MODERNITYAND TRADITION IN THEDESIGN OF NEW TOWNS: SADAT CITY, EGYPT AND YANBU, SAUDI ARABIA by KhalilS. Mogassabi
B.Arch., University of Detroit,1983
Submittedto the Department of UrbanStudies & Planningin partial fulfillmentof the requirementfor the Degree of Master of City Planning at the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology,May 1990
@ K.S. Mogassabi, 1990. All rights reserved
Theauthor hereby grants to M.I.T.permission to reproduce and to distributecopies of this thesisin whole or in part.
Signatureof Author ------=- -= Departmentof UrbanStudies & Planning,May 11,1990
Certifiedby ------It.Professor GaryHack, Thesis Supervisor
1-1- ' 1715 V XN Accepted by------ProfessorDonald A. Schon, Chairperson, M.C.P. Committee Departmentof Urban Studies & Planning
i~s T. TECH~j
JUN0-6" 1990D MODERNITYAND TRADITION IN THEDESIGN OF NEW TOWNS:SADAT CITY, EGYPTAND YANBU, SAUDI ARABIA by KhalilS. Mogassabi
Submittedto the Departmentof UrbanStudies & Planning on May11,1990 in partialfulfillment of the requirementfor the Degree of Masterof City Planning
ABSTRACT
New towns built in NorthAfrica and the Middle Eastincorporate modern elementsinto their built environmentsunprecedented in the traditional city of the region. Thisthesis addresses the questions:Do these new builtenvironments respond to the prevalent culture? What modern and traditional design qualitiesenable new townsto maintain culturalintegrity?
Thenew towns Sadat City, Egyptand Yanbu,Saudi Arabia are the central focus of this analysis.In Part I, a model of the traditional city of the region isset forth. Qualitiesof three elementsin the city, the street, the building and the urban space are examined and provide a framework for comparison to the same elements in Sadat City and Yanbu,in PartsIl and III,respectively. Throughthis analysis,a frame- work for the design of new townsis presented--an approach that incorporatesmodern elements with responsivetraditional qualities.
ThesisSupervisor: Gary Hack Title: Professorof Urban Design& Development FOR MARY CONTENTS
TITLEPAGE 1 ABSTRACT 2 DEDICATION 3 CONTENTS 4
INTRODUCTION 5-13
PARTI: THETRADITIONAL CITY 14-28 THESTREET THEBUILDING THEURBAN SPACE
PARTII: SADATCITY, EGYPT 29-45 BACKGROUND THEPLAN THE STREET THEBUILDING THEURBAN SPACE
PARTIII: YANBU,SAUDI ARABIA 46-64 BACKGROUND THEPLAN THE STREET THEBUILDING THEURBAN SPACE
CONCLUSION 65-3
ILLUSTRATIONS 84-88 REFERENCES 89-90 BIBLIOGRAPHY 91-92 INTRODUCTION
5 Withinthe lasttwo decadesSaudi Arabia and Egypthave embarkedon buildingnew townsas part of a broad nationaleconomic and socialplanning strategy. The buildingof new townssuch as industrialtowns marks an importantstepping stone in the developmentof these societies.In hisbook, New Towns:Antiquity to the Present,
ErvinY. Galantay stated: ". . . the need for new towns arises at transitionalphases in the evolutionof a society... and correspondsto the changed economic base. (1)
ForEgypt and SaudiArabia, social and economictransitions are morevisible in the transformedbuilt environments reflectedin the designof new towns.
Newtowns built in thisregion reflect modern elements differentfrom those of the traditionalcity. "New towns are I - planned communities consciouslycreated in responseto clearly stated objectives... (and) formalized in a plan
prepared before the site isaltered by the arrival of the first LIII'new residents... rapidly builtto achieve 'critical mass'within a crucial initial time span."(2) Forthat reason,it isimportant to -- I investigatethe cultural dimensionin the design of new towns - - I and assesstheir physical and spatial responsivenessto the - U prevalent culture.
- Do the built environmentsof new towns in this region respond I - to the prevalent culture? What modernand traditional ~, ' I - physical design qualitiesenable new towns to maintain - I cultural integrity?To answerthese questions,I will examine
- m - two new towns, Sadat City, Egyptand Yanbu, Saudi Arabia. ______U - I will focus on the proposed urban form, structureand fabric IEIIIII I~ of Sadat City and Yanbu. I will identify and analyze the design qualities underlying their proposed physicalplans m ------I and contrast them to those same qualitiesin the traditional U - ____ city. A basisfor contrast will be the street--thecirculation -- U ---- I --- pattern; the building and the urban space--land use distribution. Forexample, I will examine the street hierarchy 4. and its physical qualitiesdrawing comparisonsbetween the
traditional city and the new towns. I will also examine the physical qualitiesof the fabric associated with mixed and
zoned land usesusing the same framework forcomparison.
Bycontrasting the town form of Sadat City and Yanbu to the
traditional NorthAfrican and Middle Easterncity, specifically
itstraditional urban form, structureand fabric--I amable to examine their responsivenessto the culture. Thetraditional city of NorthAfrica and the MiddleEast has traditionalelements which have physicalqualities that make itsbuilt environment responsive to the cultureand therefore, suitableand desirablefor itsinhabitants. The qualities of traditionalenvironments are morethan a manifestationof culturalnorms and values; they are about humanscale, the relationshipto the built environment(i.e. to the street,building and open space) and how it is perceived.
Forthe purposeof thisthesis, the traditionalcity will serveas a
modelfor comparisonto SadatCity and Yanbu. This frameworkfor comparisonpresupposes the cultural
responsivenessof the traditional city because: ". . . its genesis and evolutionwas organic or agglomerate"(3) occurring naturallyover time and determinedby factorsinherent in the
regionand itsinhabitants. In Part I, I will discussthe physicalqualities of the street,the buildingand urban space of the traditional city in NorthAfrica
and the Middle East.Traditional cities such as Tunis,Tunisia;
Tripoli,Libya; Cairo, Egypt;Riyadh, Saudi Arabia will illustrate these physical qualities and are appropriate for comparison since cultural and geographical characteristics between these cities are similar.
In Part il and l1l,I will compare Sadat City and Yanbu respectivelyto the traditional city by examining the qualities of three elements: the street, the building and the urban space. My analysiswill be based on the proposed Master
Plan. At the larger scale, I will focus onthe town center. At the smallerscale, I will examine the neighborhood module--
also called haii, quarter or hara.
10 Finally,based on the design analysisand examination of Sadat City and Yanbu, I will summarizeand present a frameworkfor the design of new towns--an approach which incorporates modern elements with responsivetraditional qualities.
In analyzingand discussingthe design of Sadat City and
Yanbu, it isappropriate at this point to define some of the termsthat will be encountered in the following sections.
TERMS
Theterm "traditional" will refer to qualitiesof the urban form, structureand fabric that respondto the cultureof NorthAfrica and the Middle East. Theterm "traditional city" will refer to a representationalmodel of physical elements that have desirable qualities(i.e. narrow streets,identifiable
11 neighborhoodquarter, distinguishable town center or clusteringof trades)which characterized thetraditional city
acrossthe regionand emerged overtime. Forthe purpose of creatinga clear distinctionbetween the old and new city form,the term "traditionalcity" isused in the pasttense. However,it is acknowledgedthat the traditionalcity continuesto existtoday.
Theterm "urbanstructure" will referto the two-
dimensionalquality of the city, specificallyits circulation patternsand land uses.The term "urbanform" will referto the
three-dimensionalquality of the overallplan of the city. The term "urbanfabric" will referto the streets,the buildingsand urbanspaces and how they relateto each otherto make
up the whole. Theterm "node" will referto the
convergenceof two elements,such as two streets,at a
12 space to bring special interest. The term "landmark" or "focal point" will refer to a physical element such as a major building or space that provides a sense of reference and orientation.
Theterm "modern" will refer to elements or qualities incorporated in the design of cities that have no precedence in the traditional city, such as modern modes of transport or specialized zoning.
13 PARTI : THETRADITIONAL CITY
14 In his book, TheCity in History LewisMumford made the
remark about cities: .. . more organic plans representing the slowly developing needs and decision of many generations,require time to achieve their more subtle and complex richnessof form." (4)
Thisremark is appropriate to describe the traditional city of NorthAfrca and the Middle East. Theurban fabric of the traditional city provided an environmentof visual variety and differentiated experiences. Forexample, the width of a street in the traditional city increased or decreased depending on the limits and demarcation of land ownership or space transitionfrom public to semi-publicto private. Becausethere was no formal authority to reinforce maintenance of the street, property ownersoften took initiativeto maintain the street; the price of such informality
15 was that ownersoften extended their property walls, encroaching on the street space or other unused and unclaimed space.
