Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 14(4) 956-969 2015 Growth and reproductive biology of damascina (Valenciennes, 1842) from a tributary of Tigris

Bahrami Kamangar B.1*; Ghaderi E.2; Hoseinpour H.3

Received: October 2013 Accepted: July 2015

Abstract Growth and reproductive attributes were determined for Capoeta damascina, an endemic fish species from west of . A total of 147 specimens of both sexes were sampled monthly from November 2008 to October 2009. The overall sex ratio was female biased. Males were aged 0-4 years and females 0-5 years. The von Bertalanffy -1 growth parameters were estimated as; Linf=34.81 cm, k=0.27 year , t0=-0.65 for males -1 plus unsexed samples, Linf =46.29 cm, k=0.22 year , t0 =-0.59 for females plus unsexed -1 samples and Linf =67.52 cm, k=0.12 year , t0=-0.79 for whole samples. The length- weight relationships were W=0.021L2.815 for males, W=0.022L2.824 for females and W=0.020L2.836 for combined sexes, all of which exhibited a negative allometric growth. Spawning season started in May, ascending to June and ended in July for both sexes. Length at 50% maturity was estimated as 12.35 cm for males and 15.14 cm for females. Fecundity ranged from 1551 (2 years old) to 20523 (5 years old) eggs per fish. Losing of large individuals and decreasing in size at first maturity were observed in the studied population compared to data reported from other C. damascina populations, which could reflect an effect of overexploitation.

Keywords: Capoeta damascina, Growth, Reproduction, West of Iran.

1-Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran. 2-Fish Biology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran. 3-Fisheries Administration of Kurdistan, Department of Aquaculture, Sanandaj, 66169-35383, Iran. * Corresponding author's Email: [email protected] 957 Bahrami Kamangar et al., Growth and reproductive biology of …

Introduction Reservoir fishery. The mean annual fish The fishes belonging to the genus capture from the Gheshlagh Reservoir Capoeta are well distributed in is about 170 metric tons which include southwest Asia and consist of about both exotic and endemic species. twenty species of which seven occur in Presence of exotic species and Iran (Coad, 2013). C. damascina is a overfishing can negatively affect common species in most drainage reproductive and growth biology of basins of Iran (Coad, 1998). This fishes. Therefore, the aim of this study species is endemic and also abundant in were to determine growth and most rivers of the Tigris basin in the reproductive properties of C. Kurdistan Province, West of Iran. It is damascina from one of the tributaries caught by people for consumption and of Tigris basin and to compare them sport fishing purposes. Growth and with those reported from other basins, reproductive biology information on and to achieve a key step toward better natural fish stocks are not only essential fisheries management and conservation for proper stock management but also programs for this species. for economical purposes. The information about growth and Materials and methods reproductive biology of C. damascina The samples were collected monthly are subjected to a few researches from Gheshlagh Reservoir and the (Stoumboudi et al., 1993; Fishelson et upstream of Gheshlagh River from al., 1996; Soofiani and Asadollah, November 2008 to October 2009. Gill- 2010; Asadollah et al., 2011). However, nets (20–30 mm mesh size) and cast these features could be affected by nets (20 mm mesh size) were used for ecological, geographical, climatic sampling depending on the site conditions and/or by fisheries location. Body weight (W) and gonad management. Gheshlagh River is a weight (Wg) were measured to the tributary of the Tigris basin which nearest 0.01 grams. Fork length (L) was originates from the north of Sanandaj, also measured to the nearest 1.0 mm. Iran. The Gheshlagh am 35 25 , Age was determined using the annuli 46 59 E) was built on this river in numbers on the scales (Biswas, 1993). 1979. The reservoir of Gheshlagh Dam The age of specimens with is located 12 Km away from the north uncompleted annuli rings was assigned of Sanandaj. Ten endemic and nine as less than one year (0+). The sample exotic fish species were reported from with one completed ring on the scale this reservoir (Bahrami Kamangar et considered as more than one year old al., 2012). Cyprinus carpio, but less than two years old (1+) and so Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, H. on for additional annuli rings. The nobilis and Ctenopharyngodon idella relationship of length - weight was were transplanted to Gheshlagh system calculated separately for each sex and in order to enhance the Gheshlagh for combined sexes, using the equation: Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 14(4) 2015 958

