzmir): and Germany, 1005 Simovic, General Dusan: I 043, I 053 Snyder, John B: visits Churchill, 1238 n.4 Simpson, Lieutenant-Colonel H. W.: at Narvik, 252 n.4 Soane, Sir John: 581 Sinai Peninsula: threat to, 953 Socialism: 'bad', g84; and the White Ant, II8o Sinclair, Sir Archibald (later Viscount Thurso}: visits Scapa Flow Sofia: German troops in, 1023; British bombers strike railway with Churchill (September 1939}, 30; praises Churchill, 77; yards at, 1054 visits Churchill's map room, 162; and 'Narvik', 18o; no Cabinet Sollum: 6g6, 1o81, 1086 n.3, 108g, 1 I49 post for (April 1940), 204; and the political crisis of May 1940, Somaliland: and Mussolini, 404 n. I; Britain defeated in, 732, 286, 2go-1, 302, 305; at the Air Ministry, 317, 329 n.r, 332, 733, 755i advantage to be gained from, 73s; loss of, 941, 993; 458, 476--7, 6o5, 75g-W; and British bombing policy, 334-5, victory in, 1o 11; troops in, 1 176 626, 656 D.2, 849, 85o-1, 879, 881-2, 917, I015, I 123, I231-2j Somerville, Vice-Admiral Sir James: and Oran, 628-44; and part of a 'motley crew', 339; and fighter support for France, Dakar, 720 INDEX

South Africa: arms purchases from, 289; defence of, 6o6; troops Stanley, Oliver-wntinued from, 736, 755 n.2; British gold in, 971-3, 975--6 and German plans (April 1940), 207; Gort writes to (about Southampton: troops leave from, for France, 48o; factories Churchill), 21 I-t2; wants Trondheim and Bergen occupied, bombed at, 81 t; bombing of, 915, 925 n.3, 999; Churchill's 221; and Narvik, 233 n.2, 239, 250, 158, 259, 281; and the visit to, 999 Territorials, 288; and the German invasion of western Europe Southampton, HMS: sunk, g8), 98g (May 1940), 306--7; and Churchill's Premiership, 331 2 South Wales: German air raid on, 657 Stanmore: Fighter Command headquarters at, 711, 735, 784, Southwark (London): Church crypt bombing deaths in, 877 )8,\ Soviet Union: and Plan 'Catherine', 26, 37-8, 1oo-I; 'no longer Stark, Admiral Harold R. (United States Navy): and American an ally', 32; and the partition of Poland, 33, 44, 4g-5o, 99; sinkings of U-boats, I 168 and Turkey, 64-5, 68--g; the 'flinty ~tare' of, Bo; and Finland, Start Point: and invasion, 687 9g-1o3, 135-6, 174-5, 188; and Scandinavia, 103, 107-15; and Stavanger: possible British operation against, 144, 174, 178-9, German oil supplt from Baku, 198---"9; and German 'hegem­ I8I, 185, 186, 187-8; troops for, to go instead to Narvik_ 2oo; ony', 599; and a possible German military campaign against, landings at, to be revived, 110; German warships at, 217. 220; 88o; and Greece, 904, g8o, roo6; and German troop move­ German troops land at, 223; aerodrome at, to be attacked, ments (March 1941), ro5'o-1; and German intentions towards, 230, 243, 246; town to be captured, 259; German use of aero­ 1056, 1069; possible aid for Britain from, w67; and a possible drome at, 76 I 'new chapter' on a :"l"apoleonic theme, w83; German invasion SteeL Seafarer: sunk, 1188 n.I of, I I I 7-21, I 129; British Supplies and help to, I I3o-1, I 133- Steinkjer: held by Norwegian fOrces, 147; abandoned, 263; 'will 4, 1135-6, 1136, 1I43-4, 1147, 1191, 1193--6, 1198---g, 1200, stink in our nostrils', 271 1213, 1214, 1221, 1224, 1227, 123o--1, I251; Churchill Stephenson, (Sir) William: and naval Intelligence, 990 opposes 'disparaging reference' to, 1 I34; battles in, 1 137; and Stettin: German troops on board ship at, 207 Britain's Middle East policy, 1150, 1219, 1226; and the Anglo­ Stettinius, Edward R. Jr.: 874 American Mission to, 1 16o, I I 64, I ' 78, I I go, 1 193-6, r 204-5, Stewart, Henderson: 303 121o-t2; might have to 'sue for peace', I I68; 'grim' situation Steyn, Martinus: quoted, IJ, 566, 1212 n.4 in, 117I; and Hitler's 'miscalculation', 1177; and Cripps' dis­ Stimson, Henry L.: 432 n.2, 870, 872, 873 satisfaction with British policy towards, I 227-8, 1236; no Stirling Cajtie: rifles sent to Middle East on, 882 British troops to be sent to, I'250 1; Hitler withdraws his Air Stockholm: possible bombing of, 227 Corps from, 1252; and Japan, 1256, 1257, 1261, 1266; a Stoke Newington: a bomb disaster at, 842 n.4 renewed offensive by (December 1941), I273 Stopford and Marris: 798 n.4 Spain: 16, 567; 'spectators' in, 571; and Gibraltar, 584-5, 676, Stornoway House: Churchill sleeps at, 548 816, 955; possible German control over, 585-6, 88o; and Cap­ Storrs, Sir Ronald: 699 tain Hillgarth, 678; and Vichy, 679; and the Duke of Windsor, Strakosch, Sir Henry: 757 n.3 698, 706-·7; and the Azores, 765; and 'economic favours' to, Strasbourg: at Oran, 589, 590, 596, 629; escapes, 638 816, 920; renewed German threat to, 924, 945, 959, g82, 1069; 'Stratford': Scandinavian project, 174, 181, 185; troops for, dis- and British aid to Greece, 1025, 1026; and 'Jaguar', 107:>-6; persed, 200; possible need to 'reconstitute', 20o--1 and the 'loss of Egypt', 1078---g; and Napoleon, 1083; hangs 'in Streonshaih: sunk, 95 the balance', rogt, 1142; and 'Pilgrim', tt6o; and 'Crusader', 'Stripe', despatch of Hurricanes to Takoradi, 715 n.I 1217, 1223, 1226; clandestine plans in, 1248---g Strong, Brigadier-General George V.: 691, 762, 86g Spanish Armada: 778, 794, 1077 Strong, Lieutenant-Colonel Kenneth: 776, 780, 825-6, 848 Spanish Civil War: and air power, 1o Stuart, James (Viscount Stuart ofFindhorn): 701, 1o84 n.2 Spears, Brigadier-General Sir Edward Louis: accompanies Chur­ Studland Bay: flame scheme at, 948 chill to France (April 1940), 2og----11; and the fall of Chamber­ Sturdee, Admiral Sir F.: 32 lain (May 1940), 277 n.1, 299 n.4; and the fall of France (May­ Suda Bay (Crete): 933, 1090 n.6, I096 June 1940), 381l-9, 3g8, 422, 423, 424-5, 434, 437-47, 450, Sudan: air route through, 714, 8IJ; defence of, 755, 822; secon­ 471-2, 478, 479, 490, 498 5I3, 51s-2o, .vs. 531-3, 53&-7; dary action in, 946 and de Gaulle, s67; and Dakar, 721, 748, 749 n.I, 751, 78g- Suez: and Mussolini, 404 n.1; and need to 'save', 1072 90, 8o8; at Chequers, 739, I 03 I Suez Canal: threat to, 822, 88o, 921; defence of, 940; temporarily Spier, Eugen: interned, s86 n.3 safe, 1009; further threat to, w25, 1061; plans for destruction Spitzbergen: British plans for, 1139; and Stalin, 1157 of, 1072-3; contingency plans concerning, 1127; bombed, I I36 Spotts, Colonel (US Army): 869 Suez Canal Zone: a 'blind' at, 751 Staff Conversations: in Washington, 997, I044 Suffolk: and an anti-invasion exercise, 993 n. 2 Stalin, J. V.: Churchill's first letter to (25 June 1940), 599; and Stiffoik, HMS: plans for, at Stavanger, 246 Greece, I015; Churchill's warning to (3 April 1941), 105o--1; Sumatra: 'still in our hands today', 1273 and a German invasion 'likely', 1 107; and the German inva­ Sunday Dispatch: a controversial interview in, 709 sion, 1 I 19; Churchill's offer of help to, I 133, 1134; his appeal Sunday Pictorial: criticisms in, 8go to Churchill (18July 1941), 113~; aircraft for, 1142; help Sunfish HMS: sights German warships, 216 n.3 for, 1144,1147-8, II57• u6o, 1164,2174-5, u86, 1187, 1I93, Supreme War Council: Churchill not a member of, r 19; Chur­ I 198-9, I 213; and the Baku oil wells, 1 I 71; appeals to Chur­ chill invited to join, 147; Scandinavian discussions of. 147-8. chill (4 September 1941), IIBo--4; a second appeal from (15 174, 195, 196, tg8, 220·1, 262, 2~, 272-3; and a possible September 1941), 1190; 'dissatisfied', I206- 7, 12o8-9; and attack on Soviet oil fields (March 1940), tgB-g; and an im­ Enigma, 12og-10; orders from, needed, 1229; and Wavell, minent German attack in the West, 262--s; and the