Threeelements in the built environmentof the traditional city, the street, the building--whethera mosque, a market or a house--andthe urban space continue to be the organizing framework in the fabric of new towns. Now,however, these elementsare given different physical and spatial qualities
renderingthem unfamiliarand alien to the users.
Due to economic constraints,the introduction of modern modes of transportation and industrialspecialization, the street,the building and the urban space have taken a proportionand scale different from that of the traditional city. Available modern technology but limited economic
16 resourceshave produced design solutionsfor new towns influenced primarily by a drive to maximizeland utility, both spatially and economically, and impose efficient circulation.
Land speculation evolved as a resultof attaching value to H ------fff- the land; for example, an important location for E 1.1 commercial use may induce an owner to further subdivide
the property into smallerplots to maximizethe benefit. The central development authority of a new town has a similar point of view; to maximizeeconomical benefits and make connecting to infrastructuralservices more efficient, plots of land are often arranged with the absolute minimum street frontage and maximum square footage area possible.
Theseplots are repeated throughout the plan resultingin a predictable systematicpattern. In fact, based on economic and financial inputs,computer models have
17 -[ ----- I------4--1 I. been used to determine plot layouts and street patterns for I J I II
I--- new communities. lift-i
I --- - ______I______Iii- I- 1 Theresult of the systematicapproach to maximize utility * ---- 4 -- produces built environmentsthat lack variety and i 1i11 1 1; - -I- I Iii articulation. Streetsbecome similarbaring no qualitieswhich 15. differentiate their use. Thehierarchy isless distinguishable in
both the town center and the neighborhood. The main street, for example, may be similarto the peripheral or throughway street.
THESTREET
Streetspace in the traditional city was an urban space
where many activities occurred. The distinction made between street space and urban space is associated with new towns. Spacesin new townsare often isolated from the
18 street--asource of activities and life of the city; the street
servesa singularpurpose--a transportation system.
Thetime necessaryfor the traditional city to achieve its "rich
fabric" produced a simple hierarchy of street patterns. The hierarchyof the circulation network usuallyconsisted of three major elements: athroughway, a main street and a
secondary street. Thethroughway was usuallya "main" streetthat connected the city's variousparts; stretchingfrom one city "gate" to another or connected quarters or haiis-- neighborhoods. Throughwayswere usually intersected by
narrowerand shortermain streets. Thetransition from the throughway to the secondary streetswas allowed via the main streetwhich ran into the haras--smallerneighborhoods. Major public facilities,like mosquesor marketsclustered along the main street. Secondary streetsradiated from the
19 - -AI main streetsat irregularintervals; and could have been either anarrow circulating streetwithin the haras(also called "zangha" ) or a cul-de-sac (dead end street).
Thehierarchy of streetsin the traditional city was not always clearly distinguishableby looking at the plan. Sincestreets tended to increase and decrease in width they did not necessarilyaccurately reflect their use and type of activities.
Nevertheless,this irregularityin use and in pattern created
visualvariety and identifiable places. For example, at certain points a neighborhood street may have resembled a main streetcontaining commercial activities, increasing or
decreasing in sizeor spatial treatments.
The neighborhood was defined by social boundaries more
than by physical ones. Forexample, a cul-de-sac may
20 have been a public space at one point, a semi-private spaceat anotherand a privatespace at yet another. A strangerending up at that spacemay have felt uneasyif not sociallyrelated to thosewho livethere. Quarterswere often characterizedby a concentrationof housesbelonging to the extendedfamily (5). In someinstances, quarterswere named after the family'sname--ghabila's name--and often were representedby an appointed leader or shaykh.
THEBUILDING Beyondthe traditionalneighborhood, major urban buildings providedthe physicalfocal pointsfor the whole.Within the traditionalurban fabric, especiallyalong the mainstreet, a mosqueor a suq (open or covered markets)stood as an integralpart of the streetpattern.
21 Whereversuch a focal buildingoccurred, its spatial arrangement--itsrelationship to adjacent buildingsand to lie~ the streets--madeplaces different and thus,created physicaland spatialvariety from one place to another.
Sincethe overallorganization of the plan was around a majorfocal point suchas a mosque,a marketor public space,the senseof organizationand continuitywas reinforcedby dwellingswhich tended to increasein grandeuras one approached a mosqueor other building of importance(6).
Theoverall plan of traditionalcity hasbeen interpretedto exhibita senseof logic,order in the land uses(7), and even
an informalzoning plan (8), despitethe occasionof a poorlyarticulated and irregularstructure of circulationpattern
22 The consisted quarters; Saddl -Inm and land use. traditionalcity of IL- also somewere livingquarters, others grouped commercial and livingtogether, and otherswere mainlycommercial. Althoughthere were commercial activities scattered throughoutthe urbanfabric (quarters),the bulkof them were located in the suqwhere a broad range of
businessesand craftswere represented.Within the suq, segregationof commercialactivities was, for the mostpart, confinedto a particularsection rather than outsideit. Noisy and offensivesmelling trades were clusteredwith similar EZ~IIIZ1 tradesalong a separateaxes. Blacksmithand tannery trades,for example,were secludedfrom thoseof clothing, fabric, butcher,or grocery.Other trades, however, like
Marke wholesalers,occupied space at the edgesof the city, and
sometimesbeyond its walls. (9)
23 Buildingtypes were limitedto few and often servedmore than one purpose. Themosque served both religiousand educationalactivities and often provideda temporary shelterfor a stranger;the houseoften incorporateda shop or a place for crafts.The limited building types providedfor a clear and expressivecity fabric. Buildingsmay have containedornaments or texturesmeant to be viewed from variouspoints, other timesthose features were minimized becausethe space was only intended to be passed through.
Buildingswere "mostlylow due to the constraintsof technologyand often crowded together"(10)except for the mosquewhose spatial and religiouscharacter dominatedthe traditionalcity form. Themosque, with itshigh minaret,was seenfrom a great distanceand was a focal
24 point in both the physicaland spiritualsense. The suq was theusuallymosque'slocated visibility in the vicinityandcongregation.of the mosqueto benefit from
Thetraditional city got itsphysical "nodes" and character fromthe majorbuilding types and theirdistribution in the plan. "Nodes"such as an urbanspace surroundinga mosqueor a marketwas interconnectedwith the seeminglyrandom streetpattern. Streetsconverged through urbanspaces, becomingpart of them and interactingwith buildingedges- -interconnectedwalls--creating a cohesiveurban fabric. Thefabric.wall In inaddition the traditionaltobeing city an waselementan integralfordefensepart of the atthe urban city perimeter,it acted as an edge definingboth the street wall and the spaceit enclosedwithin the city. Thestreets, 25.
25 buildings and urban spaces wereinterconnected through
wallscreating an organic and continuouspattern. Thewall
also served as a physical boundary providing privacy as
well as differentiating land uses;different land useswere
often separated by walls rather than by distance. Working and living spaces wereoften incorporated within the same
structure--groupedtogether to reflect mixed land uses.
THEURBAN SPACE Urbanspaces in the traditional city offered identity and character to their settings;a quality linked to human scale.
Thescale of the street reflected spatial qualitiessimilar to the private court yard-the proportion and scale of the street space were intimate. Spacedid not just surrounda building,
rather, interacted with it to produce an identity and
character unique to that place and associated only with it.
26 Urbanspace was part of the overallfabric as if carved from a solidelement-the building-or moldedfrom a path of space-the street. Themosque, for instance,provided an enclosedspace for social gatheringbefore and after the prayer. An open space in frontthe mosquewas part of the
streetproviding an extensionof the street. Thisspace interactedwith the urbanfabric creatinga senseof urbanity.
29.
27 A spacein the traditionalcity wasdefined by the articulated
massand the physical featuresof the building. Theuniform heightof buildingsprovided a senseof physicalcontinuity to the streetspace, and allowed the diversecharacter of buildingsto be visuallycomprehended.