W = aLb, where W, L, a and b are the with the aid of a microscope for large total weight, the total length, coefficient and small specimens, respectively. The related to body form and an exponent maturity stages were classified as six indicating isometric growth when equal stages as: stage I; immature or virgin, to 3, respectively (Le Cren, 1951). The stage II; maturity virgin or resting adult, least square regression analysis was stage III; developing, stage IV; used to estimate parameters a and b of developed, stage V; gravid and stage the equation: log W=log (a) + log (b) × VI; spawning (Biswas, 1993). The L, where W is the body weight in g and changes of gonadosomatic index were L is the fork length in cm. The von monthly calculated as follows; GSI =

Bertalanffy growth equation was used 100× (Wg/W) to determine spawning to describe the relationship of length at season (Biswas, 1993), where Wg and W -k (t- t ) age; Lt = Linf (1 – e 0 ), where Lt, Linf are gonad weight and body weight,

, k, t and t0 are the expected fish length respectively. The lengths at 50% at age t, the average asymptotic fork maturity were estimated for male and length, the relative growth coefficient, female sexes according to the the fish age (year) and the hypothetical percentage of individual with mature time at which the length of fish is zero, gonads at the stage III-VI. The logistic (-r (L - L )) respectively (Sparre and Venema, function; P = 1 / (1+ e m ) was 1992). To ensure that von Bertalanffy used to estimate lengths at 50% growth curves are efficiently described maturity, where P, r and Lm are the in the early life stages, the unsexed age proportion of maturity in each size data were used to fit male, female and class, the parameters which control the whole samples age curves (Sutton, shape of curve and the size at 50% 2011). Hence, three fits were applied; maturity, respectively (Turkmen et al., all males plus unsexed fish data, all 2002). To estimate the model females plus unsexed fish data and parameters, the logistic functions were whole samples. The equation transformed to linear function; ln ((1- parameters for males, females and P)/P) = r (Lm - L) where the slop b = -r whole samples were estimated by and the intercept a = rLm (Arana, 2009). applied Marquardt's algorithm for Mean ova diameter was measured from nonlinear least squares method using sub-sampling eggs taken from the FISHPARM software (Prager et al., anterior, middle and posterior part of 1989). Growth performance index ( ) each ovary (Biswas, 1993). Fecundity; was calculated to compare growth the number of ripe eggs (Bagenal, between males and females (Pauly and 1957), was calculated gravimetrically Munro, 1984). by counting eggs in one gram Gonads were identified as ovaries, subsamples of ovaries at the stages III- testes or unsexed by examination of the VI. The relationships between gonad tissue either directly by eye or fecundity-body weight, fecundity-fork 959 Bahrami Kamangar et al., Growth and reproductive biology of … length, fecundity-gonad weight and ratio of males to females was 1:1.79 fecundity- age were estimated by the which revealed significant difference b equation: Fe = aX , where Fe, is the fish from 1: 1 (p<0.05). Fig. 1 shows the fecundity, X is one of the independent fork length frequency distributions for variables of body weight, fork length, males, females and unsexed samples. The age classes ranged from 0 to 4 gonad weight or fish age (T), a is years for male and from 0 to 5 for constant and b is the exponent female specimens. The most frequent coefficient. Linear model of least observed fork length was in the range square regression was applied to of 23.1-27 cm within the female logarithmic transformation of the specimens and 11.1-15.0 cm within the equation to estimate coefficient a and b male specimens. These lengths mostly (Bagenal, 1967). belong to male and female age classes Water temperature was measured of 1 and 3, respectively. The mean fork monthly at each sampling site. length and the mean body weight at Circannual rhythm of day length data each age class are presented in Table 1. were calculated using Ray Man 1.2 The maximum length and weight software (Matzarakis et al., 2007) for recorded were 37.2 cm and 620.0 g for the geographic coordinates of the females and 27.0 cm and 227.0 g for studied area. males, respectively. The length and Sample size in each age-class was weight of males and females were not checked based on Kritzer et al., (2001) significantly different in age class 1 recommendation to achieve at least (p>0.05); however, females were 10% precision. Independent sample t- significantly larger and heavier than test was used to compare body weight males in the older age classes (p<0.05). and fork length between males and The estimated growth parameters of females at each age class. One way von Bertalanffy equations for males analysis of variance followed by plus unsexed, females plus unsexed and Duncan multiple range tests was used to whole samples are presented in Table 2. reveal any significant difference The observed and estimated curves of between ova diameter at each maturity lengths at ages estimated by these stage and fecundity at each age class. equations are presented in Fig. 2. The ratio of females to males was Growth performance indices ( ) were assigned statistically with chi-square calculated for males as 2.51 and for test. Statistical analysis was performed females as 2.67. using SPSS ver. 16, FISHPARM ver. The length-weight relationships of 3.0 (Prager et al., 1989) and Excel males, females and combined sexes are software. given in Table 3. The values of slopes for males, females and pooled Results individuals were significantly smaller A total of 147 specimens were caught than 3.0 when compared by t-test. This during the survey of which 31.97% means that C. damascina population in were males, 57.14% were females and the Gheshlagh Reservoir exhibited a 10.88% were unsexed. The overall sex negative allometric growth and tends to Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 14(4) 2015 960 become thinner as they grow larger. data and fitted data for combined sexes The length-weight curve of observed is plotted in Fig. 3.

