DOCSLIB.ORG

Power Distance Orientation, Gender, and Evaluation of Transformational and Transactional Leaders

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Power Distance Orientation, Gender, and Evaluation of Transformational and Transactional Leaders POWER DISTANCE ORIENTATION, GENDER, AND EVALUATION OF TRANSFORMATIONAL AND TRANSACTIONAL LEADERS A thesis submitted for the degree of doctor of philosophy By Suzan Naser Brunel Business School Brunel University 2015 Suzan Naser Power Distance Orientation, Gender, and Evaluation of Transformational i and Transactional Leaders i ABSTRACT Women all over the world are still having difficulties in occupying leadership positions. People perceive males as being highly qualified and likely to be considered as leaders. Females are less likely to be perceived as leaders and to be less effective in carrying it out. There are different leadership theories but the most studied and popular one nowadays is the transformational and transactional model. Female leaders are said to use a leadership behavior based on interpersonal relationships and sharing of power and information, the behavior which is usually associated with the style of leadership known as transformational. Male leaders have been found to influence performance by using rewards and punishment, the behavior mainly associated with the style of leaders known as transactional. The individuals, who work for leaders, are called followers. How followers view the magnitude of difference in power between themselves and their leaders is called a power distance orientation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate transformational and transactional leadership with a gendered and culturally appropriate lens, particularly, to extend the research on gender, leadership and culture area in an Arab Middle East context where little research has been done. This study was guided by two research questions; the first one examining the interaction effect of the participant’s power distance orientation and the leader’s gender on the participant’s perception of the transformational leader; the second one examining the interaction effect of the participant’s power distance orientation and the leader’s gender on the participant’s perception of the transactional leader. This research adopted the quantitative method; the use of vignettes and a questionnaire. 437 employees in an organization in Syria returned a complete and usable questionnaire. Data analyzed using ANOVA and hierarchical multiple regression revealed a significant interaction effect of the gender of the Suzan Naser Page i Power Distance Orientation, Gender, and Evaluation of Transformational ii and Transactional Leaders ii leader and the participant’s power distance orientation on evaluation of a transformational leader on three out of the five dimensions of transformational leadership. Also, results revealed no significant interaction effect of the gender of the leader and the participant’s power distance orientation on evaluation of a transactional leader on the three dimensions. This research makes an important contribution to theoretical understanding of gender by showing gender-role stereotyping may change over time and place. This study offers insight into the culture leadership research that means evaluation of performance for transformational leaders is influenced by the cultural value of a follower’s power distance orientation. Suzan Naser Page ii Power Distance Orientation, Gender, and Evaluation of Transformational iii and Transactional Leaders iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my parents for their love, endless support and encouragement. To my loving husband for his love, support, tolerance, and assistance. To my daughter and my son for their existing in my life. Suzan Naser Page iii Power Distance Orientation, Gender, and Evaluation of Transformational iv and Transactional Leaders iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincere thanks go to all who made this study possible. It gives me a great pleasure in acknowledging the support, help, encouragement and advice of my first supervisor, Dr Lynne Baldwin. I cannot find words to express my gratitude to her. I have been extremely lucky to have such a supervisor who cared so much about my work. My deepest thanks go to my second supervisor, Dr Maged Ali, for his help and encouragement. In particular I would also like to thank Dr Kristina Potocnik for her valuable advice. Also, I would like to thank Dr Chris Evans for his important support. I must express my gratitude to my husband, Sameer, for his continued encouragement and support. I would like to thank my daughter, Sarah, and my son, Yusuf, who have always dealt with all of my absence with a smile. Thank you very much kids. Finally, thanks to all my family who always encourage me. Suzan Naser Page iv Power Distance Orientation, Gender, and Evaluation of Transformational v and Transactional Leaders v DECLARATION I declare that all the materials contained in this thesis have not been previously submitted for a degree in this or any other university. I further declare that this thesis is completely my own work. I also declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. Suzan Naser Page v Power Distance Orientation, Gender, and Evaluation of Transformational vi and Transactional Leaders vi PUBLICATIONS Naser, S, Baldwin, L, and Ali, M. (2012) ‘Culture, gender, and transformational leadership’, British Academy of Management Conference, www.bam.ac.uk/bam 2012. Baldwin, L, and Naser, S. (2014) ‘Power distance orientation and evaluation of transformational leaders: A Middle Eastern perspective’, Gender in Management: An International Journal, (accepted, subject to amendments being made). Suzan Naser Page vi Power Distance Orientation, Gender, and Evaluation of Transformational vii and Transactional Leaders vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. i DEDICATION .............................