Thespace in the traditionalcity was alsodefined by cultural and commercialactivities; thismeant that somespaces derivedtheir character and identitythrough the type of
activitiesor socialinteraction that took place withinthem. For example,some commercial transactions did not requirea predeterminedphysical space, instead,they occurred whereverpeople were. Accordingly,space in the
traditionalcity derivedits quality--purposefulness and vitality.
28 I- .
CL
N4 - BACKGROUND In an effort to decongest the overcrowded cities of Cairo and Alexandria, Sadat City,one of Egypt's most ambitious new town projects was undertaken in the mid-seventies. Located in the desert, northwestof Cairo and along the major regional DesertRoad, Sadat City was planned for a
target population of 500,000over a 25 year period with future expansion of 1 tol.5 million anticipated. Proposed primarily for "social planning" purposes,the city was described by the
Sadat City PlanningGroup as:
part of national development strategy to save agriculturalland, to further Egypt'sgrowth, and to provide jobs and housingaway from the overcrowded cities of Cairo and Alexandria. (11)
Industriesand small manufacturing businesseswill be the source for employment and isthe economic base for the
city's future survival.
30 T 1l1 The application of modern planning methods in new towns ! I ! I ! E1, like Sadat City has introduced modern elements to the
U *iummrnmi..u urban fabric that make it merely an abstract expressionof ++'1 I the movement systemsand distributionof land useswithin it. Now, movement of the automobile and public transit system
I I I ~U.IIEhU2I competes with the notion of the pedestrian-city I I I I I II characterized in the traditional city. In some instances,
IIIIIIIEINFBI~3IEIUIEhUI I I I where qualities of the pedestrian city have been incorporated in the design of a new town, itsapplication is I I I I I I I I I weakened by an overriding concept of a specific plan +. I I I I 11I I I I 1 I layout, such as the linear form of Sadat City.
Thedistribution of mixed-usesin the city isanother characteristicof the traditional city incorporated in the built environmentsof new towns, sometimessuccessfully other
times not. Zoned-usesin the design of new towns have
31 producedareas lacking the vitalityof the traditionalcity, leavingsome places without people or activity.
Whyshould the designof the builtenvironment of new towns
be justa functionalsolution ? And why isthis quality of functionalismin the built environmenta sourceof alienation and disorientationfor inhabitants? 34.
THEPLAN
CENTRAL SPINE TheSadat City Planis organizedaround a lineartown center called thecentral spine. Thecentral spine--grouping national,regional and local governmentfacilities; major commercial,institutional and recreationalfacilities--is intersectedat equal intervalsby primaryand secondary
streets.The primary streets forming the districtspines include
districtcenters along their axes with the followingfacilities:
32 CT SPINE
1 PREPARATORYSCHOOL 4 SOCIALUNIT 7 COLLECTIVE HEALTHCENTER 10 PUBLICSAFETY BUILDING 2 GENERAL SECONDARYSCHOOL 5 CULTURAL PALACE 8 AMBULANCESTATION 11 MOSOUE 3 SECONDARYSCHOOL: 6 YOUTHCENTER 9 COMMERCIALAND 12RELIGIOUS PRIMARY SCHOOL COMMERCEAND TRADE PU13UCSERVICES 36.
-Educationalfacilities--secondary school -Healthcare facilities -Publicsafety -Religiousand culturalprograms -Commercialand retail services -Workshops -Apartmentblocks
-Lightindustry 37.
33 Residentialareas are situated alongthe development
corridorand connected by districtspines. The district spines are intersectedby neighborhoodspines serving the neighborhoodcommunity through threeneighborhood centers.Each center containsthe following: -Primaryschool -Socialservices -Communication facilities
-Sportsarea
-Mosque -Commercialand professionalservices -Smallworkshop industry and apartmentblocks. Districtspines serve as primaryarterials connecting the centralspine to the industrialcorridor to the southeast,and are the majorroute forpublic transitand pedestrian
34 movement interconnecting the districtcenters and their neighborhoodsto the central spine.
Likethat of the central spine,the distributionof facilitiesalong the districtand neighborhood spinesis in a linear rather than clusterform, and form sub-town centers within the overall plan. Thisproduces two featuresthat contrast with the traditional city. Thefirst is the sub-centerwhich comprises facilitiestypically located in the town center of the traditional city but in scale with the needs of itscatchment area within the district or residentialneighborhood. Thesecond is the urban form of the sub-centerwhich duplicatesthe linear form of the overall plan.
35 THESTREET One of the design elements in the plan of Sadat City isthe
street.The plan consistsof a hierarchy of five types of streets:
1. Theregional highway, 2. Theprimary street--centralspines and boulevards,3. Secondary streets--districtspines, 4. Neighborhood streets,and 5. Local streets--eachwith a different width, right of way, and predetermined traffic capacity. In an effort to increase pedestrian use, arcades are provided along the central spinesand the primary arterials;however, the linearityof the plan worksagainst this
THE REGIONAL HIGHWAY effort. Thelinear quality produces an elongated rather than THE PRIMARY STREET enclosed plan layout which may not be favorable for THE SECONDARYSTREET
THE NEIGHBORHOOD STREET walking--acrucial activity to the familiarityand association THELOCAL STREET. with the environment
36 Thecity pattern of SadatCity ischaracterized by the
repetitionof a stratifiedsystem of streets.For every street type there isanother identicalone arrangedin the same
orderof placementthroughout the neighborhood.This pattern isthe resultof an approach to accommodatethe complex movementsystem of transportationmodes: the automobile,public transportor bicyclesin a systematically orderedgrid-like pattern to allowfor order and efficiencyof movement.
Withthis quality of a repetitivesystem of identicalstreets, a pattern arrangementof identicalneighborhood modules emerged,reducing the opportunityfor visualvariety. Physicaldifferences between neighborhoodsbecome difficultto discernbecause neighborhood character islost. In the traditionalcity, on the otherhand, one way
37 neighborhoodquarters were differentiatedwas through streetspace. Despitecommon technologyand materials usedin producingbuildings similar in height,form, texture and color, visualvariety was made possiblethrough irregularities and convexitiesin the streetspace.
If we place an imaginarysquare at the appropriatescale on a plan of the traditionalcity, we frame an area not necessarilyrepresentative, in physicalqualities, of the overall
I, It plan. Withinthe imaginarysquare we will includea I I maximumvariety of streettypes or buildingtypes-a market or a mosque,or perhapsboth. In contrast I I I IoII 'l il to this,a square li II ERi 1 placed on a plan of SadatCity will,with minimaladjustment, framea modulerepresentative of the whole-with exact i i|I 11I7 physicalqualities of streetand buildingtypes. Forexample, -I+-+++-t- I ---- +- 42. considerthe two neighborhoodmodules shown. Eachof 42.
38 the identical neighborhoodmodules not only contains identicalstreets and buildingsbut isalso defined by an identicalspatial relationship to the other. One can easily imaginethe difficultyin differentiatingneighborhoods, which isfurther magnified by buildingshaving similar architectural treatments. w Thevisual experience for the pedestrianalong the long wide streetis different from the visualexperience of those
ridingin motorizedvehicles. Thelong and wide street,while convenientfor busor automobile traffic,does not provide
the pedestrianwith articulatedspaces to breakits linearity.
I i I I l iI
39 THEBUILDING Articulationof the linearspine can be visuallyinteresting for the passers-byand creates acharacter and an identityfor the city. Accordingto the proposedplan, the passenger experiencealong the centralspine is perhapsenhanced
by itsvariety and diversity.Movements from one place to another give the passengera definite senseof change and progression.Different public buildingsencountered along
the wayprovide points of referenceand orientation.Two water towers,for example,form a symbolicgateway entranceinto the city fromthe DesertRoad.
47.
40 Thestadium in the SportsCenter, proposed for a future phase of the plan, provides aphysical landmark in the pattern of the city and enables the automobile driver or passengerto identify their location in the city. However, 48. these "nodes" areprobably better experienced while
moving in an automobile because it takes lesstime to travel
by automobile from the city entrance--the water towers gateway to the SportCenter and thus, creates an opportunity for more nodes to be experienced in a shorter period of time. In other words,the extreme visualvariations experienced in the circulation pattern providethe passengerwith a senseof cohesivenessand give character to the spine.