Table 1: Comparison of fork length and body weight in age classes of Capoeta damascina from Gheshlagh Reservoir. Age Sex N Fork length (cm) Minimum- Body weight (g) Minimum-Maximum class Maximum (Mean ± Standard Error) (year) (Mean ± Standard Error) 0 Unsexed 16 4.58-6.80 (5.60 ± 0.16) 1.40-4.93 (2.75 ± 0.24) Male 1 (7.20) (3.20) Female 1 (7.01) (3.35) 1 Male 10 8.50-15.70 (12.05 ± 0.74) 18.70-37.32 (26.11 ± 2.22) Female 16 9.80-16.00 (12.47 ±0.51) 19.50-42.00 (28.99 ± 1.54) 2 Male 23 11.50-25.00 (17.66 ± 0.96) 20.05-183.00 (80.31 ± 11.48) Female 22 16.60-26.30 (22.38 ± 0.62)* 49.00-199.00 (140.21 ± 9.35)* 3 Male 10 19.50-25.00 (21.86 ± 0.59) 80.00-207.00 (131.09 ± 13.53) Female 28 20.40-30.10 (24.85 ± 0.42)* 103.67-343.00 (196.01 ± 10.06)* 4 Male 3 23.00-27.00 (24.50 ± 1.26) 168.00-227.00 (188.33 ± 19.34) Female 14 22.70-35.00 (26.43 ± 0.89) 178.00-532.00 (265.14 ± 27.39)* 5 Male 0 - - Female 3 29.50-37.20 (34.23 ± 2.39) 297.00-620.00 (510.67 ± 106.84) Asterisks indicated significant differences between male and female in each age class revealed by independent sample t-test (p<0.05).

Table 2: Estimated growth parameters of von Bertalanffy equations of Capoeta damascina from Gheshlagh Reservoir (present study) and those reported from Hanna Wetland by Soofiani and Asadollah (2010). * -1 Area Sex Ages Linf (cm) CV k (year ) CV t0 (year) CV Present Study M+U 0-4 34.81 0.07 0.27 0.10 -0.65 -0.01 F+U 0-5 46.29 0.37 0.22 0.70 -0.59 -0.60 Whole samples 0-5 67.52 0.69 0.12 0.90 -0.79 -0.55 Hanna Wetland M 1-7 54.7 - 0.174 - -0.32 - F 1-6 66.7 - 0.134 - -0.40 - *M; male, F; female, U; unsexed and CV; Coefficient of Variation.

Table 3: The length-weight relationships of males, females and combined sexes of Capoeta damascina from Gheshlagh Reservoir. Sex a b r p-value t- statistic df = n-2 p-value Males 0.021 2.815 0.991 < 0.001 - 4.09 54 < 0.01 Females 0.022 2.824 0.990 < 0.001 - 3.56 89 < 0.01 Combined 0.020 2.836 0.991 < 0.001 - 5.13 145 < 0.01 961 Bahrami Kamangar et al., Growth and reproductive biology of …

Figure 1: Fork length frequency of Capoeta damascina from Geshlagh Reservoir.