western 1229; further severe criticisms from, 1231; Churchill's reply to Blitzkrieg of May 1940, 310,338, 438-45; and the fall of France (2I November 1941), I237; birthday greetin~ from, 1247 n.s; in June 1940, 501-20, .)28-35, 588 possible troops (three divisions) for, 1250 Surcouf: at Plymouth, 633-4 Stamp, Lord: 149, 239 'Susan': a military landing proposed, in French Morocco, 630" I Standardization of Arms Committee: a 'cover', figo---1 Suvla Bay: evacuation of, 463 Stanhope, 7th Earl: I 1, 230 Swansea: bombed, 77I, 915 Stanley, Oliver: President of the Board ofTrade, 15, 24; Secretary Swayne, Brigadier (later Lieutenant-General Sir) J: 354, 358--9, of State for War, 124, I 25; and Belgium, 126, 193; and Finland, 368, 399 I44; and army expansion, 150; and Scandinavia, 175; and Sweden: 26; German supplies of iron ore from, 34--5, 36, wo, 'Narvik', 189; his possible departure from the Cabinet, 195--6; I05--6, I07-I 15, 12g-3o, 144, 147-8, 182-3; an Intelligence INDEX

Sweden--continued 'Tiger No. 2': tanks to Egypt, 1086 report from, 197; 'to be left alone', 21$ Allied pressure on, Tilea, V.V.: resigns, 925 n.4 226--7; seeks attack on Trondheim, 232; neutrality of, threat­ Tibingwn Court: brings rifles from the United States, 655 n.2 ened, 282; 'spectators' in, 571; destroyers of, seized, 57$ pos­ Tinker, J. J.: urges reprisals, 824 sible German control over, 585-6; a peace appeal from the Tinos: Greek warship sunk at, 758 n.2 King of, 694-s; and a possible British action in Norway (Sep­ Tirpit.?,: 7u; 'the greatest prize', 84-B, Sso, 851 n.1; and Chur­ tember 1941), I 193, 1213 chill's secret hopes, I 157; future of, 1203 Swift, HMS: in 1917, 409 n.3 Tizard, Professor Sir Henry: and the magnetic mine, 93 n.2; and Swinemlinde: German troops on board ship at, 207 the 'beam', 581, 582; and the United States, 682, 6go, 7g8 Swinley, Captain Casper: his recollections, I2I-2 Tobruk: fighting near, gn, 979, 1004; an analogy with, 997; Swinton, 1st Viscount: seeks 'offensive air action' against Ger- defence of, 1055; encircled, to6t; defended, 1o62; an 'offensive many, 277 hook', 106$ not a priority 'unless indispensable to victory', Switzerland: 38, 67, 138, 945 1o65; the 'fortress' of, 106g; importance of, 1078-g, 108o-1; Sylt: 107; British bombing raid on, 192 and smoke-screens, 1082; and Crete, 1097; and 'Battleaxe', Syria: tgg, 88g, 953, 1073-4; and the Pahis, 8gB; diversion of 11 I3i and a proposed evacuation, 11 I4j and 'common sense', resources for, 1082; German landing in, 1o89-go, 1092; and ll49i to beheld, 1187; and Enigma, 1192; and Australia, 1214; Crete, I097i campaign in, 1103, I 136; danger to, I I38, 1140i and 'Crusader', 123g-4o, 1241, 1247, 1273 and Britain's relations with the Arabs, II57i Britain 'in posses­ 'Tofrek': a Chequers password, 617 sion' of, I 176, 1177; further danger to, 1186, 11g6, 1251 TOnsberg: German warships anchor off, 218 'Top of the Box': 8g1-2 Tafna: sunk, 65 n.4 'Tory hacks': 835 T aganrog: Germans retreat towards, I 24 7; Germans retreat from, Toryism: 'main historical conceptions of, 836 1251 Toulon: warships leave, 787, 821 Tairoa: sunk, 95 Tours: Churchill's flight to, 526--55• 615; French Government Takoradi: air route through, 714, 715, 8I3, 1040 n.3, 1 I 11, I 126 moves to Bordeaux from, 550 Tangier: possible landing at, 956 n.2 Tovey, Admiral Sir John: 879 n.3, 1002 n.2 Tangmere: and the Battle of Britain, 736, 858 Trade Union Congress, the: Churchill and, 1044, 1199 n.I Tank Parliament: 1067, ro81, togS, 1112 Trafalgar, Battle of (18o5): 1061 Tannenberg, battle of (in 1914): 51 Trafalgar Square: possible German attack on Whitehall from, Taranto: British naval victory at, 901, go6, 910 372 Taratuta, Aha: author's dedication to, xii Transjordan: 88g n.3, 