Sustainable Development and Management of Water Resources in West Nile Delta, Egypt

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 11, November-2014 ISSN 2229-5518 1296

Safaa M. Soliman(1), Mohamed k.Fattah and Mohamed Gad Ahmed(2) (1) Institute for Groundwater, National Water Research Center, El Kanter El Khairia, Kalubia, Egypt. ( 2) Environmental Studies and Research Institute, University of Sadat city, Egypt.

Corresponding author Dr. Mohamed k.Fattah, Environmental Studies and Research Institute, University of Sadat city, Egypt, E-mail [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Egypt is a hyper arid country with limited water resources and less than 5% of its physical area inhabited due to the limitations on water resources in terms of rates and distribution. The major source of fresh water comes from the Nile, being fixed at 55.5 billion m3/year. The second source of water is groundwater available from both renewable and nonrenewable aquifer systems with a maximum sustainable potential of about 15 billion m3/year. However, due to its wide distribution, groundwater is considered main source of fresh water for both rural and agriculture supplies. During the last two decades, land reclamation projects and community settlements took place in many regions, including the West Nile delta. Some have been based on surface water diversions from the Nile (e.g. South El Tahrir, New Ameriya, El Nubariya and El Bustan) while others are totally dependent on local groundwater withdrawals (e.g. El Sadat city, Wadi el Natrun and Wadi el Farigh).

The study area of this research is a part of the western Nile Delta. It is located on the right side of the Cairo-Alexandria desertIJSER road, limited by latitudes 30º 15ƍ - 30º 50ƍ N and longitudes 30º 00ƍ - 30º 48ƍ E, with an area of about 3100 km2. It is bounded by El Nubariya canal from the Northeast, El Nasr canal from the Northwest, El Rayah El Naseri from the East and Wadi El Natrun depression from the southwest.

The study area is suffering from continuous groundwater depletion in the groundwater-based development region while in the surface water-based regions (especially Nubaryia) water logging and soil salinization are prevailing mainly due to seepage from the main canals.

In this paper, investigations such as field, office and modeling are made to study the impacts of some water management strategies, involving the application of conjunctive use of groundwater and surface developments, on the sustainability of existing developments.

INTRODUCTION

Water Resources and Country Development

maximum sustainable potential of about 15 billion m3/year. However, due to its wide distribution, groundwater is considered main source of fresh water for both rural and agriculture supplies. During the last two decades, land reclamation projects and community settlements took place in many regions, including the West Nile delta. Some have been based on surface water diversions from the Nile (e.g. South El Tahrir, New Ameriya, El Nubariya and El Bustan) while others are totally dependent on local groundwater withdrawals (e.g. El Sadat city, Wadi el Natrun and Wadi el Farigh). Interpretation of pumping and recovery test data using Ground Water Software® for Windows (GWW), version (1.10). Simulation of groundwater levels using mathematical model (Visual Modflow software ®) – code version (4.20). [1], [2] and [3] Sustainable development is the centerpiece and key to water resource quantity and quality, as well as national security, economic health, and societal well-being. The word sustainability implies the ability to support life, to comfort, and to nourish. For all of human history, the Earth has sustained human beings by providing food, water, air, and shelter. Sustainable also means continuing without lessening. Development means improving or bringing to a more advanced state, such as in our economy [4]. The purpose of this research is to detect the effect of the previous investments on the groundwater potentialities especially in the study area under applied developing policy and the other future supposed scenarios by invoking a groundwater mathematical model (Visual MODFLOW) to forecast the impacts of these exploitations to insure sustainable development in this promising area.

Physical Setting of the West Delta Region

The Nile Delta is a flat area (a nearly level plain) with an average northward gradient of 1:10,000 from Cairo to the Mediterranean Sea, where the land surface slopes gently northwards [5] and [6]. The western Nile Delta fringe is generally characterized by slightly undulating topography and higher land comparing with that of the cultivatedIJSER one of the Nile Delta. Mediterranean Sea 31 llus uru e B 30 Lak Rosetta Damietta

ia R r o d s n Lake Idku e xa t le ta A B Kafr El Sheikh t r h ryu a c Ma n ke n a La c r h B Damanhur a 31 tt El Mansoura ie m o D Abu El Matamir 00 Legand

l a n a C Tanta sr Zero m. a N l E Kafr Bolin 0 - 50 m.