The mean length at which 50% of temperature ranged between 16 and individuals were sexually matured was 22°C and the mean day length ranged found to be at 12.35 cm for males and from 14-14.5 hours (Fig. 4b). While all 15.14 cm for females. The equation was individuals of age class 0 were found to p=1 / (1+ e (- 0.19 (L – 12.35))) for males and be immature, the youngest male and p=1 / (1+ e (- 0.424 (L – 15.14))) for females. female sexually matured were seen at The age classes at these lengths were age classes of 1 and 2, respectively. approximately 1 for males and 2 for The mean ova diameter was females. measured based on the maturity stages Reproductive cycle and spawning (Table 4). Oocyte diameter was not season were determined by monitoring measured at the stage I, due to the very the monthly GSI calculated for males small size of ova. The oocyte diameters and females matured individuals (Fig. significantly increased by 2.7 times at 4a). Gonadosomatic index of both sexes gravid and spawning gonad stages than was the least in August and September maturity virgin stage. Fecundity and then rose gradually from these increased with increasing age and months to reach maximum levels in gonad weight. Fecundity ranged from June. In August ovaries of mature 1551 to 20523 per fish and the highest individuals were at stage II; while, fecundity was found in five year old during September to December most of samples (Table 5). The relationships them were at stage III. The ovaries were between fecundity-body weight, at stage IV from January to April and fecundity-fork length, fecundity-gonad during May to July they were at stages weight and fecundity-fish age were 0.9 V and VI (Fig. 4a). Therefore, the determined as Fe = 50.35 (W) , Fe = 2.68 0.39 spawning of C. damascina occurs 1.07 (L) , Fe = 2280 (Wg) , Fe = between May and July in the Gheshlagh 2564 (T)0.78, respectively (Table 6). Reservoir. During these months, water

Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 14(4) 2015 962

Figure 2: Observed lengths at age data and expected von Bertalanffy growth curves for males plus unsexed (a) females plus unsexed (b) and whole samples (c) of Capoeta damascina from Gheshlagh Reservoir.

Figure 3: The length-weight relationship of combined sexes of Capoeta damascina from Gheshlagh Reservoir. 963 Bahrami Kamangar et al., Growth and reproductive biology of …

Table 4: The mean ova diameter of Capoeta damascina in different stages of maturity from Gheshlagh Reservoir. Stages of maturity Sample size Ova diameter (mm) (Mean ± SE)* Maturity virgin or resting adult (II) 12 0.63 ± 0.08a Developing (III) 25 1.08 ± 0.04b Developed (IV) 17 1.31 ± 0.03c Gravid (V) 5 1.70 ± 0.04d Spawning (VI) 10 1.75 ± 0.10d * Values followed by different letters indicate a significant difference between stages of maturity (p<0.05).

Table 5: Fecundity and gonad weights of Capoeta damascina at different age classes from Gheshlagh Reservoir. Gonad weight (g) Age class Sample size Fecundity (Mean ± SE)* (Mean ± SE)* 2 18 5314.60 ± 666.33a 6.10 ± 0.55a 3 25 6151.60 ± 512.22a 13.28 ± 1.86a 4 11 8057.90 ± 916.56a 26.08 ± 4.69ab 5 3 13730.00 ± 4752.17b 48.00 ± 22.15c * Values followed by different letters indicate a significant difference between stages of maturity for each variable (p<0.05).

Table 6: The relationship between fecundity (Fe) and fork length (L), body weight (W), gonad weight (Wg) and age (T) of Capoeta damascina from Gheshlagh Reservoir. Relationship a b r square p-value Fe – W 50.35 0.90 0.62 < 0.001 Fe – L 1.07 2.68 0.61 < 0.001 Fe – Wg 2280 0.39 0.41 < 0.001 Fe – T 2564 0.78 0.18 <0.001

Figure 4: Monthly changes of males and females GSI and maturity stages of ovarian of Capoeta damascina (a), and variation of water temperature and day length in the studied area (b). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 14(4) 2015 964