1090 Tate, Mavis Constance: 303, 673 n.4 Trappes-Lomax, Lieutenant-Colonel (later Brigadier) T. B.: at Taxation: wartime inereases in, 1018 n.I Narvik, 284 Taylor, A. J. P.: quoted, 619 n.4 Travis, Commander Sir Edward: 6ro, n.I Taylor, (Sir) Charles: and the fall of Chamberlain, 299 'Treasury Bill': 'still prowls', 863 n.4 Tedder, Air Vice-Man;hal (later Air Chief Man!hal Sir) A. W.: Tree, Nancy (later Mrs Lancaster): goo 91, 1101 n.2, 1125 n.2; and 'Crusader', 1216-t7, I2I8 n.I, Tree, Ronald: and the fall of Chamberlain, 299 n.4, 303: and 1242; and Enigma, I2I6, 1233; 'Bravo' to, 1245 Ditchley Park, 841 n.2, goo, g88 Teheran: 'all we want is the through route', 1 I 75 Trenchard, Marshal of the Royal Air Force Viscount: 277 n.I, Teignmouth: 'F' scheme at, 11g8 n.3 811, 853 n.2 Temple, Richard: 668 Tretten: captured by the Germans, 263 Tennant, Captain W. G.: 33 n.2, I270 Trieste: I 161 Tennyson, Alfred Lord: Churchill quotes, 1038 Trinidad: 53, 410 T erschelling: and invasion believed imminent, 766 Tripoli (Lebanon): 88g n.3 T erukuni Maru: sunk, 84 n.3 Tripoli (Tripolitania): Rommel arrives at, IOI2j German T exel: German plans to seize, 28o bombers withdrawn from (for 'Retribution'), 1053; Churchill Thailand, see index mtry for Siam urges bombardment of, to6I; bombarded, 1061 n.3; German Thames estuary: and invasion, 6so communications with, 1063-4, I 114; need for a 'rapid dash' Thanet: and a possible invasion, 620 to, I2I8, 1222; consequence of capture of, 1225, 1241, 1244, Thermopylae: Allied troops overwhelmed at, 1068 1249; a breakthrough towards, 1251 The Times: quoted, 204; a 'splendid' letter in, 67o; and the Lan­ Trondheim: and German iron ore supplies, 102; possible British caslria, 685 n.2; and the death of Bickford, 686 n.5; and Chur­ operations against, 144, IJ4, q6, 178--g, t8I, 185, 186, 187, chill's visit to the North-East, 697 200, 210; German warships off, 217; British intentions at, 218, Theydon Bois: parachute mine at, 915 219; German warships enter harbour at, 218, 220, 223; further Thomas, Edward: quoted, 1o64 n.l British plans for, 221, 222, 227; not re-occupied, 228; further Thomas, Sir Godfrey: 951 n.2 plans for, 23o-2; danger of a 'bloody repulse' at, 233; a possible Thomas, (Sir) Michael: and Churchill's visit to Harrow, 951 landing near, 236--8, 241; and Italy, 240; renewed plans to Thompson, Austin: killed, 1062 n.3 land at, 242, 244-55, 258-7o; effect of, on the political crisis of Thompson, R. Cyril: 7gB n.3 May 1940, 291, 294-8; German aircraft based at, 326; possible Thompson, Lieutenant-Commander 'Tommy': 30, 73 n.2, 122, German invasion from, 672; and 'Ajax', 1213, 1224 15g-6o, 168, 2og, 433, g84, g88, ggo, ggg, ton, 1095; and Troubridge, Vice-Admiral C. T.: 1095 'Riviera', I 154 n.3, I 159 Tunisia: 57; a plan to defend, 959; German threat to, 1074; Thompson, Detective Inspector W. H.: 73 n.2, 122, 16o, 314, British hopes for, 1223, 1240; and 'Acrobat', 1244 515, 1154 n.3 Turin: 443, 500 Thorndike, (Dame) Sybil: 1go Turing, A. M.: I 185 n.4 Thome, Major-General (later General Sir) Andrew: 62o-1 Turkey: 3o-1, 34, 39, 44, 50, 51; her alliance with Britain, 64, 'Threat': possible landing in Morocco, 765 68-g, 884; 'on the side of progress', So; British policy towards Thlimmel, Paul: Intelligence from, 729-30, 801-2 (194D-1), 677-8, 924; British supplies for, 873. 88o; German Tiflis: and Wavell, 1197, 1204, 1229 campaign against, envisaged, 88o, 88g, 922, 1005-6; and 'Tiger': fighter 5C!luadrons to Turkey, 677 Greece, 885, 97g-8o, 1014, I023, 1026, 1036; and Libya, 921; 'Tiger': tanks to Egypt, 1066-7, I08I; and 'Jaguar', 1077-8; loses and the Dodecanese, 922-3, 953, 954; British help for, IOIOj a claw, 1085; 'lacks a claw or two', 1086; and Crete, 1092 and the crisis of March 1941, to48-9, 1052, 106g; neutrality INDEX