Forthe pedestrian,the visual experience is different. Visual variations or dominant "nodes"along the spine are introduced at intervalsnot likelyto be reached by the
pedestrian in an average walk. Since it takes a greater
amount of time to reach "nodes" they are lesslikely to be encountered andthus, visual variations withinthe fabric are
not experienced. The emphasisin the design of Sadat City
has been on generating an urban pattern that allows and facilitates movementsand the distributionof functions. Major town facilities,typically found in a clusterform in traditional cities, are now distributedin a linear form along the spine.
In contrast to the concentric-likeform of the traditional city
I i I I and its pedestrianorientation, the urban form of Sadat City is determined by the transportation systemand is suited more
for the automobile. As discussed,the linearityof Sadat City impedes number of points the pedestrian LL the focal can III experience. Its central spine is bisected by equally spaced 49.
42 secondary spinesand arterialsserving equal functions and zoneson either side. The absence of a town center-where major servicescan clusterwithin a compact diameter--isa quality which elicitsthe useof the automobile. Due to the
linear form of the city, pedestriansare compelled to use motorizedvehicles rather than walk; further decreasing contact with the built environmentand thus reducing the familiaritywith it.
URBANSPACE Alienation and disorientation have been associated with urban spaces in new built environments. Thesystem of urban spaces in Sadat City is fragmented by the circulation pattern and the many specializedbuilding types. According to the proposed plan of Sadat City, the interaction of urban
spacesto building massesis not established. Along the
43 central spine of the city, urban space is not articulated to reinforce variations and diversity. Although the pedestrian arcade incorporated along the spine is a desirable quality, forthe most part buildings proposed forthis area stand as objects in space rather than part of an overall fabric. There
existsno spatial relationshipto an overall structureof urban
space. Forexample, spaces offered to the Cultural 50. Complex and the Science Center appear to be arbitrary and secondary to the proposed buildingsof the linear street.
Consequently,the urban spaces in the city are fragmented
by the hierarchyand repetition of the street pattern. This pattern produces island-likeblocks resultingin generic open spaces rather than urban spaces.
44 ForSadat City, the systemof urban spaces can be brought to interact with the city's variousparts--streets and buildings- through well designed urban spaces--spacesthat are part
of the streetsand the buildings. Thisimplies that urban space
as well as street space be continuous and proportionate to the street wall--the buildings; but does not suggestdesigning narrow streetsto resembletraditional cities. Rather,suggests
usingsome proportion of scale at the city level as well as its individualparts.
Spatial character and associationwith the context can be created by a clear hierarchy of urban spaces,appropriate streetto building proportion, and differentiationin street patterns and urban space relationships,and thereby "humanize" the systematic approach.
45 tU-
PARTIli : YANBU
46 BACKGROUND Yanbuis a newindustrial town in SaudiArabia, located on
the RedSea 11kilometer southeast of the original settlement of Yanbu. It isthe secondindustrial town afterJubail in Saudi
Arabiabut the firstin the region(outside Saudi Arabia) in
termsof targetpopulation (150,000) and scaleof itsindustrial
production. Yanbuwas plannedas an industrialization strategyto diversifythe economic baseof the country over
a 30 year period. Its immediategoal wasto
R"d S' accommodate the petrochemicalindustry and provide residence forthe Saudiswho will workin the industrial complex (as well as temporaryresidences for foreign workers).
Yanbu'scity formwas determinedby factors
unprecedentedin the traditionalcity. Itsrationale is best
47 expressedby thosewho were involvedin its design. HowardMcKee and WilliamDenke, planner and consultant
fromSkidmore Owings & Merrilland R.M.Parson Co. wrote about Yanbu:
Thechosen form of Yanbuarose directly from a set of functionaland organizationalprincipals at the outset:One, locate industrialuses to coordinate efficientport facilities.Two, reserve infrastructure corridorsthat can develop incrementallyto respond to phasedbuild-out ofindustry. Three, reserve buffer zone aroundindustry to ensureenvironmental protectionof adjacent usesparticularly residential. Four,locate communityupwind of industryand take climaticfactors into account. Five,incorporate culturaland socialfactors into the design.Six, provideflexibility within the communityplan in orderto easilyadopt to changing populationmixes and alternativemethods of development.(12 )
48 THEPLAN
TheYanbu Plan incorporates both modernand traditional designelements in itsnew built environment.The Plan is divided in two distinctareas--the community area and the industrialcomplex separated by a large green belt of land
(buffer)--eachwith a specializeduse incompatible with the other. Theindustrial complex consists solely of industryand its related activities.There are no residential,commercial, publicor governmentalservices in thiszone; its land isfor purelyutilitarian purposes. That being the case,the purposes of thisthesis will bestbe servedif the focusin thissection (Yanbu)remains primarily on the communityarea and its relatedfunctions and activitiesas a representationof the potentialcity fabric.
49 Thecommunity area liesnorthwest of the industrialcomplex and encompassesthe town center--commercial,institutional
and cultural facilities.The planning grid systematically divides the spaceinto identical neighborhoodmodules measuring
1.4x 1.4kilometer; each neighborhoodmodule is subdividedinto smallermodules withinwhich landis
separatedinto individualplots varying in size.The circulation patternwithin each moduleis somewhat varied. Thelarger module'slayout includes facilities similar to those proposed for the town center and make each modulean
independentunit with itsown sub-center.Each module consistsof the following functions: - Elementaryand secondary school - Mosque 58.J - Commercial - Municipal services
50 - Socialwelfare and medical clinic
- Culturalcenter
- Open space
- Villas,townhouses and apartment buildings
Thedivision of the overallplan into smallerequal neighborhoodmodules, each with identical independent facilities--sub-centers--isa clear contrastto the traditionalcity and diminishesthe significanceof the town center as the focal pointfor the city as a whole. Inthe traditionalcity, the area fromwhich the town center drew itspopulation--
catchment area--encompassedthe entirecity. The catchmentarea of Yanbu'stown center is eitherequal to or smallerthan the catchmentareas of othermodules in the plan.
51 As a result,the town center of Yanbumay loseprominence
in the urbanscapedue to itsrival, the sub-center.Although convenientlylocated for inhabitantsand commercial enterprises,the sub-centerreinforces divisions--separating peoplefrom interactingin theirdaily activitieswith people otherthan thoseusing the samesub-center. Because each modulecontains facilities similar to thoseof the town center- differing onlyin the scaleof services-inhabitantsare inclined to usethem as their primarysource for services.
Consequently,instead of acting as a supplementto the town center, thesub-center detracts from and competes ]f7, with the town center; they might be moreappropriately
termed mini-towncenters. Forexample, the Jumma II I Mosque(the central mosque)in the town center no longer hasthe same prominencein the urbanscape. The
52 systematicdistribution of mosquesthroughout the neighborhood modules diminishesthe quality of
prominence that Jumma Mosquespossessed as well as the
senseof orientation toward the town center typical in the traditional city. Walkingto the town center for a prayer in the Jumma Mosquemay be replaced by a prayer at the
mosque within the neighborhood sub-center. These unresolvedtensions between the prominence of the town center and sub-centersin the neighborhood modules may
decrease the usersassociation with the town center. As individuals' use of the town center decreases so does their familiaritywith one another, further reducing social contacts beyond the neighborhood.
53 THESTREET
Thescale and proportion of the streetsin Yanbu reflect modern qualitiesof automobile use rather than traditional qualitiesof pedestriancirculation. The community plan of Yanbu is characterized by a complex circulation hierarchy.
Themajor street pattern consistsof the Jeddha-Yanbu Highway--themajor spine connecting the community and industrialcomplex; the coastal road along the waterfront; the arterial roads defining the residentialmodules; the residentialstreets through the residentialmodules; and cul- de-sacs.
Although the hierarchyof streetsis clearly distinguishablefor
automobile users,it isconfusing to the pedestrian due to E CPIC similaritiesin streetwidths. Forexample, the arterial streetsin ±C3J C I the periphery of neighborhoods have the same width--right
54 of way and are repeated throughout the plan. Thewidth of
these streetsis often exaggerated because it is based on predicted future traffic volume ratherthan currenttraffic volume.
The proportion of these streetsis exaggerated by the width
__ of sidewalks and the setbacks of buildings from the property
lines. In addition to the already wide streets,sidewalks along the streetare often wider than needed; in fact, some sidewalksin Yanbu are wider than some streetsin the
traditionalcity. Thisquality of widthis further amplified because buildingsdo not abut the street space forming its "edge" as they did in the traditional city; instead, they are set back each at an equal distance from the edge of the sidewalk--pedestrianwalk--forming a front yard setback
16 meters 63. space. Forinstance, if a street--itsright of way--is
55 wide, added to that the sidewalkwidth and setback
distance,its width may increasetwo-fold.