Shibin 50 - 100 m. El Kom 30 100 - 150 m. Kafr Dawoud 150 m. 30 Banha El Sadat City El Khatatba

30 Cairo 00 Scale

0 10 20 30 Km. 30 00 30 30 31 00 31 30 (Figure 1) Orographic map of the West Nile Delta area modified after [6]

Generally, the land surface west of the Nile Delta slopes northward and eastward in the direction of the Mediterranean Sea and the Rosetta branch of the Nile. The slope rises gradually towards the desert and the low relief becomes slightly undulating (Fig. 1).

The Western Nile delta is dominated by arid to semiarid climate in the south, while in the north (along the coastline) a Mediterranean climate is prevailing.

Main Surface Water Systems in the West Nile Delta Region

The area west of the Nile Delta is characterized by a dense population, soil potentialities and water availability. A number of canals and drains dissect the region. The interconnection between surface water and groundwater systems is rather complicated and is seasonally variable. The surface water canals receive Nile water from the Rosetta branch of the Nile (Fig. 2). The main canals crossing the West Delta are: 1- El-Rayah El-Naseri, about 21.8 km in length; 2- El- Entlaaq Canal, about 23.5 km in length; 3- El-Nubariya Canal, about 50.3 km in length; and 4- El Nasr Canal, about 22.6 km in length

30 00 30 30 31 00 30 50 Mediterranean Sea 31 50 30

30 Rosetta Damietta

Lake Idku Kafr El Sheikh

31 Damanhur El Mansoura

00 Abu El Matamir

Tanta

Kafr B olin

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The Study Area 30 Cairo 00 Km. 0 10 20 30

30 00 3030 0031 31 30 30 30 30

30 IJSER

Legand Main Road

Main irrigation Canal 30

10 Secondary irrigation Canal 04 12 20 Km. 10 Area of study

30 Scale Lifting station

30 00 30 30 31 00 (Figure 2) Surface water systems in the area of study area modified after [6] The existing surface water canals are mainly excavated through the Quaternary deposits which results in a direct connection between the surface water and the shallow groundwater in the Pleistocene aquifer.

Geomorphologic and Hydrogeologic Characteristics

The West Nile Delta has a lithostratigraphic succession built up of sand, gravel and clay deposits belonging to the Quaternary time (Holocene and Pleistocene). Environmentally, the Pleistocene sediments in the area are formed of Deltaic facies composed of gravelly sands and sands intercalated with thin clay layers and capped by lagoon facies composed of sands, clay and gypsiferous clay.

The Western Nile Delta consists of two main aquifer systems, Nile Delta and Moghra aquifer (Fig.3):

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30 Rosetta Damietta

Lake Idku Kafr El Sheikh

31 Damanhu r El Mansoura

00 Abu E l Matamir

Tanta

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The Study Area 30 Cairo 00 Km. 0 10 20 30

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Pleistocene aquifer

Pliocene aquifer 30

10 Miocene aquifer 10 04 12 20 Km. 30 Oligocene aquifer Scale 30 00 30 30 31 00 (Figure 3) Distribution of different aquifers in the area of study modified after [6]

The Moghra Aquifer System consists of Miocene sand and gravel of the Moghra formation. In Wadi el Natrun depression, the Moghra aquifer is confined by a thick Pliocene sequence. In other areas, the aquifer is phreatic. The Moghra aquifer and the Nile Delta aquifer are hydraulically connected.IJSER The Nile Delta Aquifer (Quaternary) consists of Pleistocene sands and gravels with some intercalation of clay and is present in the east of Cairo Alexandria Road. The aquifer is underlain by marine Pliocene clays. It is covered by a silty and sandy clay layer in some parts of the study area. This covering layer forms part of the aquifer system as it confines the productive zone (considered as an aquitards). In the rest of the area the aquifer is unconfined.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