Discussion Wetland and 0-10 in Zayandeh-Roud The overall sex ratio was female biased River. Overfishing is generally and differs from the ratio of 1:1. Similar accepted as a reason for the loss of males to females sex ratios were large individuals, bringing down the reported for C. damascina from average age and reducing the number of different geographic locations; Lake age classes in a spawning stock Kinneret, 1:1.7 (Stoumboudi et al., (Ottersen et al., 2006; Brunel, 2010). 1993); Hanna Wetland, 1: 2.2 Soofiani This concept was also evident in and Asadollah, 2010) and Zayandeh- Gheshlagh Reservoir. Although other Roud River, 1: 1.57 (Asadollah et al., reasons such as changes in water 2011). Although the overall expected temperature and climate conditions sex ratio in many species is 1:1, but this (Ottersen et al., 2006) plus temporal ratio could be affected by some natural fluctuations of river discharge (Smith et and environmental factors (reviewed by al., 2007) could have affected on this Bohlena and Ritterbusch, 2000). In decrease, too. Gheshlagh Reservoir, females were The growth pattern of males and predominant in overall samples; but the females were similar in the early life sex ratio was not different between stage (0-1) based on their fork lengths males and females in the early age and body weights, but thereafter classes (0, 1 and 2). After that and in females were longer and heavier than the later age classes, the ratio deviated males. These differences could be due statistically from the ratio 1: 1. Our to onset of male sexual maturity which results showed that males attained occurs at a lower age than in females. maturity at a younger age than females These could be explained by the (1 vs. 2). The data on age classes also bioenergetic theory; during fish sexual revealed that males live less long than maturation, the allocation of energy is females due to their higher natural inclined to gonad development than morality. Thus higher male mortality somatic growth (Roff, 1983). This may be a possible reason for the female allocation takes place at later age in biased sex ratio in Gheshlagh females and thus, they could grow more Reservoir. than males. The average asymptotic