Thestreet in Yanbuis not an organizingelement for the major
buildings. The street becomes: "... a traffic machine; ... a
sortof factoryfor producingspeed traffic".(13) Insteadof majorbuildings clustering around a commoncirculation element--thestreet, they stand as objects alonein the urbanscape separatedby the streetsrather than unifiedby them. In contrast,major buildings such as mosquesor marketsin the town centerof the traditionalcity, though looselydistributed withinthe fabric, relatedto a common movementsystem--the street, and therefore,to each other.
56 THEBUILDING
Aspreviously discussed in PartI, at the largerscale, the layout of the traditionalcity containedno moduleswith similar physicalqualities. Though haras or residentialquarters may have containedthe same buildingtypes or some mixed
uses,the physicalfabric of haraswas not usuallythe same.
Forexample, dissimilarity between neighborhoodsresulted, in part, frombuilding encroachment on streetspace. Since
there were no rulesdictated by a formalauthority to limitthe encroachmenton street space (absence ofsetbacks regulation),neighborhood walls, buildings and widthsof streetsvaried from streetto street--creatingvisual variety and character.
Thedistribution of major buildingsin the town center of Yanbu issimilar to the distributionof majorbuildings in the town
57 centerof the traditionalcity, but differentfrom it in two
aspects;the firstis the degree of physicaland spatial importanceof buildings;the secondis the structuring elementin the plan. In the traditionalcity the structuring elementof the plan was usuallythe streetspace. In Yanbu's town center,however, the buildingis the structuringelement.
The RoyalCommission Headquarter building appearsas an importantelement in the plan of the town center-defined bythe circulationpattern and with the naturaledge of the man-madeharbor. TheJumma Mosque, on the other hand,while visually prominent in scaleand height,is spatially undefined. Thespatial organization around the mosque-- the urbanspace--is not interactivewith the massof the
Mosque.The Mosque's location is not withinthe fabric, rather,
it isat itsboundaries.
58 THEURBAN SPACE Spacesare either open or enclosed--aspace without a senseof enclosureor a space enclosedby wallsor defined by objects. A town surroundedby mountains,for example, will have a senseof space differentfrom a town located in I , 0.0 an open field.
69. In the traditionalcity, opennesswas eitherbeyond the city wallsor separate greenareas that acted as green belts
aroundthe urbanmass. (14)
-~ ~~ I _ -- In Yanbuspaces along thecoastal road and the town center are open spaces. Thegrid pattern intersectingthe waterfrontedge and the coastal roadcreates triangular shapedspaces surrounding the urban fabric of the city.
Thoughthey are desirableas greenareas, they are not
59 interactiveelements and act more as a visualrecess from the coastalroad than a spatial definitionof the city form.
Thegreen area or bufferzone in Yanbuis a spacewhich
servesmore as a symbolicwall than an open space. Like the wall whichsurrounded the traditionalcity, the bufferzone separatesthe communityfrom an incompatibleuse--the industrialcomplex-protecting it frompotential harmful effects.
One major sourceof discontentwith the modern built environmentis the lack of a well designedsystem of open spaces,especially urbanspaces. Withnew townscame the elementof untreatedspace--void of any spatialor physical
treatments.To those who adapted themselvesto the
60 closelywoven fabric of the traditionalcity, suchan openness is discomfortingand alien.
Becausethe streetswere so narrowand the buildingsmost
often formedits "edge", socialinteraction in the streetwas inevitable.An individualmoving in the traditionalcity street was part of the immediatesurrounding fabric, not justmoving throughit. Thescale of the streetwall formingthe "edge" of the traditionalcity streetreflected thescale of the courtyard
wall and as such,created for the pedestriana senseof
61 familiarityand cohesiveness.The street provided a common urban space where people converged or gatheredto socializeas well as providinga meansto get fromone place to another. Bycontrast, the wide streetswith wide sidewalksand spatialsetbacks in Yanbucreate physicaldistance that separatespeople and places rather than connectingthem. Thestreet is usedprimarily as a meansof travel--atraffic route--ratherthan an urbanspace.
Discontentwith untreatedspaces--those having no associationwith activity--isoften reflectedin the way inhabitantsuse them. Spaceswith no senseof purpose, undesignatedor untreatedspaces, often timesreflect
undesirableuses. Forexample, spacesbetween housing
blocksor along streetspace may be usedas a refuse
location or a storagespace. Thesespaces are not,
62 however, as critics often suggest, the resultof incorporating modern elements and the failure of the transformed built environmentsof new towns. Rather,they resultfrom the failure to recognize that spaces have three-dimensional qualities,just as the buildingssurrounding them, but are often not manipulated to interact with other physical elements such as the streetsor the buildings.
Theurban structureof Yanbu offersan opportunity to provide a clear urban form. Itsconcentric-like town form can increase pedestrianfamiliarity withthe town center and its neighborhood modules. This,however, suggeststhat a clearly establishedspatial orderto the buildings needsto be incorporated in the town center. The modules generated by the grid also allow each module the opportunity to achieve an identity and character. The uniform height of
63 buildingsat the perimeterof the modulesand along the residentialroads creates an "edge" definingthe streetin a way similarto the quartersof the traditionalcity. Sincethese buildingsare relativelyhigher than the otherbuildings within the module(except for the mosques),a symbolicwall is _ 1- looselyformed around the neighborhoodmodule--
providingvisual variations within it. Thischaracteristic of the neighborhoodmodule in Yanburesembles the quarter of
F: T- LIJ the traditionalcity.
64 CONCLUSION
65 In designing new towns for the region, as planners and architects, we need to examine the traditional city and learn from itsqualities. To use SigfriedGiedions's advice:
I .. . uncover for our own age vital interrelationswith the past. . . by searching out aspectswhich are significantconcerns of our own period and thus offer insightsinto the moving processof life".(15) Thetraditional city had distinct physical qualitiesassociated with it. Throughtime, the street,the buildingand the urban space of the traditional city were molded to fit the needs
79. and lifestyleof those who inhabited it. Theoverall city form of
the traditional city resembled its individualparts. To usethe analogy of a house: like a house,the traditional city was enclosed by walls; like a house,it was separated into rooms-
-the buildings;like a house, the rooms are connected by corridorsand organized around a court yard--the streets and the urban spaces.
66 /',Wj Becauseof such responsiveness,these elementsachieved qualitiesthat relatedthem to the humanscale and experience.
Fromthe previousparts I have shownthat plannersof the new towns,Sadat City and Yanbu,have not necessarily heeded Giedions'sadvice and incorporated physical qualitiesof thetraditional city intothe Plans. Thedesign of thesetowns, more often than not, hasbeen executed through aproblem-solving approach; one that only
resolvesfunctional and programmaticissues. For example, in resolvingthe movementpattern-transportation channels- in the designof SadatCity, the transportationsystem becomesthe soledeterminant of the town structurewith little or no regardfor the pedestrianexperience. And when attempts intendedto incorporatequalities of the traditional 82.
67 city in the design of these towns are made, they are often compromised for the sake of other overriding concepts,
such as the linear or the grid plan in the design of Sadat City.
SADATCITY
Sadat City has been designed based on a linear concept.
Thecentral spineof the city forming the town center accommodates the major town facilities. Two problems
resultwith the use of this concept; the firstis the lack of a compact town center. Thesecond isthe lack of focal points appropriate for the pedestrian. The linear form lacked the necessaryspatial articulation for the pedestrian scale. Focal points,when introduced, were at regular intervalsand were either too far apart or did not contribute any visualvariation to the spine.
68 Lack of variation in the neighborhood modules of Sadat City was also discussed. Systematicallyarranged along the central spine, the neighborhood modules are identical in sizeand character. Theycontain facilities similarto those of the town center and the district spines,and therefore reduce the prominence of the town center.
YANBU
Theoverall plan of Yanbu has achieved qualitiesthat both contribute to and diminishthe town center's prominence in the urbanscape. Contributingto the quality of Yanbu, the new elements of the man-made harbor and the waterfront complement the concentric-like plan. Instead of an internallyoriented town center, as existedin the traditional city, the town center of of Yanbu opens uptoward the
landscape--the Red Sea. The harbor, therefore, provides a
69 focal point for both the town center and the community as a whole.