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................. iv DECLARATION ............................................................................................ v PUBLICATIONS .......................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................. vii LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................. xii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................... xiii LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 1 1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND .............................................................. 1 1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ......................................................... 4 1.3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES ................................................................ 7 1.4 RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES ................................................. 9 1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................... 10 1.6 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS .......................................................... 11 CHAPTER TWO: LEADERSHIP, GENDER IN LEADERSHIP ............... 13 2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 13 2.2 LEADERSHIP ...................................................................................... 13 2.2.1 Leadership: An Overview ..................................................................... 13 2.2.2 Early Leadership Theories ................................................................... 15 2.2.3 Transformational and Transactional Leadership Theory ................ 17 2.2.4 Criticisms of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Theory ............................................................................................................. 26 2.2.5 Summary of the Literature on Leadership Theory and Leadership Styles ............................................................................................................... 29 2.3 GENDER AND GENDER ROLE STEREOTYPING ........................... 30 2.3.1 Sex versus Gender ............................................................................... 30 2.3.2 The Social Construction of Gender .................................................... 32 2.3.3 Gender-Role Stereotyping ................................................................... 34 2.4 GENDER-ROLE STEREOTYPING AND MANAGEMENT/LEADERSHIP ................................................................. 38 2.4.1 Women in Leadership Theories .......................................................... 41 Suzan Naser Page vii Power Distance Orientation, Gender, and Evaluation of Transformational viii and Transactional Leaders viii 2.4.2 The Links between Leadership Theory and Gender-Role Stereotypes ..................................................................................................... 44 2.4.3 Gender Theories and the Evaluation/Rating of Leaders’ by Followers ......................................................................................................... 45 2.5 PERCEPTION OF GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOR AND EFFECTIVENESS ........................................................ 55 2.5.1 Behavioral Stereotypes ........................................................................ 56 2.5.2 Perception Barriers .............................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • National Cultural Differences and Multinational Business
    Globalization Note Series Pankaj Ghemawat and Sebastian Reiche National Cultural Differences and Multinational Business The eminent Dutch psychologist, management researcher, and culture expert Geert Hofstede, early in his career, interviewed unsuccessfully for an engineering job with an American company. Later, he wrote of typical cross-cultural misunderstandings that crop up when American managers interview Dutch recruits and vice versa: “American applicants, to Dutch eyes, oversell themselves. Their CVs are worded in superlatives…during the interview they try to behave assertively, promising things they are very unlikely to realize…Dutch applicants in American eyes undersell themselves. They write modest and usually short CVs, counting on the interviewer to find out by asking how good they really are…they are very careful not to be seen as braggarts and not to make promises they are not absolutely sure they can fulfill. American interviewers know how to interpret American CVs and interviews and they tend to discount the information provided. Dutch interviewers, accustomed to Dutch applicants, tend to upgrade the information. To an uninitiated American interviewer an uninitiated Dutch applicant comes across as a sucker. To an uninitiated Dutch interviewer an uninitiated American applicant comes across as a braggart.”1 Cultural differences, while difficult to observe and measure, are obviously very important. Failure to appreciate and account for them can lead to embarrassing blunders, strain relationships, and drag down business performance. And the effects of culture persist even in life-and-death situations. Consider the example of Korean Air’s high incidence of plane crashes between 1970 and 2000. As an analysis of conversations recorded in the black boxes of the crashed planes revealed, the co-pilots and flight engineers in all-Korean cockpits were too deferential to their captains.