Age composition of C. damascina in length (Linf) was greater for females the Gheshlagh Reservoir was different than males; however the relative growth from those reported from Hanna coefficient (k) to reach those lengths Wetland Soofiani and Asadollah, was smaller for females than males. 2010) and Zayandeh-Roud River This is also confirming by growth (Asadollah et al., 2011). The age performance indices of females which classes in our survey were 0-4 in the was found to be higher than of males in males and 0-5 in the females while this the Gheshlagh Reservoir. The same was reported as 0-6 and 1-7 in Hanna results were also reported for C. 965 Bahrami Kamangar et al., Growth and reproductive biology of … damascina from Hanna Wetland sexual maturity were lower in Soofiani and Asadollah, 2010) and also Gheshlagh Reservoir population than other species of the genus Capoeta those reported for age and length at first (Turkmen et al., 2002; Alp, 2005; maturity of this species from Lake Kalkan, 2008; Ozcan and Balik, 2009; Kinneret (Stoumboudi et al., 1993), Patimar and Farzi, 2011). This feature Hanna Wetland Soofiani and could be a sexual dimorphism in the Asadollah, 2010) and Zayandeh-Rud genus Capoeta due to the fact that River (Asadollah et al., 2011). The fork females grow faster and live longer than length reported from Lake Kinneret males (Weatherley, 1972; Turkamen et population was above 25.0 cm of which al, 2002). The comparison of estimated all males and females were matured values of von Bertalanffy growth sexually. The spawning fork length and parameters from Gheshlagh Reservoir spawning age for males were reported with those reported from Hanna as 13-40 cm and 2 years from Hanna Wetland Soofiani and Asadollah, Wetland, and as 13.3- 39.0 cm and 2 2010) revealed smaller values for C. years from Zayande-Rud River. In damascina population in Gheshlagh females these parameters were reported Reservoir (Table 2). On the other hand as: 24.0-44.2 cm fork length and 4 the maximum records of fork lengths years old from Hanna Wetland and as: and body weights of males and females 25.0-54.5 cm and 4 years old from were less than those reported for C. Zayandeh-Rud River. In the other damascina from Hanna Wetland too Capoeta species, C. capoeta (Sen et al., Soofiani and Asadollah, 2010). The 2008); C. capoeta umbla (Turkmen et differences in the largest records of al., 2002) C. tinca (Ekmekçi and length and weight between two Ozeren, 2003); C. trutta (Duman, 2004; populations could be a reason for this Oymak et al., 2008), these parameters difference (Turkmen et al, 2002). were found to be higher than in the Negative allometric growth was Gheshlagh C. damascina population, inferred from length-weight however in C. bergamae (Ozcan and relationships of Gheshlagh population, Balik, 2009) these measurements were while these relationships were reported found to be close to our findings in this as positive allometric growth from study. Variation between species and Hanna Wetland population. Several the effect of some environmental reasons could affect this relationship; factors were proposed to explain nutritional status, environmental differences in the first spawning age conditions, sexual maturity and genetic and size (Turkmen et al., 2002). variations, all of which were not However, our results showed a loss of accounted for in the present study. large individuals of C. damascina in The age and length of which 50% of Gheshlagh Reservoir. This loss which males and females attained their first was likely due to overexploitation, Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 14(4) 2015 966 could serve as a selective factor to raising the water temperature. decrease size and age at maturity of C. Photoperiod and temperature are known damascina from Gheshlagh Reservoir as ecological factors associated with than other populations. Ricker (1981) maturation and spawning of freshwater had showed that reducing of age and and marine fishes in high latitudes size at maturity of many populations of (Lam, 1983). Comparison of our results Pacific salmon (O. kisutch and O. with those from Lake Kinneret could gorbuscha) was related to fishery easily reveal that C. damascina selection. Based on this study Ricker population of Lake Kinneret spawn (1981) had argued this hypothesis; most with increasing day length but earlier fisheries tend to catch faster growing than Gheshlagh Reservoir population, individuals of a stock and so, the larger however water temperature at spawning individual in this stock will be season is similar for both populations eliminated and a greater proportion of which is achieved in the earlier months. slow growing individual will prevail, It could be concluded that temperature thus in this circumstance a gradual has more effect on the variation of C. change in the heritable growth rate damascina spawning season. seems likely, which could result in The range of ova diameters in this slower growth cumulatively and also study was close to the ranges reported decrease in age and size (Ricker, 1981). for this species from River basin The spawning season of C. (0.04-1.80 mm) and Zayandeh-Roud damascina based on males and females River (0.81-1.81 mm) populations GSI fluctuations in Gheshlagh (Fishelson et al., 1996; Asadollah et al., Reservoir occurred one month later 2011); however, the range of ova than those reported from Hanna diameters at each stage of maturity Wetland and Zayandeh-Roud River were different from those reported at which peaked in May Soofiani and the Jordan River network and Asadollah, 2010; Asadollah et al., Zayandeh-Roud River. These 2011). Moreover the Gheshlagh differences could be due to the use of a population showed more delay to reach morphological key to classify gonad the maximum GSI than those development in our study instead of a populations from Lake Kinneret histological classification key. The (January-February) and Jordan River observed range of fecundity through the basin (January-April) (Stoumboudi et female samples was less than those al., 1993; Fishelson et al., 1996). reported for C. damascina from Hanna Variation between ecological factors of Wetland (2203-36763) and Zayandeh- different regions could be the reason for Roud River (2523-72645) populations those differences. The spawning of C. (Soofiani and Asadollah, 2010; damascina in Gheshlagh Reservoir took Asadollah et al., 2011). These place by increasing the day length and differences could be due to the larger 967 Bahrami Kamangar et al., Growth and reproductive biology of … age classes that they used to calculate water systems of the river ceyhan. fecundity. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and The significant relationships Sciences, 29, 665-676. between fecundity and body weight, Arana, P., 2009. Reproductive aspects fork length, gonad weight and fish age of the Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) off were also reported for C. damascina southern Chile. Latin American Soofiani and Asadollah, 2010; Journal of Aquatic Research, 37, Asadollah et al., 2011), C. capoeta 381-394. umbla (Turkmen et al., 2002) and C. Asadollah, S., Soofiani, M.N., trutta (Patimar and Farzi, 2011). Keivany, Y. and Shadkhast, M., Although significant relationships were 2011. Reproduction of Capoeta established between fecundity and those damascina (Valenciennes, 1842) a variables, fecundity showed more cyprinid fish, in Zayandeh-Roud correlation with body weight than other River, Iran. Journal of Applied variables. It may be revealed that the Ichthyology, 27, 1061-1066. body weight is more reliable to estimate Bahrami Kamangar, B., Ghaderi, E. and Hossinpour, H., 2012. The fish fecundity of C. damascina. biodiversity of Gheshlagh River In conclusion, the study of growth (Sanandj, Iran), a tributary of Tigris and reproductive biology of C. basin with occurrence of Rutilus damascina population from Gheshlagh kutum and Hemiculter leucisculus. Reservoir revealed some differences The GIAN International Symposium with those reported from other on” Biodiversity in Zagros Region. populations in Persian Gulf basin and 5-6 May, Tehran, Iran Euphrates basin. Some of these Bagenal, T.B., 1957. The breeding and differences could be due to ecological fecundity of the Long Rough Dab and environmental features of the Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabr.) studied area. However, other and the associated cycle in condition. Journal of the Marine Biological differences could be due to Association of the United Kingdom, overexploitation of this species in 36, 339-375. Gheshlagh Reservoir. Bagenal, T.B., 1967. A short review of fish fecundity. In: S.D. 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