85. Yanbu'splan is more sympathetic to the pedestrian scale.
Theconcentric-like plan is self-contained and allows for maximum flexibilityto accommodate pedestrian circulation and movement. Because of such a quality, the plan of Yanbu, specifically the town center, has the potential to bring
about familiaritiesand associationto itsfabric. However,
such assets to the overall plan and the town center are undermined by Yanbu's independent neighborhood modules which compete for a prominence with the town center.
86.
An important difference between the urban structureof new towns, especiallythat of Yanbu, and the urban structureof
70 the traditionalcity isthe predeterminedpurpose of the town.
Different purposesgenerate different city form. The
traditionalcity evolvedas a resultof unplannedbut
informallycoordinated efforts of itsinhabitants over many generations.There was usuallyno predeterminedpurpose
or fixed plan for the city and therefore,its form is considered
natural. ForYanbu, onthe otherhand, the priority setwas 4 geared toward developing a specializedindustry which demandedorder different from that of the traditionalcity. In the traditionalcity, specializationwas by product. Light industrysuch as shoe makersor craftsmenwere able to operate andproduce their productin buildingswithin the urbanfabric. Furthermore,simple production facilities or shopswithin the neighborhoodarose from a need for the communityto have suchfacilities, rather than as a resultof a
plannedaction by an outsideauthority. Forexample,
71 individualsof a particularneighborhood, remote from the town center, may recognizea specificcommunity need and establisha specificenterprise--i.e. commercial
enterprisesuch as a bakeryshop or grocerystore--to serve
the needsof that particularneighborhood. The catchment area of suchan enterprisewas usuallysmaller than the catchmentarea of the towncenter and thusnever underminedthe prominenceand the commercialvitality of the town center. On the other hand, the high degreeof specializationin processrather than in productresulted in a segregationof uses. Specializationof somenew townslike Yanbumakes it necessaryto segregateland useswhich are incompatiblewith the livingenvironment.
Specializedindustry is a modernelement that needsto be accommodatedfor in the designof an overallstructure of
72 newtowns. Theurban structure-i.e. thegrid and circulation networks--needsto be flexibleto accommodate light and heavyindustry; the same structuremust also have abuilt-in
adaptive capacity for other uses. Lightindustry can be integratedwithin the overallfabric if itis compatible with living conditions. Heavyindustry, however, should be segregated
fromthe livingareas, but stillpart of the overallurban structure.
Theurban structure of the new town needsto anticipatethe possiblefuture disappearanceof heavyindustry (in favor of a different economic base) and be capable of absorbing futurechanges of useand expansionand growthof the new
town. Historyhas shown that economictransition is possible. In time,Saudi Arabia may shift from the industrialization phasetoward a post-industrialphase perhapsrendering 89.
73 heavyindustry obsolete and demandinga differenturban structure.
Theuse of the automobileis another modernelement that needsto be accommodated for in the designof the urban
structureof newtowns. The urban structure of new town needsto strikea balance between planningfor the automobileand designingfor the pedestrianexperience. It isthis kind of balance that re-establishesthe long forgotten architect-plannerrole in designingcities.
Specializedindustry, segregated land usesand the introductionof automobileresulted in the application ofa functional andsystematic approach in the designof new
towns. Forthat reason,there is a need to apply a different approach.
74 THEAPPROACH A responsiveapproach to bringqualities of the traditional
city to new townsdoes notsuggest an application or useof historicalprecedents, nor doesit imply astyle pertaining to somearchitectural revivalism or compromisingpractical standards--i.e.safe circulation,ease of access,etc. of the moderncity. Rather,it isan approachthat relatesthe built environmentof new townsto the humanscale and experience. In this respecta responsiveapproach needs to deal with the designof new townsat two levels;at the largerscale, the city as a whole,and at the smallerscale, the city's individualparts--i.e. neighborhood module or its urban space.
At the largerscale, the designapproach needsto consider the appropriate plan concept and the appropriate
75 treatment for that concept. Theconcentric-like plan generally representsa suitable solutionfor a town plan in the
region. Thelinear city, in contrast,will not surviveand remain linear in form, the dynamic forces of growth and expansion will favor one focal point along the spine at which maximum
stresswill be experienced resultingin a concentric form of
city. (16) The concentric-like form is easily comprehended
and therefore more familiar to the users. The compactness of the plan promotes pedestrian circulation and movement.
Forexample, major facilities in the town center are within walking distance and cluster around each other allowing
movement from one place to another on foot. As a result, there is more contact with the environmentand thus,
familiaritywith it. Sincethe central focus of the plan isthe town center, the streetscan converge and diverge to constitutethe structuringelement for the surrounding
76 neighborhoods.Such a plan formsa clear urbanprofile expressiveof the buildinghierarchy of the town--alower profileat the perimeterand gradually steppingup toward the town center.
At the smallerscale, aresponsive design approach needs to considerthe designof the street,the buildingand urban space in the planningof new towns.
THESTREET
Unlikethe streetin the traditionalcity, thestreet of the new town needsto accommodate the widespreaduse of the automobile. Becauseof thiswidespread use, streets in new townshave often been oversizedto meet estimatedfuture
traffic volume. Accordingly,the automobile'swidth, its size and speeddictated the scaleof the modernstreet and
77 resultedin transformingthe traditional streetinto a different street space-- a space with, seemingly,no dimension or physical qualities.
Recognizingthe implication of the automobile on the street in the new town, a responsiveapproach needs to reconsiderthe street design. To maintain pedestrian quality of the urban fabric associated with the traditional city, the automobile must be confined to the perimeter roads. For example, neighborhood parking spaces would branch out from these perimeter roads. Means of travel to and from the residentialunits would be on foot or bicycles. Also,to control the automobile impact on the street, measuresto regulate the volume of traffic and automobile use must be considered,rather than simply oversizingthe street to accommodate future traffic volume. Thereneeds to be two
78 types of streets. Thefirst type would be confined to the perimeter of the town--a highway or throughway--that would accommodate current and future traffic volume. The second type would be minimally sized to accommodate
current traffic volume. Thistype would be used for main and
95. neighborhood streetswhere maximum pedestrian circulationoccurs.
Neighborhood streetsalso need to have qualities of street wall-the buildings--thatvisually link sidesof the streetsto each other.
THEBUILDING
A responsiveapproach needs to create a clear urban form,
readily iderlifiable with a particular new town. In the town center, major buildings--whetherinstitutional or religious-- 96.
79 need to establish formhierarchy and provide identifiable focal points. Spaces and buildingsin the town center need to be organized in order of prominence so to allow familiaritywith the place.
Theurban fabric of new towns needs to have qualitiesof the traditional fabric. One element of that fabric isthe buildings.
Thebuildings in new towns need to be part of the city rather
than isolated fragments. Thebuilding's interrelation with the
restof the fabric isimportant because it confirmsthe physical connection and thus,the form and spatial continuity of the fabric. Whenever possible,buildings should form a continuousbut articulated wall for visualvariety; the building wall shouldvary from one lot to another. Buildings'
fenestrationand facade treatment would also give a sense
of a clear and articulated "edge." Theheight of this wall
80 needsto be relativelyuniform and proportionateto the widthof the street.Variations in the heightof buildingsmay occur when buildingsof prominenceare introducedinto the fabric; the buildings'spatial treatment needs to acknowledgethis prominence so to relatethe streetwall- the building-tothe streetspace.
THEURBAN SPACE Once a concept for the overallplan hasbeen established, urbanspace needsto be incorporatedfrom the startto establishits purpose as part of the urbangrid aswell as the overallstructure of the plan. Programmaticissues of adequate parkingspace and separationbetween parking and pedestrianwould be consideredin the processof designingthe space. An urbanspace can servenew towns'dual functionsif designedproperly. A compact city plan can be
dismantledby open spacesbetween itsbuildings used for automobilesurface parking. Theopen space can become urban space that servesthe pedestrianat the streetlevel through a green space and accommodates automobileparking below streetlevel.
Thedesign approach also needsto incorporatevariation and diversitythroughout the city. Oneway of achievingthis qualityis to providea coherentdesign for urban spaces- one that isintentionally planned to linkthe fabric of the city to a systemof urban spaces. Forexample, urban spaces withinthe fabric wouldcorrelate to each otherby introducingcommercial activities along pedestrianroutes leadingto theseplaces. Therefore,urban space mustbe 99.