The main objective of the present research is to investigate the impacts of possible future development scenarios that can conserve the groundwater-base resource. This is carried out through simulation and prediction of the impacts of the various developmental scenarios. This has required various activities, as follows: Field Investigations, including: 1) A reconnaissance of the various geomorphologic and geologic features in the study area. 2) Measurement of depths to water and water levels using the available water points in the study area. 3) Conduction of pumping tests using some selected production wells in the study area. 4) Collection of groundwater samples from shallow wells (less than 65 m.) and deep wells (65 - 170 m.).

5) Detecting the Electrical Conductivity (E.C.) as a measure of the total dissolved salts (TDS) and hydrogen ion concentration (PH). Office Works, including 1) Construction of water level maps, depth to water maps, hydrogeological cross sections and preparing all the graphical representation of the analytical results, and all maps. 2) Construction of groundwater hydrographs. 3) Interpretation of pumping and recovery test data using Ground Water Software® for Windows (GWW), version (1.10). 4) Simulation of groundwater levels using mathematical model (Visual Modflow software ®) – code version (4.20).

SPECIFICS OF THE STUDY AREA

Location and Physical Setting

The study area is located within the western Nile Delta fringe on both sides of the Cairo-Alexandria desert road. It has a trapezoidal shape. It is limited by latitudes 30º 15ƍ - 30º 50ƍ N and longitudes 30º 00ƍ - 30º 48ƍ E, with an area of about 3100 km2. It is bounded by El Nubariya canal from the Northeast, El Nasr canal from the Northwest, El Rayah El Naseri from the East and Wadi El Natrun depression from the southwest (Fig. 4). The ground elevation of the study area ranges between approximately 50 m "+MSL" at Sadat City and 10 m nearby El Nubariya (Fig. 5).

At the north of the study area, the general low elevation of the land and the seepage from the canals in the absence of suitable drainage, have resulted in drainage problems (water logging). Salt accumulation has taken place on the land surface and in the entire soil profile as a result of the high evaporation rates that characterize the study area.IJSER Agricultural Expansion Projects

In the West delta region, extensive land reclamation projects, using surface water from El Nubariya main canal and its branches, started in 1950 and now cover about 300,000 Feddans. Additional extensions are expected be completed in the near future, depending on the conjunctive use of both surface and groundwater (Fig. 6).

Mediterranean Sea 31

llus uru e B 30 Lak Rosetta Damietta

ia R r o d s n Lake Idku e xa t le ta A Kafr El Sheikh B h ut r ry a c Ma e n n ak a L c r h B Damanhur a 31 tt El Mansoura ie m o D 00 Abu El Matamir

l a n a C Tanta r s a N l E Kafr Bolin

Shibin 30 El Kom Kafr Dawoud 30 Banha El Sadat City El Khatatba

Legand 30 Main Road Main irrigation Canal Cairo 00 Secondary irrigation Canal Scale Area of study 0 10 20 30 Km. 30 00 30 30 31 00 31 30

(Figure 4) Location Map of the Study Area

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30 31 30 50

Mediterranean Sea 50 31 30

30 Rosetta Damietta

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31 Damanhur El Mansoura

00 A bu El Matamir

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Shibin 30 El Kom Kafr 30 D aw o ud El Sadat City Banha El Khatatba

The Study Area 30 Ca iro 00 K m. 0 10 20 30

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Main Road 30

10 Main irrigation Canal 04 12 20 Km. 10 Secondary irrigation Canal

30 Scale Ground elevation contour line

30 00 30 30 31 00

(Figure 5) Topographic contour map of the studied area

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30 31 30 50 Mediterranean Sea 31 50 30

30 Rosetta Damietta

Lake Idku Kafr El Sheikh

31 Damanhur El Mansoura

00 A bu El Matamir

Tanta

Kafr Bolin

Sh ib in 30 El Kom Kafr Dawo ud 30 Banha E lSadat City El Khatatba

The Study Area 30 Cairo 00 Km. 0 10 20 30

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Irrigated land by surface water

Irrigated land by groundwater 30

10 Non reclaimed land

04 12 20 10 Sabkha Km. 30 Lifting station Scale

30 00 30 30 31 00 (Figure 6) Land use map of the study area (Modified after [7] )

Private reclamation projects, depending on groundwater, prevail in the south and east of Wadi El Natrun. The present cultivated areas with groundwater exceed 100,000 Feddans within the present area of study and are subject to expansion.