Turkey-continued United States of America--continued of, 1073, 1075-6, I078-9, 1091, 1138, 1182, 1186, 1192, 1193, British territories, 732-3, 743, 1044; British propaganda in, 11g&-7, 1217; and 'Crusader', 1226; and German temptations, 740; British financial indebtedness to, 745, 927-8, g67, g68- I 228; and possible British air support for, I2S2 77i the first military mission from, 6g1, 762; 'very good at Turner, Rear-Admiral (United States Navy): 1 16o 0.3 applauding the valiant deeds done by others', 764; and the T yne, the: and the magnetic mine, 9Si and invasion, 6s 1; and 'temples of man's freedom', 779; on Hitler's 'track', 8s6; and German air raids, 734, 73S Vichy, 868, 1074; and Britain's continuing supply needs, 86g- Tyrrell, Lord: a gift from, 853 n.2 75, 8n, 904 n.5, 907-8, 926-8, 937, 984, 992, IOO!J, 1017-18,

1032 1 1040 1 1056,1067, 11001 IIOI, 11o6, 1126--7, IJ6S, 1172- U-boats: 7-8, 9, 10, q-18, 25, 70; 'outrage' by, 42; and the Eire 3, 1177 n.I; and supplies from, for Turkey, 88o; and Roosevelt's

ports, 43i success against, 4S 1 63, So, 136; hunted 'not re-election (November I94o), 88g; reconnaisance aircraft from, altogether without relish', so; 'extirpation' of, S7i and the go1, go7; and Greece, 904, 907; and Lend Lease, go8, 970, Mediterranean, 64; and Dover, 74i in the North Sea, 84; in 971, 983-4, 985, 988, 996, 1007, IOI!l-2o, 1031, 1040; Dowd­ the Atlantic, 116, 26g n.2; exhortation to 'strangle', 143; and ing's mission to, gog; arsenals, training grounds and science of, the need to show mercy, rs8; and Churchill's map room, t6z; 920; a new British Ambassador to, 942-3, 946, 952-3; loss of and a dinner guest, 168; and a British submariner, t68--g; 'ex­ cartridges from, 977; visit of Hopkins from, g8t; and a future ecrable' behaviour connected with, 171; at Narvik, 261; and peace settlement, 994; Staff Conversations with, 997, 1044; United States supplies to Britain, 514; and the Enigma 'goodwill and effective aid of, 1oog; and Greece, 1014, 1072; machine, 610 n.2; and the Arandora Star, 638; and the French and Britain's shipping crisis, 1021-2, 1032, 1036, 1064; the coastline, 689; and Dakar, 723, 8o5, 864, 107~ 'lamentable' 'ocean-borne trumpet call' of, 1036; strength of, 1042; and results in battle against, 740; sinkings by (August 1940), 74S Japan, 1045; her steel production, 1046; security zone and n.I; a parallel with, 824; building priority against, 846; and a patrol area agreement with, 106o; her attitude a 'decisive' Churchill appeal to Roosevelt, 87s; continuing depredations factor, 1o64; and the Soviet Union, 1067-8; and Britain's of, 88s, 10I8, 107s, II39i and the Bimuzrck, 1og6; and the 'ocean life-line', 1o67, 1069; and Iceland, 1074, 1108, I III, United States, I 126, I 168; and Enigma, I 146--7, 1156 0.3, 1248 1126, 116o; her hoped-for entry into the war, 1074-5. 1078, n.I; renewed depredations of, tq6, 1207; and the Ark Royal, 1161; and 'Jaguar', 107s-6; 'staunchness of', would not 'shor­ 1233 ten the ordeal', 1079; and British pilot training, 1o87; and Uganda: and Mussolini, 404 n.I Hess, 1o87-8; 'ostrich-like' attitude of, 10go-2; German and Ukraine: 1056, 1o6g, 1079,1174, II8o, Itgo, 1221 Italian assets in, frozen, I tog; ChurchilJ's broadcast to (x6June Ulster: 433, 5 77 1941), I tog-to; and the German invasion of Russia, 1118; and 'Ultra': signals Intelligence, 612 Hitler's plans against Britain, II2Ij and Defence Plan No. 3, Under the Spreading Chestnut Tree: a 'spirited rendering' of, 883 I 131; and Britain's Middle East policy, II4o; technical assist­ Unexploded bombs: disruption of, 78o ance from, 114o-I; and British tank personnel, 1142; and United States of America: and the sinking of