82 considered and included during early stages of design-- when conceptualizing the overall structureof the plan.
Urbanspace must be thought of as an essential physical element and designed accordingly.
Allthree elementsdiscussed, the street,the building and the urban space should be reconsidered when designing new towns. In thisway, new towns will provide a medium for discovery and innovative solutionsto new problems of the modern city.
100.
83 ILLUSTRATIONS:
(1)TAVOLEDELLA MEMORIA (DETAIL) BY ARNALDO POMODORO. SOURCE: URBANSTRUCTURE. (2)MAP OF THEREGION. SOURCE: MARY MULLER (3)NEWTOWNS BUILT IN THEREGION REFLECT MODERN ELEMENTS UNPRECEDENTEDIN THE TRADITIONAL CITY. SOURCE: ARCHITEKTURE UND STADTGESTALTIN KAIRO. (4) & (5) THETRADITIONAL CITY FABRIC VS. THE MODERN CITY FABRIC. SOURCE: ARCHITEKTUREUND STADTGESTALTIN KAIRO. (6) THEPHYSICAL QUALITIES OF THETRADITIONAL CITY. SOURCE: THEORIES AND PRINCIPALSOF DESIGNIN THEARCHITECTURE OF ISLAMICSOCIETIES. (7)THEINTERCONNECTED FABRIC OF THETRADITIONAL CITY. SOURCE: THEORIES AND PRINCIPALSOF DESIGNIN THEARCHITECTURE OF ISLAMICSOCIETIES. (8)ARABICDESIGN. SOURCE : THEORIESAND PRINCIPALSOF DESIGNIN THE ARCHITECTUREOF ISLAMICSOCIETY. (9)THETRADITIONAL STREET. SOURCE: CRISIS IN THEBUILT ENVIRONMENT. (10)EXPRESSIONOF MODERNQUALITY. SOURCE : K. MOGASSABI (1 l)THEURBAN FABRIC OF THETRADITIONAL CITY. SOURCE: EL MADINA ELARABIA. (12)THERICHNESS OF FORM:THE TRADITIONAL CITY. SOURCE: EL- MADINA EL ARABIA. (13)THESTREET, THE BUILDING AND THEURBAN SPACE. SOURCE: ARCHITEKTURE UND STADTGESTALTIN KAIRO. (14)THESYSTEMATIC PATTERN. SOURCE: NEW AMERIYAH CITY. (15)THESYSTEMATIC GRID. SOURCE: URBAN STRUCTURE. (16)THESTREET HIERARCHY. SOURCE : ARCHITEKTUREUND STADTGESTALTIN KAIRO (17)"THE RICH FABRIC' WITHSIMPLE HIERARCHY OF STREET.SOURCE: L'URBANISME ETARCHITECTURE. (18)THESTREET AND URBANSPACE ARE ONE ELEMENT.SOURCE: ARCHITEKTURE UND STADTGESTALTIN KAIRO. (19)THETRADITIONAL STREET. SOURCE: CRISIS IN THEBUILT ENVIRONMENT. (20)APPROACHINGTHE MOSQUE. SOURCE: CRISIS IN THEBUILT ENVIRONMENT. (21)QUARTERSIN THETRADITIONAL CITY. SOURCE: SETTLEMENT IN DRY COUNTRIES. (22)SEGREGATIONOF THECOMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE COMMERCIAL QUARTERS.SOURCE ARABIC ISLAMIC CITIES.
84 HVARJd3NV M3N :3odflos Ah3SASJ.dOdSNVd1 3Hi Ag G3NIM3J13JHVqdOJ Nvgdfl(6P) 'kID3 IVQVS JO 5NINNV~d3H1 :3oJflQ *NVIS3(]3d 01 Q131V13diS3GON vflVJINIV4J HIM 3NIdSdV3NIl 3H(P)V(P) NoiiofldJSNOO Nd3ISV331GQIV'J:3ojflQs '3ZNVd1N30I1O9LAS V SV Sd3MOi dJ31VM(9P') 'AiDO iVGVS JO 5)NINNV~ld3H1 :3odfos'3NIdS 3H1 ONO1V S300N dIOfV' :dJ3jN30 NMOI dV3NI13Hi(17)' (n') ,aD iVGVS 3O 5NINNV~d :3ojflQs 'S21naov41VZli1N3GI 31V~d:D S3NIdS iDkJ1SIG 1V311NK01WO' '(a3I3laoN~ ) SNOWQNOOS)NIiSIX3 'HO]VAR :3odnos 'NMOi M3N 'SAAi[D 1VNOiIC]VdiNO 3dvflosAdVNIE)VV4 NV(Zt?)V([t?) AD IVGVS JO 1N MJO13AKC 3H :3odflOS'i3HdS 3O V431SAS3t'J1Il3d3ai 3HI(Ot' *aID iVGVS 30 S)NINNV~ld3H1 :3DdflOS *133d1S 1VO1 3H1(INV 133d1SGO0OHdOgHI3N 3H1 'i3diS AdVQINO:D3S 3Hi.'133diSAdVV~idd 3H1 'AVMHEIH IVNOI53d 3HI :AH~dVd3IH133dlS 3Hi(60) 'AIID IVGIVSJO IN3AMO13AJQ 3Hi :3dfOS 'Sd31N30~DIJ.SIG-Sd31N33 Nmoi-9flS HIM S3NIdS1IcICKa90) 'AiDO ivavs JO 5NINNV~d 3H1:3oJflQ5 *S3NIdS iC)diSIG JO NV~d 3H1(L0 'aID iVGVS JO 5NINNV~d 3H1:33oJfl '3NIdSE3RISIG JO NV~d1IVJ3G(9,C) 'AIDOIVGVS JO 5NINNVld 3H1:3c)~Jfl AdO3 dV3NI13H1(91C) 3dfMfionds Nvadfl :33ojfloJ'SV4J31SAS IN3N~3AON~ JO NOISS3ddX310VdIS9V NV&1)'2 (CC) IGVSSVE)ON'A: 3odos 'dVN NOIIVOOI(ZI) 'AilD IV(JVS JO 5)NINNV~d 3H1:3o3djl()s'AID iva vs( it 'iN] VNNOdIAN3 iiing 3H1NI SISdD :3odjfos 'A33dS 3HI JO AIIVIJA (INV SS3NiflJ3SOddfld(O0) I9VSSVE)OV'A: 3odflos '30~VdSGidVAidflooSI3133d 30VdS 133dJ1S(6Z) 's3c oivqJviSt oi8vdv :3oilos '3flosoNA 3HI JO 33DVdSNvadfl3H1(9K) 'ViaVdJV 13 VNIGVAJ-13: 3odifos '30VdS GdwiVdnoc 3Hi S1333d 33DVdS133MJS(L) 'SNOIIIGNOO5NIiSIX3 'HOVARI:3:Jfl()s 'SI1VM HeflOdHl CG3103NNO3iNI 3d3M S3:DVdSNvedl (INV SE)NIGIfl9a(9w) 'iN3LANOUiAN3a11fl 3H1NI SISIdZD:3odflOS 'AID 1VNOIIJG]Vdi3H1 :SIIVM(gz) '30VdS Nv8aJfl3H1(INV 133dS 3H(Z) 'VIGVdJV13 VNIaVL'4-13: 3~dflos'INIOd IVcDOJ SV 3flOsoN~3H(Z) (50)PEDESTRIANARCADES NEED SPATIAL ARTICULATION. SOURCE: THE DEVELOPMENTOF SADATCITY. (51)CLEARHIERARCHY OF URBANSPACE TO HUMANIZETHE SYSTEMATIC APPROACH.SOURCE: K. MOGASSABI (52)THEURBAN FORM OF YANBU.SOURCE: NEW TOWNS WORLD WIDE (53)THETOWN CENTER WITH MAN-MADE HARBOR. SOURCE: MIDDLE EASTERN CONSTRUCTION. (54)&(55)THEPLAN OF YANBU.SOURCE: YANBU ANNUAL REPORT. (56)THECOMMUNITY AREA. SOURCE: YANBU INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX. (57)THENEIGHBORHOOD MODULE. SOURCE: NEW TOWN WORLD WIDE. (58)DETAILOF NEIGHBORHOODMODULE. SOURCE: NEW TOWN WORLD WIDE. (59)SUB-CENTERSCOMPETING WITH THE TOWN CENTER. SOURCE: URBAN STRUCTURE. (60)DISTRIBUTIONOF MOSQUESWITHIN THE FABRIC. SOURCE: NEW TOWNS WORLDWIDE. (61)SUB-CENTERSREDUCE SOCIAL CONTACT BEYOND THE NEIGHBORHOOD. SOURCE:TOWN CENTERS,PLANNING AND RENEWAL. (62)VARIATIONOF CIRCULATIONPATTERN. SOURCE: NEW TOWNS WORLD WIDE. (63)STREETPROPORTION IS EXAGGERATED BY STREET WIDTH , SIDEWALK AND SET BACKS.SOURCE: K. MOGASSABI (64)THESTREET ISNO LONGERAN ORGANIZINGELEMENT. SOURCE: YANBU ANNUALREPORT. (65)VARIETYIN QUARTERSDUE TO BUILDINGSENCROACHMENT. SOURCE: RIYADH, EXISTINGCONDITIONS. (66)BUILDINGENCROACHMENT ON STREETSPACE. SOURCE: CRISIS IN THEBUILT ENVIRONMENT. (67)THEBUILDING IS THE STRUCTURING ELEMENT IN THEPLAN. SOURCE:YANBU ANNUALREPORT. (68)THESPATIAL ORGANIZATION IS UNDEFINED.SOURCE: NEW TOWNS WORLD WIDE. (69)OPENBUT NOT AN URBANSPACE. SOURCE: NEW TOWNS WORLD WIDE. (70)OPENVS. URBANSPACE ALONG THE COASTAL ROAD. SOURCE: NEW TOWNS WORLDWIDE. (71)THE GREENSPACE OF THEBUFFER ZONE ACTS AS A SYMBOLICWALL. SOURCE: YANBUINDUSTRIAL COMPLEX.