    [Show full text]
  • Power Distance in Mormon Culture
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2015-03-01 Power Distance in Mormon Culture Sara Isabel Lee Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Communication Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Lee, Sara Isabel, "Power Distance in Mormon Culture" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 4413. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4413 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Power Distance in Mormon Culture Sara Isabel Lee A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Loy Clark Callahan, Chair Robert Irwin Wakefield Thomas Eugene Robinson School of Communications Brigham Young University March 2015 Copyright © 2015 Sara Isabel Lee All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Power Distance in Mormon Culture Sara Isabel Lee School of Communications, BYU Master of Arts Religion consists of humanity’s beliefs, cultural systems, and worldviews of existence (Geertz, 1973). Its function is not merely a system of symbols that people act according to, but also the establishment of powerful, pervasive motivations in the society. This study intends to analyze the connection of religion and culture by using one of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, power distance (the extent of how power is accepted and expected to be distributed in the society). In this analysis, the researcher investigated the PDI (Power Distance Index) within the Utah Mormon culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Sample Formal Report
    BNL- 112464-2016-CP Transparency in Civilian Nuclear Endeavors Katherine M. Bachner Presented at the 57th Institute of Nuclear Materials Management (INMM) Annual Meeting Atlanta, Georgia July 2016 Department/Division/Office Brookhaven National Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy NA-24, NA-241 Notice: This manuscript has been authored by employees of Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The publisher by accepting the manuscript for publication acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. 3.0/3913e011.doc 1 (11/2015) DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or any third party’s use or the results of such use of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof or its contractors or subcontractors. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pay Equity Dilemma Women Face Around the World
    University of Central Florida STARS Honors Undergraduate Theses UCF Theses and Dissertations 2018 The Pay Equity Dilemma Women Face Around The World Lana D. McMurray University of Central Florida Part of the Business Administration, Management, and Operations Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the UCF Theses and Dissertations at STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Undergraduate Theses by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation McMurray, Lana D., "The Pay Equity Dilemma Women Face Around The World" (2018). Honors Undergraduate Theses. 372. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses/372 THE PAY EQUITY DILEMMA WOMEN FACE AROUND THE WORLD by LANA D MCMURRAY A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors in the Major Program in Marketing in the College of Business and in the Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term, 2018 Thesis Chair: Muge Yayla-Kullu, PhD ABSTRACT In this research, I examine the pay equity dilemma women face around the world and how it is different in various regions of the world. My research question focuses on “how a nation’s cultural characteristics affect pay equity?” It is already documented that men are paid more than women. The goal of this study is to explain how individual characteristics of national culture (such as masculinity, individualism, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance) impacts this inequality.
    [Show full text]
  • An Investigation of Power Distance Value and Endorsement of the Great Man Theory Through American Social Identities
    Antioch University AURA - Antioch University Repository and Archive Student & Alumni Scholarship, including Dissertations & Theses Dissertations & Theses 2019 United I Stand: An Investigation of Power Distance Value and Endorsement of the Great Man Theory Through American Social Identities Jeffrey M. Girton Antioch University - PhD Program in Leadership and Change Follow this and additional works at: https://aura.antioch.edu/etds Part of the American Studies Commons, Leadership Studies Commons, Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods Commons, Organizational Behavior and Theory Commons, Organization Development Commons, Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons, and the Sociology of Culture Commons Recommended Citation Girton, Jeffrey M., "United I Stand: An Investigation of Power Distance Value and Endorsement of the Great Man Theory Through American Social Identities" (2019). Dissertations & Theses. 523. https://aura.antioch.edu/etds/523 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student & Alumni Scholarship, including Dissertations & Theses at AURA - Antioch University Repository and Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations & Theses by an authorized administrator of AURA - Antioch University Repository and Archive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. United I Stand: An Investigation of Power Distance Value and Endorsement of the Great Man Theory Through American Social Identities Jeffrey M. Girton ORCID Scholar ID# 0000-0003-1446-591X A Dissertation Submitted to the PhD in Leadership and Change Program of Antioch University in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2019 This dissertation has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in Leadership and Change, Graduate School of Leadership and Change, Antioch University.