the Atlrmia, s-6; supplies for Russia, 1142-3, 116o, 1164, 1174, 1177, 1178, and British war purchases from, 22, 33, 117-18, 326, 341, 343- II9S; running 'risks', 2173; urgency of a declaration of war by 5, 355-British Empire, 4Bfi; and Vale of Belvoir: successful decoy at, 1o82 French gold, 495, 853; soon 'taking their share', soB; industrial Valiant, HMS: 6o4 n.s, 650 n.3; and 'Hats', 771, 822 resources of, 519; support of, S23i a possible 'pledge' from, Vansittart, Lady: 614 s3o; her entry into the war thought imminent (june 1940), Vansittart, Sir Robert (later Lord): 400, 55<>-1, 558, 55g-6o,

540; 'caught napping militarily', 542; 'moral effect' of entry 572, 614-151 6gs n.r; and Dakar, 720; a gift from, 8s3 n.2; into the war by, 552; a decisive agreement signed in ( 16 June and Enigma, 8g6 n.2; and Lothian's death, 942 1940), 561-2j 'spectators' in 57Ii volunteers from, S74> 977i Varna: German troops in, 1023 and the French fleet, 577, 632, 63s, 641, 643; and the German Vatican City: not to be bombed, 876, 1065 threat to Britain, S79i Britain possibly 'deserted' by, 591; 'dis­ Vearncombe, Able Seaman: 87 n.2 heartening', 6o5; no help 'worth speaking of' from, 6o7; 'not Veldt: 'beauties of', Boo doing much', 607; 'no propaganda' needed in, 614-15; and Velox, HMS: at Casablanca, 633 gas warfare stocks, 6t8; evacuation of children to, 623, 764; 'Velvet': air and military aid to Russia, 1197 and a Churchill broadcast, 665; and the Lancastria, 68s n.2; Vercingetorix (Gallic chieftain): referred to, II3S and a plan to 'shame', 686; and the Duke of Windsor, 702, Verdun (battle of): and Dover, 762 n.3 704, 7o8-g; air supply route to Egypt from, 714; and bases in Verney, L. J.: 950 n.3 INDEX

Vernon, HMS: Churchill visits, 41 Wave!!, Lieutenant-General Sir--continued Vian, Captain (later Admiral of the Fleet Sir) Philip: and the and Persia, 11]2; and Russia, 1197, 1204, 1229; birthday Altmark, I 5 I -3 greetings from, 1247 11.3 Vichy France: 667; possible agreement with, 679"-Bo; and Intel­ Waverlt:Y: sunk, 423, n.4 ligence from, 688; and Dakar, T.Viscount Stansgate): 67o Syria, I I g6; and 'Gymnast', 1225; and 'Crusader', 1240-1; and Weeks, Edward: 431 11.1 'Acrobat', I 244 Weizmann, Dr Chaim: 1247 n.3 'Victor': anti-invasion exercise, 993 Welchman, W. G.: I 185 n.4 Victoria, Queen: 835 \Vellby, Commander (later Rear-Admiral) Roger Stanley: 488 Victorious, HMS: and 'Jaguar', I075 n.2 Vienna: its 'agony', 138 \Velles, Sumner: his peace mission, I6I, Igo-1, 192; and the Duke VilLe d'A.lgers: off Namsos, 258 of Windsor, 702 n.6, 708; at 'Riviera', rt6o Vilna: occupied, I I 23 \Vellington, Duke of: the example of, I I 70 Vlf1!Y, HMS: outspoken signal from, 430, 43 I Wells, Lieutenant: at Antwerp, 330 n.3 Vladivostok: aid to Ru~ia through, I 187 \Veils, H. G.: criticisms by, 8go; a gift from, 853 11.2; a suggestion Voimdam: torpedoed but not sunk, 764 n.4 from, 1123 \'olga River: 1175, 1177 Wenner-Grt'n. Axel: g84 n.2 \'olos: British forces for, 1027 Western Pnnce: and supplies for Britain, 515, 66o f'oreda: sunk, 145 n.2 West India Docks rLondon): bombed, 744 Vuillemin, General joseph: 272 11.4, 471; Churc.hill 'justifiably West Indies: Negroes in, 556 n.2; Naval bases in, 716, 732 angry' with, 47~; at Briare-, 5I7, 518 West Mailing: and the- Battle of Britain, 736 Vulnerable Points Adviser: 6q2-3, 712 Westminster. 