Aquifer Systems Four hydrogeologicalIJSER cross sections were constructed from available data, to describe the lithological facies, hydro-structural setting and hydrogeological properties of the aquifer (Figs. 7, 8, 9 and 10).

Figure 7. Hydrogeological Cross-Section A-A’ Figure 8. Hydrogeological Cross-Section B-B’

The hydro-structural setting has a great impact on the groundwater aquifer in the study area and its vicinities, where the Pleistocene water bearing formation was deposited on older sediments (Pliocene and Miocene) that has been affected by many NW-SE normal step faults with downthrown side to the east; which led to the Pliocene clay located in the west comes in contact with the Pleistocene IJSER © 2014 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 11, November-2014 ISSN 2229-5518 1303 deposits located in the east. Groundwater exists mostly under free water table condition in most of the area and partially under semi-confined condition at the northern part, where clay lenses are present in abundance.

Figure 9. Hydrogeological Cross-Section C-C’ Figure 10. Hydrogeological Cross-Section D-D’

The saturated thickness of the aquifer increases gradually in the northeast direction (Fig. 11). It ranges from 100 m to 200 m in the southwestern portion (near Cairo-Alex. Desert Road), from 260 m to 280 m at El-Sadat City and from 300-320 m at the northeastern part.

30 00 30 00

30 31 50 30 50 Mediterranean Sea 31 30

30 R os e t ta Damietta

L ak e I d ku K afr E l S he ikh

Dama nhu r 31 El M anso ura

00 Abu ElMatamir

Tanta

Kafr Bolin

Shibin 30 El Kom Kafr Daw oud 30 Banha ElSadat City El Kha tat ba

The Study Area 30 Ca iro 00 Km. 0 10 20 30 IJSER30 00 3030 0031 31 30 030 30 30 30

Legand

Main Road 30 Main irrigation Canal 10 10 Secondary irrigation Canal 04 12 20 Km. 30 Saturated thickness contour line Scale 30 00 30 30 31 00

(Fig. 11) Saturated thickness contour map of the Pleistocene aquifer in the study area

Groundwater movement and flow pattern Groundwater mainly occurs under unconfined condition. A semi-confined behavior is detected in the north occasionally caused by the presence of local clay and silt layers in the upper saturated zone.

30 00 30 00

30 31 30 50

Mediterranean Sea 50 31 30

30 16 Rosetta 9 Damietta

Lake Idku Kafr El Sheikh

Damanhur 31 El Mansoura

1110 Abu El Matamir 55 00 1312 Tanta 22 Kafr B olin 21 6 78 Shibin 30 El Kom 57 Kafr Dawoud 20 30 Banha El Sadat City El Khatatba 15 51 54 The Study Area 19 30 5 Cairo 00 Km. 58 53 14 18 0 10 20 30 1 2 4 317 30 00 3030 0031 31 30 30

56 49 50 30 48 52 47 30 26 43

30 42

4041 25 24 46 28 293132 2327 45 39 30 353637 33 38 44 Legand 34 Main Road Main irrigation Canal Secondary irrigation Canal 30 Depth to water contour line

10 04 12 20 Km. Observation well 10

30 Water logging (Less than 1 m.) Scale

30 00 30 30 31 00 (Fig. 12) Depth to water contour map of the Pleistocene aquifer in the study area The depth to groundwater (Fig. 13) differs according to the topography and hydrologic conditions. Near El Nubariya canal, it is very close to the land surface due to the seepage from the canal; then increases towards the southwest (the eastern boarder of Wadi El Natrun).