    [Show full text]
  • The Confirmation of Betsy Devos: Polarization, Populism, and Moral Foundations in U.S
    James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Masters Theses The Graduate School Spring 2018 The confirmation of Betsy DeVos: Polarization, populism, and moral foundations in U.S. political rhetoric Jacob William Wrasse Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019 Part of the Social Influence and Political Communication Commons Recommended Citation Wrasse, Jacob William, "The onfirc mation of Betsy DeVos: Polarization, populism, and moral foundations in U.S. political rhetoric" (2018). Masters Theses. 566. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019/566 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Confirmation of Betsy DeVos: Polarization, Populism, and Moral Foundations in U.S. Political Rhetoric Jacob William Wrasse A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts School of Communication Studies May 2018 FACULTY COMMITTEE: Committee Chair: Dr. Dan Schill Committee Members: Dr. Susan Opt Dr. Lars Kristiansen Acknowledgements I want to begin by thanking my thesis director, Dr. Dan Schill, for his help on this project and the vice presidential debate paper that we published together. Dan, your mentorship and guidance have helped me mature as a researcher and an observer of political communication. Additionally, I wanted to thank my committee members, Drs. Susan Opt and Lars Kristiansen, for their guidance and insight as I drafted this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Power Distance in S§3Ss Workplaces
    Power Distance in S§3ss Workplaces By Samantha Hickey National College of Ireland June 2007 lOarcode No:£r?oo&D(&<+i6 fDewey No :&<><p -4oC ' pate Input : °\ P ric e : ------ Table of Contents « ^ smuotum*» --------------------------------------------- njaWMAlCOtlifiL- o f mtw Acknowledgements: 3 Introduction: 4-5 Chapter 2 - Literature Review 6 Introduction: 7 W hat is culture? 8 The Significance of Culture for Organisations: 9 How Cultures Vary: 10 Different Cultural Orientations in Societies: 11 Hostede’s Dimensions of National Culture: 12 The Concept of Power Distance: 13 More Equal than Others: 14 Factors Influencing the Hierarchical Relationship: 15 The origins of Power Distances: 16-18 Measuring Power Distance: 19 Power Distance Index: 20 How Low and High Power Societies Differ: 21 Criticism of Hofstede’s Work: 22 1 What happens in Multi Cultural Societies: 22 Case Studies: 23-24 A Twenty First Century View: 25 Some Tips for Cross Cultural Relationships: 26 Conclusion: 27 Chapter 3: Research Methodologies Hypothesis 28-29 Research Aims & Objectives: 3 0 -3 1 Research Methodology: 32- 39 Research Findings: 40-49 Conclusion: 50-51 Bibliography: 5 2 -5 3 Appendices: 5 4 -5 5 2 Acknowledgements I’d like to thank Denise and for being a vital connection for me throughout and to my classmates for the lively debates. To my supervisor Fabian for his thoughtful and clever suggestions and T.J. for giving me all the information and support I could want. To my international colleagues and friends in particular Claire Rog, Katarina, Mila, Sophie, Sarah, Sinead, Sophie and Victor for your inspiring insights and encouragement.
    [Show full text]
  • Selecting Scrutiny in Compelled-Speech Cases Involving Non-Commercial Expression
    Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal Volume 31 XXXI Number 1 Article 1 2020 Selecting Scrutiny in Compelled-Speech Cases Involving Non- Commercial Expression: The Formulaic Landscape of a Strict Scrutiny World After Becerra and Janus, and a First Amendment Interests-and-Values Alternative Clay Calvert University of Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/iplj Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation Clay Calvert, Selecting Scrutiny in Compelled-Speech Cases Involving Non-Commercial Expression: The Formulaic Landscape of a Strict Scrutiny World After Becerra and Janus, and a First Amendment Interests-and-Values Alternative, 31 Fordham Intell. Prop. Media & Ent. L.J. 1 (2020). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/iplj/vol31/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal by an authorized editor of FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Selecting Scrutiny in Compelled-Speech Cases Involving Non-Commercial Expression: The Formulaic Landscape of a Strict Scrutiny World After Becerra and Janus, and a First Amendment Interests- and-Values Alternative Clay Calvert* This Article examines how courts select the standard of scrutiny—strict, intermediate, or something akin to rational basis— in compelled-speech disputes following the United States Supreme Court’s 2018 rulings in National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra and Janus v.