86 (72)THESTREET WALL: THE TRADITIONAL CITY. SOURCE: CRISIS OF THEBUILT ENVIRONMENT. (73)UNTREATEDSPACE. SOURCE: CRISIS IN THEBUILT ENVIRONMENT. (74)THESTREET SPACE REFLECTED THE HOUSE COURTYARD. SOURCE: ALBENA 5 (75)THESTREET AS A MEANSOF TRAVEL.SOURCE: YANBU ANNUAL REPORT (76)UNTREATEDSPACE:NEW TOWNS. SOURCE: CRISIS IN THEBUILT ENVIRONMENT. (77)A SYMBOLICWALL LIKEIS LOOSELYFORMED AROUND NEIGHBORHOOD. SOURCE:NEW TOWNS WORLD WIDE. (78)TAVOLEDELLA MEMORIA (DETAIL) BY ARNALDO POMODORO. SOURCE: URBANSTRUCTURE. (79)DISTINCTIVEPHYSICAL QUALITIES OF THETRADITIONAL CITY. SOURCE: ARCHITEKTUREUND STADTGESTALTIN KAIRO. (80)THECITY AS A HOUSE.SOURCE: EL- MADINA EL ARABIA. (81)THERESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENT. SOURCE: CRISIS IN THEBUILT ENVIRONMENT (82)THEFUNCTIONAL SOLUTION. SOURCE: ARCHITEKTURE UND STADTGESTALTIN KAIRO. (83)THELINEAR CONCEPT OF SADATCITY. SOURCE: THE PLANNING OF SADAT CITY. (84)THETOWN CENTER OPENS UP TO THEHARBOR. SOURCE:THE PLANNING OF SADATCITY. (85)YANBU'SPLAN IS MORESYMPATHETIC TO THEPEDESTRIAN SCALE. SOURCE TOWNCENTERS, PLANNING AND RENEWAL. (86)THECONCENTRIC PLAN BRINGS FAMILIARITIES AND ASSOCIATION.SOURCE: TOWNCENTERS, PLANNING AND RENEWAL. (87)SPECIALIZEDINDUSTRY. SOURCE: YANBU ANNUAL REPORT. (88)SHOPSIN THEURBAN FABRIC DID NOTCOMPETE WITH THE TOWN CENTER: THE TRADITIONALCITY. SOURCE: CRISIS IN THEBUILT ENVIRONMENT. (89)THEURBAN STRUCTURE NEEDS TO ANTICIPATEFUTURE DISAPPEARANCE OF THESEINDUSTRY. SOURCE: YANBU INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX. (90)SPECIALIZEDINDUSTRY. SOURCE: YANBU ANNUAL REPORT. (91)A HARMONIOUSAPPROACH. SOURCE: THE CITY OF TO-MORROW. (92)CONCENTRIC-LIKEPLAN REPRESENT A SUITABLE SOLUTION TO NEWTOWNS IN THEREGION. SOURCE: K. MOGASSABI (93)THEMODERN STREET. SOURCE: YANBU ANNUAL REPORT (94)THEAUTOMOBILE NEEDS TO BECONFINED TO THEPERIMETER FOR A PEDESTRIANCITY. SOURCE: TOWN CENTERS, PLANNING AND RENEWAL.
87 (95)TWOTYPES OF STREETSARE NEEDEDIN NEWTOWN DESIGN. SOURCE:TOWN CENTERS,PLANNING AND RENEWAL. (96)THERENEED TO BEA FORMHIERARCHY OF BUILDINGSIN THETOWN CENTER. SOURCE:K. MOGASSABI (97)THEREIS A NEEDFOR VARIATION BUT WITH SPATIAL CONTINUITY. SOURCE: ARCHITEKTUREUND STADTGESTALTIN KAIRO (98)URBANSPACE NEEDS TO BEA PRIORITYIN THEDESIGN OF NEWTOWNS. SOURCE:K. MOGASSABI (99)THEDESIGN APPROACH NEEDS TO INCORPORATEVARIATION AND DIVERSITY THROUGHOUTTHE CITY. SOURCE: RIYADH, EXISTING CONDITIONS. (100)SOURCE:K. MOGASSABI
88 REFERENCES:
(1) ErvinGalantay, New Towns:Antiquity to the Present( New York:George BrazillerInc.,1975) p. 2. (2) Ibid., p.l. (3) Id.
(4) LewisMumford, The City In History(New York:Harcourt, Brace and World,Inc. 1961)p. 87.
(5) D. 1.Scargill, The Form of Cities (New York:St. Martin's Press,1979) p.194.
(6) Ibid.,p. 192. (7) Id. (8) Id.
(9) Ibid.,p. 193.
(10) Ibid.,p. 183.
(11) The Sadat City PlanningStudy Group, The Development of Sadat City (Cairo: TheMinistry of Housingand Reconstruction,1978) p.1.
89 (12) Howard Mckee and William Denke "TheRealities of a PlannedIndustrial City-Yanbu, Saudi Arabia",NewTownsWorld Wide, E.Y. Galantay and A.K Constadseand T. Ohba (The Netherlands: InternationalFederation for Housingand Planning, 1985)p. 279.
(13) Le Corbusier,The City of To-Morrowand Its Planning (Cambridge:M.I.T. Press, 1971) p. 131.
(14) F. Verliuz,"Traditional Architecture of the Desert", Albeena,Vol. 4, No. 23/24, 1985June/Sept., p. 90-104.
(15) SigfriedGiedion, quoted in New Towns:Antiquity to the Present (New York: George Brazilier,Inc., 1975) Preface.
(16)C. A. Doxiadis,"On Linear Cities," in UrbanStructure, David Lewis(New York:John Wiley& Sons,Inc., 1968) pp. 49-51.
90 BIBLIOGRAPHY:
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Constandse,A. K and E.Y. Galantay and T.Ohba, New TownsWorld-Wide, International Federation ForHousing and Planning,The Netherlands, 1985.
Galantay, ErvinY., New Towns:Antiquity to the Present, George Braziller,Inc., 1975.
Lapidus,Ira M., Middle EasternCities, University of California Press,Berkeley and LosAngeles, 1969.
Le Corbusier,The City of To-Morrow,(English Translation) M.I.T. Press,Cambridge, 1971.
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Mumford,Lewis, The City In History,Harcourt, Brace and World,Inc., New York,1961.
91 Sadat City PlanningStudy Group, ThePlanning of Sadat City, Ministryof Housingand Reconstruction,Advisory Committee for Reconstruction,Egypt, Vol. I Feb.1977, Vol. Il Sept. 1977.
Sadat City PlanningStudy Group, TheDevelopment of Sadat City, Ministryof Housingand Reconstruction,Egypt 1978.
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92