The groundwater levels (Fig. 14) for May (2010) indicate the following: Generally, the groundwater levels decrease from north to south and from east to west both towards Wadi ElIJSER Natrun. The high groundwater levels associated with the reclamation projects are marked by the formation of water mounds at the area surrounding El Nasr Canal. Two main directions of groundwater recharge are detected the first one is from El Nasr canal and the second is from El Rayah El Naseri.

Accordingly, the following conclusions can be withdrawn: The main sources of recharge to the groundwater of the Quaternary aquifer are surface water courses (El Nubariya, El Nasr canals, and El Rayah El Naseri) and lateral subsurface flow from the Nile basin aquifer.

Natural discharge occurs in the western and southwestern portions of the study area, in addition to the lateral flow toward Wadi El Farigh depression at the southwestern area. Artificial discharge, on the other hand, takes place through pumping from existing wells. In the western and southwestern portions of the study area, groundwater is extracted to satisfy local irrigation, domestic and industrial needs.

30 00 30 00

30 31 30 50

Mediterranean Sea 50 31 30

30 16 Rosetta 9 Damietta

Lake Idku Kafr El Sheikh

Damanhur 31 El Mansoura

Abu El Matamir 1110 00 R 55 e Tanta 1312 Kafr Bolin c 22 h 21 A a 6 Shibin 78 r rg 30 El Kom e 57 Kafr a e Dawoud 20 30 Banha El Sadat City El Khatatba

15 51 54 The Study Area

19 R 30 e C airo 5 ch 00 Km. 53 A a 58 0 10 20 30 14 18 r rg 1 e 4 2 a e 30 00 3030 0031 31 30 3 17 30

49 56 50 30 48 30 47 52 26 43

30 42

D i s 41 c 40 ha r 25 g 24 46 e 28 23 45 29 3132 27 A 39 30 37 re 3536 33 a 38

Legand Main Road

Main irrigation Canal 30

10 Secondary irrigation Canal 04 12 20 Km. Water level contour line 10

30 Scale Observation well

30 00 30 30 31 00 (Fig. 13) Water levels contour map of the Pleistocene aquifer in the study area

SIMULATION

The Simulation Package

The simulation package is VISUAL MODFLOW PROGRAM 4.2; which is based on the finite difference technique for professional applications in three-dimensional groundwater flow and contaminant transport IJSERsimulations. This fully integrated package combines MODFLOW, MODPATH, MT3D, MT3DMS, RT3D, PESST and SEAWAT with the most intuitive and powerful graphical interface available. The model grid input parameters and results can be visualized in cross-section or plan view at any time during the development of the model or while displaying the results.

Model Grid and Boundaries

The model grid consists of 6400 cells. Relatively small cells were used in the significant areas. The boundaries (Fig. 15) are delineated as follows: The northern, northeastern and northwestern boundaries are flow boundaries including El Nubariya, El Rayah El Naseri and El Nasr canals with seasonally head variations. The southern and southeastern boundaries are considered general head boundaries. The southwestern boundary is considered a no-flow one as the water levels contour lines resulting from El Nasr canal are vertically dissecting the Cairo Alex. Desert Road.

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10000 River Boundary 10000 General head boundary No flow boundary 0 2 4 8 Km. Scale 0 0 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000

(Figure 14) Model Grid and Boundaries Simulation Data

The main input data include: The topographic contour. The top and base of the Pleistocene aquifer. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of Pleistocene aquifer (varying from 5 to 100 m/day). The vertical hydraulic conductivity of the clay cap, taken at 0.05 m/day. The mean rainfall (ranging from 5 to 50 mm/year). The rate of extractionIJSER (about 1,353,000 m3/day for 2010). Model Calibration

The model is calibrated for steady state flow conditions in 2010. An accepted match between the observed and calculated head was achieved (Fig.16).