    [Show full text]
  • Hofstede's 5 Dimensions Power Distance
    HOFSTEDE’S 5 DIMENSIONS POWER DISTANCE (The degree to which power differentials within society and organizations are accepted.) Large Power Distance societies are characterized by: • centralized authority • autocratic leadership • paternalistic management style • many hierarchical levels • large number of supervisory staff • acceptance that power has its privileges • an expectation of inequality and power differences Small Power Distance societies are characterized by: • decentralized authority and decision making responsibility • consultative or participative management style • flat organizational structures • small proportion of supervisory staff • lack of acceptance and questioning of authority • rights consciousness • tendency toward egalitarianism UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE (The degree to which members of a society are able to cope with the uncertainty of the future without experiencing undue stress. According to Hofstede & Bond, 1988, this is a uniquely Western value.) Weak UA characterized by: • risk taking • tolerance of differing behaviors and opinions • flexibility • organizations with a relatively low degree of structure and few rules, promotions based on merit Strong UA characterized by: • avoidance of risk • organizations that have clearly delineated structures, many written rules, standardized procedures, promotions based on seniority or age • lack of tolerance for deviants • strong need for consensus • need for predictability hence, planning is important • respect for authority INDIVIDUALISM - COLLECTIVISM INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Culture and Sexual Behavior
    Psicothema ISSN: 0214-9915 [email protected] Universidad de Oviedo España Ubillos, Silvia; Paez, Darío; González, José Luis Culture and sexual behavior Psicothema, vol. 12, núm. Su1, 2000, pp. 70-82 Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=72796008 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Psicothema ISSN 0214 - 9915 CODEN PSOTEG 2000. Vol. 12, Supl., pp. 70-82 Copyright © 2000 Psicothema Culture and sexual behavior Silvia Ubillos, Darío Paez and José Luis González* University of the Basque Country, * Burgos University This study correlates the national means of self-reports of sexual relations in stable couples and the me- an percentage of people with extramarital affairs with the climatic, socio-economic and cultural (reli- gion and Hofstede´s dimensions) characteristics of the 25 countries to which the samples belongs. Low uncertainty avoidance, low Catholicism and Protestantism, dominance of Buddhism and high power distance were associated with less sexual permissiveness. Sexual permissiveness was associated more with the religious aspects of culture. Higher mean sexual frequency was associated with social deve- lopment, individualism, low power distance and low dominance of Animism and Buddhism, to Catho- licism and uncertainty avoidance, and cultural femininity. Results confirm the important role of socio- economic development, raise questions on the negative view of Christianism and the positive view of oriental religions. Cultura y Conducta Sexual. Esta investigación correlaciona las medias nacionales de auto-informes de relaciones sexuales en parejas estables y el porcentaje de personas con relaciones extramaritales con las características climáticas, socio-económicas y culturales (religión dominante y dimensiones cultu- rales de Hofstede) de los 25 países estudiados.
    [Show full text]
  • Investor Sentiment and Stock Returns: a Cultural And
    Investor Sentiment and Stock Returns: A Cultural and International View Tilburg University School of Economics and Management Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Finance Master Thesis Finance Author: Job Andreas Eduardus Sinke ANR: 566377 Supervisor: Dr. J.C. Rodriguez Chairman: Prof. Dr. S.R.G. Ongena Date of graduation: 4 December, 2012 Investor Sentiment and Stock Returns: A Cultural and International View Job Sinke Master Thesis December 2012 Abstract: This paper examines if consumer confidence (a proxy for investor sentiment) affects expected returns internationally in 12 developed countries, looking at culture to be a possible determinant of cross-country differences. In line with earlier evidence I find that sentiment negatively forecasts aggregate stock market returns on average across countries. When investors are optimistic (pessimistic) future stock returns tend to be lower (higher). This relation holds for value stocks, growth stocks, small, mid and large cap stocks and for different forecasting horizons. Individual country results vary finding cross-country differences that can be explained by culture. This cross- sectional perspective provides evidence that the impact of sentiment on stock returns is more pronounced in countries scoring high on uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, long-term orientation and for countries that score low on individualism and indulgence, the effect of power distance is ambiguous. Keywords: consumer confidence; investor sentiment; style/size differences; cultural dimensions;
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison of Cultural Values and Behaviors and Their Implications for the Multi-Cultural Workplace Jessie Kooyers Grand Valley State University
    Grand Valley State University ScholarWorks@GVSU Honors Projects Undergraduate Research and Creative Practice 2015 The nitU ed States and Spain: A Comparison of Cultural Values and Behaviors and Their Implications for the Multi-Cultural Workplace Jessie Kooyers Grand Valley State University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects Part of the American Studies Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Kooyers, Jessie, "The nitU ed States and Spain: A Comparison of Cultural Values and Behaviors and Their mpI lications for the Multi- Cultural Workplace" (2015). Honors Projects. 399. http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects/399 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Research and Creative Practice at ScholarWorks@GVSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@GVSU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE UNITED STATES AND SPAIN: A CULTURAL COMPARISON 1 The United States and Spain: A Comparison of Cultural Values and Behaviors and Their Implications for the Multi-Cultural Workplace Jessalyn L. Kooyers Grand Valley State University THE UNITED STATES AND SPAIN: A CULTURAL COMPARISON 2 Abstract As globalization becomes increasingly relevant, international business environments are more culturally diverse than ever before. Ethnic diversity in the workplace provides many opportunities for enrichment, however, many managers and employees remain ill-equipped for the task of evaluating, understanding, and maximizing the power of a multi-cultural workforce. Using social psychologist Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, this piece seeks to uncover, define, and explore the key cultural differences that exist between the United States and Spain, specifically as they impact business engagements, workplace interaction, and intercultural management.
    [Show full text]