2nd Duke of: 27-8, r67, 853 11.2 'Vulture': decrypted German Army messages, I 185, 1209, 1212, \Veybourne Hook: 67 1237 n.g Weybridge: bombed, 771, 811 Vyshinski, Andrei Y.: IOji Weygand, General Maxime: and the battle for France, 371, 373, 374, 375, 377> 37&-8o, 381, 384, 385-6, 387, 388, 393, 398, Wakiful, HMS: sunk, 456 n.3 403, 424, 438-49, 456, 4.1)8, 47I, 479; Churchill's 'entire con­ Wake-Walker, Rear-Admiral W. F.: 85, Bg, 96 n.I fidence' in, 375; 'amazingly active', 378; 'a good, hard, con­ Wallace, Euan: and one of Churchill's 'Tuesdays', 16o sc-ientious worker', 42$ and the fall of France, 50o-12, .')I]-20, Walloons: 1 I6I 522-3, 528-30, 532, 533, 543, 544, 570; and the Fre-nch fleet, \Valmer Castle: Churchill's visit to, 12oi 567; Governor-General of Algeria, 667, 679, 86g; Churchill Wandsworth: Churchill visits, Soo sends a personal message to (October I940':, 865·-6; and de Warburton-Lee, Captain B. A. W.: killed in action, 224, 229; Gaulle, 867; British 'hopes of', 868; and Greece, 884; renewed posthumous Victoria Cross, 252 hopes for, 956, gsg--6o; Churchill's offer of troops to, 983; pos­ Wardlaw Milne, Sir John: criticisms of, 1 144 sible 'change' of attitude oC and 'Crusader', 1218, I223, 1'125, War Office (London): bombed, 841 1226, 1240 Warsaw: bombed, 5; 'heroic defence' of, 49; its 'agony', 138; Whale, the: 'superiority to the elephant' of, 548 'famine' in, I43 Wheldon, John: at Dunkirk, 429 fVarspite HMS: in Narvik bay, 236, 250, 255. 256--7 'Whipcord': planned invasion of Sicily, 1219, 1222, I224; '\Varthog': internees to Australia, 638 n.2 'buried', 1225. 1226; r("vive-d, 1244 \\'ash: the: and invasion, 6so, 693, 793 Whitchurch !Buckinghamshir(";: experiments near, 747 Washington Naval Treaty: I46 Whitefoord, Major H. P.: and Enigma, 675 Waterloo, Battle of (IBis): 568, 844 n.1; Churchill tactfully \VhitehalL some 'clutching at straws' in, 327 n-::L possible avoids mention of, 856 German attack on, 372, 691; 'gossip throu~hout', 753; planned Watson, Edith: 400 evac.uation of ito 'Paddock'), 78I 2; bombs on, 842; alternative Watson-Watt, Robert: 58 I, 827 n.4, 845, 857, ro82 n.2 accommodation to, 858-6o; an 'obvious prime target', 86o Wavell, Lieutenant-General Sir Archibald (later Field Marshal \Vhiteley, Brigadier (later General Sir) John Fran\is Martin: Earl): inC"urs Churchill's anger, 477; and the Duke of\Vindsor, 1226 614; and the Eritrea offensive, 685; withdraws behind Egyptian '\Vhite- Rabbit No.6': 158 frontie-r, 6gs-6; at Chequers, 718-19; military needs of (August Whitman, Walt quoted, 944 I940), 719 n.2, 73o-2; Churchill's directive to (August I94o), VVhitworth, Vice-Admiral William].: 236 n.1, 242 735-6, 755--6; and th~\war in the Western Desert, 794-5, 8gg, Whyte, Marriot: g6r goo, 910, 921-2, ~~924, 935, 940, 941, 944-5, 946-7, 953, Wick: airport at 'vulnerable', 372 977, 1004 n.r, too&", IOJO, 1052, 1053, 1055, w6t, to62-3; 'Wilfred': 'minor and innocent', I 79, r8s; danger of 'moral loss', and aid to Greece, 88g, 898 9, gos. 97g-·8o, I007, 1012-13, through, 203: moment nfd("rision for, 207; 'all is moving', 2I2, 1024-30, 1035, 1049, 1066, 1067-8; rebuked, 898---9; and the 214 Dodecanese, 933, 953i and Sicily, 955; and a German 'war of Wilhelmshave-n: German warships at, 71 r; attacks on warships nerves', 979; and Randolph Churchill, I0<14; and Crete, 1065, at, 84q; bombed, 1 I 36

1072, 1076, to88--g, H>g2, 1096--7, 1099; and tanks, 1o66-7; Wilkinson, I Dame 1 Ellen: 356 'whom we cheered in good days', r o69; and the defence of Willkie, \Vendel: 998, 999, woo, 1009, 1036; Churchill's appeal Egypt, I072, I0]6n.I, 1086, IIOO, IIOI-2jandRommeJ, ro8o, to, 1091; 'please be careful my friend ... ', IIII I I 04; and Syria, 1082; Churchill contemplates replacement of, Wilson, Admiral of the Fleet Sir A. K.: 32, g8 1095; his 'inclination to pessimism', I 102; Churchill's con­ \\Tilson, Sir Charles (later Lord Moran): becomes Churchill's tinued criticism of, I ro3; and 'Battleaxe', 1 I w; replaced by doctor (May 1940), 390; called in, 989, 991, 1024 n.t: and Auchinleck, 1 I I3-16; 'did hann', I 134; and 'will-power', I 149; 'Riviera', 1149; and British aid to Russia, 1211 n.6 INDEX