Calculated vs. Observed Head

Layer No. 2

29.35 95% confidence interval 95% interval 19.35 9.35 CalculatedHead(m) -0.65

Standard Error of the Estimate: 0.145 (m) Root Mean Squared: 1.186 (m) Normalized RMS: 2.928 (%) Correlation Coefficient: 0.994 -10.65 -10.65 -0.65 9.35 19.35 29.35 Observed Head (m)

(Figue 15) The Correlation between Observed and Calibrated

As a result, the calibrated head contour map is drawn (Fig. 17) and compared with the observed one (Fig. 18).

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- 8 10 Observed groundwater levels (m) 8 Calibrated groundwater levels (m) 0 2 4 8 Km. 0 2 4 8 Km. Scale Scale 0 0 0 0 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 Figure 16. Observed Head Contour Map Figure 17. Calibrated Head Contour Map

DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF SCENARIOS

Proposed Development Scenarios

The calibrated model of 2010 has been run under the effect of different scenarios in the study area for 40 years. Two expected and two development scenarios are tested for their impacts on the aquifer system, as follows: Description of scenario 1 Continuing present situation for the next 40 years 2 IncreasingIJSER the present pumping rates by 1.5 times 3 Decreasing the present pumping rate by 16% and supplying the deficit from surface water diverted from El Rayah El Naseri. Continuation for 40 years. 4 Similar as scenario 3; but with a transfer of irrigation in part of the northern portion from surface water to groundwater (an increase by 0. 05%) and lining of canals

Prediction of Impacts

The calibrated model is used to simulate the above scenarios (Figures 19 through 24). Results indicate that: Scenario Expected Impact 1 The max. Drawdown is expected to be 11.5 m and max. Build-up 2.5 m in 2050 Canals leakage will increase by 20% 2 The max. Drawdown is expected to be 15 m and max. Build-up 2.5 m in 2050 Canals leakage will increase by 48% 3 The max. Drawdown is expected to be 5 m and max. Build-up 3 m in 2050 Canals leakage will decrease by 29% 4 The max. Drawdown is expected to be 3.5 m and max. No Build-up in 2050 Canals leakage will decrease by 40%

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Figure 18. Expected Drawdown & Build up Contour Map in 2020 (Scenario1) 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000

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40000 40000 11.5

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0.5 0 10000 10000 Legand -0.5

Main Road -1 Main irrigation Canal -1.5 IJSER0 2 4 8 Km. -2 Scale 0 0 -2.5 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 Figure 19. Maximum Expected Drawdown & Build up Contour Map in 2050 (Scenario1)

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0.5 10000 Legand 10000 0 Main Road Main irrigation Canal -0.5 0 2 4 8 Km. -1.5 Scale 0 0 -2.5 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 Figure 20. Maximum Expected Drawdown & Build up Contour Map in 2050 (Scenario2)

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Figure 21). Maximum Expected Drawdown & Build up Contour Map in 2050 (Scenario3)

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2 20000 20000 IJSER1.5 1 10000 Legand 10000 Main Road 0.5 Main irrigation Canal 0 2 4 8 Km. Scale 0 0 0 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000

Figure 22. Maximum Expected Drawdown Contour Map in 2050 (Scenario4)

140% 120% 100% 80% 60%

(m3/day) 40% 20% Canals Leakage 0% St Sc Sc Sc Sc ead ena ena ena ena y-St rio1 rio2 rio3 rio4 ate at 2 at 2 at 2 at 2 050 050 050 050

Figure 23. Percentage Change in Canals leakage due to the Application of Different Scenarios CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

From the above results, the following can be concluded: 1. Both, Scenarios 1 and 2 are considered harmful and risky, causing large rates of leakage from the canals combined with large drawdowns. 2. On the other hand, both scenarios 3 and 4 can be considered safe from the point of view of the reduced leakage; while scenario 3 is risky with respect to the expected drawdown.

Accordingly, to ensure the sustainability of the groundwater and the surface water, it is recommended to: 1. Apply Scenario 4 in the studied region. 2. Extend the application of this study to other similar regions in the delta and its fringes and, possibly, in the Nile Valley. 3. Restrict groundwater allocation to those developments resulting in added value from water. 4. Implement a monitoring system to assess the periodical impact of development and update the model results.

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