Wilson, Sir Horace: 209, 24&--7, 24B--9, 384 n.4; and the fall of Woolton, Lord: 663, IOJ7 n.I, 1040 n.I, 1145 Chamberlain, 30B--9, 468 n.5; his relegation, 595; and the pos­ Woolwich: bombed, 777, 812 sibility of war between Britain and France, 639 n.2; and supply, 'Wops and Huns': 'nasty habits of', 1012 666; and priorities, 1076 n.2 Work: 'which is a Joy', 270 n.2 Wilson, Lieutenant-General Sir H. M. (later Field Marshal 'Workshop': a landing on Pantelleria Island, 925, 926, 933, 934, Lord): 862 n.J, Bgg, 924, 1008, 1065, 1067 n.6 962-3, g87, IOOI Wilson, Morris: 86g, 92 7, 992 'World Cause', the: in Roosevelt's hands, 87.1 Wilson, President Woodrow: 504 World Crisis, The: 15-16 'Winch': fighters to Egypt, 1075 Wren, HMS: sunk, 689 n. I Winant, John Gilbert: United States Ambassador in London, Wryneck, HMS: bombed, 1o68 wrg-2o, IOJ2, 1036, 1044; at Bristol, 105B---9; with Churchill Wytschaete: and the retreat to Dunkirk, 397, 406 on an inspection, 1066; and Britain's Middle East policy, rog2; at Chequers, r r 18-19, 1203; and Wavell, 1134; Churchill's 'XD': demolition of port installations, 308, 330 'impassioned appeal' to, r 179; birthday greetings from, 1247 n.3; and the coming of war with japan, 1266, 1267---g Windsor, Duchess of: I3, 613-14,698--709, 1091 n.r 'Yagi' aerial: on radar-controlled searchlights, 713, 763, 768, Windsor, Duke of: 12-13, 327; seeks to return to Britain, 613-q; 8I4-15, 828 and the Governorship of the Bahamas, 6g8-7og; and a 'vio­ Yarmouth: and invasion, 6so, I 198 n.3 lently pro-Nazi Swede', 894; said to be opposed to America's Yool, Group Captain (later Air Vice-Marshal) William Munro: entry into the war, 1091 n.r; and Russia's 'righteous war', 1154 n.3 I q8 n.3; 'very robust', 1212 York, HMS: sunk, 1049 'V\'interton, 6th Earl: 302, rros, 1227 'Yorker': capture of Sardinia, 1001 Wireless sets: to be removed from all cars, 400 Ypres: and the British retreat to Dunkirk, 39&--7, 398, 406; Wise, Lieutenant-Colonel Alfred Roy: 299 Belgian troops 'wiped om' east of, 4 I 6 Wolfe, General James: his defects and qualities, 862 Yugoslavia: 31, 39, 89, 263, 476; possible entry into the war of, Walmer, Viscount (later 3rd Earl of Selborne): 299 n.4 921; imminent German attack on, 922; and Greece, 979---80, Wolsey, Cardinal: and Churchill's 'Riviera' retinue, 1154 1014, 1023, 1036, 1041-2; and German military movement'i, 'V\'ontner, (Sir) Hugh: and a spittoon, 6os n.3 ro5o, I053; German invasion of I054, 1058; battle for, 1062; Wood, Sir Kingsley: Secretary of State for Air, 3-4, rg, 23, 28, 'strm:k down', 106g, ro88; people of, 'make the final sacrifice'. 33-4, 55--6, 70; and a possible German conquest of Holland, r roB; future of, I 16r; effect of volte-face of, on Germany's 76; and British air strength, 78, 131, 134-5, 192; and reprisals, fortunes in Russia, 1203; guerilla activities to be encouraged 91; and the offensive, 92, 107; and Scandinavia, 110, 132, q6, in, 1249 189; and Hore-Belisha's dismissal, 120; Churchill's report to, Yugoslavia, Prince Paul of: 97g-Bo, 1023, 1042 12$ and the clash of priorities, 141; and army expansions plans, 150; and 'Narvik', 189, 239, 246--7; and the political Zaporozhe: dam blown up at, 1 I 74 crisis of May 1940, 300, 3o8---9; Press criticisms of (June I940), Zeebrugge Mole: attack on (in 1918), 296, 934; a fire ship scheme 475; and the United States, 745, 927-8, g6g, 97o-r, 973 n.3, for, 815 n.4 975, g83, 1035 n.I, 1040; and bomb-damaged homes, 76I n.r; Zig-zags: 6 at Chequers, 813 n.4; enters the War Cabinet, 820 n.3; and Zionism: and the 'Atlantic Charter', 1164 Enigma, Bg6 n.2; and Greece, 1014 n.I, 1028 n.6; and the Zuider Zee: British action off, 309 Baku oil wells, I 171 Zweig, Dr Ronald W .: 899 n.2