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Hydrogeological and Water Quality Characteristics of the Saturated Zone Beneath the Various Land Uses in the Nile Delta Region, Egypt

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Hydrogeological and Water Quality Characteristics of the Saturated Zone Beneath the Various Land Uses in the Nile Delta Region, Egypt Freshwater Contamination (Proceedings of Rabat Symposium S4, April-May 1997). IAHS Publ. no. 243, 1997 255 Hydrogeological and water quality characteristics of the saturated zone beneath the various land uses in the Nile Delta region, Egypt ISMAIL MAHMOUD EL RAMLY PO Box 5118, Heliopolis West, Cairo, Egypt Abstract The Nile Delta saturated zone lies beneath several land uses which reflect variations in the aquifer characteristics within the delta basin. The present study investigates the scattered rural and urban areas and their environmental impacts on the water quality of the underlying semi-confined and unconfined aquifer systems. The agricultural and industrial activities also affect the groundwater quality located close to the agricultural lands and the various industrial sites, which have started to expand during the last three decades. INTRODUCTION It is believed that the population increase and its direct relation to the expansion of the rural and urban areas in Egypt during the last 30 years has affected the demand for additional water supplies to cover the need of the inhabitants in both areas, which in turn has many consequences for aquifer pollution through the effects of municipal wastewater effluent. The construction of the High Dam caused agricultural expansion by changing the basin irrigation system into a perennial irrigation system. Increase in the application of fertilizers and pesticides has caused the pollution of the surface water bodies which are connected with the aquifer systems in the Nile Delta basin. Industrial activities have much affected the groundwater system below the Nile Delta region due to the increase of the industrial waste effluent dumped into the river without any treatment. Factories involved in sugar, fertilizer, paper, textile and chemical manufacturing, and in food production and steel and iron and wood processing, and oil refineries among other works dump all their hazardous wastes into the river and irrigation canals. The Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources with its specialized institutions is conducting a very comprehensive programme for monitoring water quality in both surface and subsurface water bodies, which is indicating the environmental impact of the different wastes from point and non point sources, especially in the Nile Delta basin. MORPHOSTRUCTURE OF THE NILE DELTA The Nile and its Pliocene-Quaternary predecessors accumulated a very large alluvial sequence of deltas, coastal deposits, shelf and slope aprons and deep-sea fans. The present delta, formed since the stabilization of the Holocene sea level some 6000 years ago, covers a triangular area of 22 000 km2. The Nile Delta extends 175 km 256 Ismail Mahmoud El Ramly from base to apex and 220 km along its base. The thickness of the Neogene- Quatemary sediments in the delta exceeded 4 km in the Kafr El-Sheikh borehole. The Pliocene-Quaternary prism of the Nile River was deposited on top of the Upper Miocene erosional surface of the shallow marine zone, and on the contemporaneous evaporite series in the marine environment. In the present study reference is made to the Prenile (600 000 to 125 000 BP) and the Neonile (125 000 BP to 30 000 BP). The Prenile river was the largest and most effective one in forming the modern valley, the delta and the coastline and had a delta twice the surface area of the modern one. The Prenile/Neonile interval extended from the waning of the Prenile 125 000 BP to the breakthrough of the Neonile at 30 000 BP and was characterized initially by a pluvial period during which large quantities of gravel derived from the Eastern Desert were brought down to the Mediterranean and deposited unconformably on top of the Prenile sands and silts. During the following arid period, the valley and lands were eroded by wind and cyclonic rains to nearly their present form. The Neonile, with a regime similar to the modern one, commenced in Egypt 30 000 years ago, and the regime of the present river was established about 9000 years ago. Initially the distributaries of the delta were numerous and extended as far eastward as the old Pelusiac branch which emptied into the Bay of Tineh (east of Port Said) and seven branches were known in historical times, five of which since have silted up. Only Fig. 1 The study area. Hydwgeology and water quality of the saturated zone in the Nile Delta, Egypt 257 two, Damietta and Rosetta, are active at present (Fig. 1), but with limited flow because of the building of the Aswan Dam. About 20 km north of Cairo the Nile divides into two branches which meander across the Nile Delta before entering into the Mediterranean at Rosetta and Damietta. The western terminus of the delta is in the vicinity of Alexandria and its eastern terminus is just east of the Suez Canal at the bay of Tineh where the now abandoned Pelusiac branch entered the Mediterranean. STRATO-SEDIMENTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NILE DELTA Prior to the extensive on exploration activities in the Nile Delta, it was somewhat difficult to predict the several sedimentological cycles which have occurred in the delta region. Several authors came to the conclusion that there were cycles of sedimentation in the Nile Delta region, viz. the Miocene, the Plio-Pleistocene and the Holocene cycles. Eight geologic formations were identified in the Nile Delta basin. These thicknesses of these formations from base to top are: Sidi Salem (>700 m), Qawasim (700 m), Rosetta (80 m), Abu Madi (300 m), Kafr El-Sheikh (1500 m), El- Wastani (300 m), Mit Ghamr (700 m) and Bilqas (50 m). The Neogene-Holocene section is composed of shales with interbedded dolomite- marl, sandstones, siltstones, clays, and silts and gravels, with anhydrites and conglomerates. The eastern and southern sides of the Nile Delta are characterized by a sand section with lenses of gravels. Towards the north, the gravels gradually change into sand interbedded with clay layers. The centre of deposition was located to the northeast, and distinct topographic variations occur in the northwest. There is a strong possibility that sediments have been transported from the Red Sea hills (Eastern Desert) and also from the east (Sinai side). The contribution of the basement rocks and the abundance of stable and less stable minerals has been interpreted as due to progressive denudation and unroofing of tectonically active provinces with igneous and metamorphic rocks. This was identified in sediments of the Kafr El-Sheikh, Sidi- Salem and Abu-Madi Formations. THE NILE DELTA AQUIFER SYSTEMS The aquifer systems are recharged from deep percolation of subsurface drainage water and seepage from the main irrigation canals crossing the Nile Delta region. The average rate of recharge from the excess irrigation water varies between 0.25 and 1.1 mm day"1. The groundwater aquifer system in the Nile Delta is divided into two major aquifers, viz. the semi-confined aquifer and the unconfined aquifer. Figure 2 shows the distribution of these two aquifers within the delta itself and its fringes (eastern and western). Water samples collected for chemical analyses from shallow depths (nearly 40 m below the ground surface) showed a wide variation in their salt content. Examples from five governorates indicated that the total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration in the El-Beheira governorate ranges between 430 and 16 150 mg l"1. In the Kafr-El- Sheikh governorate the TDS ranges between 890 and 10 715 mg l"1. The TDS in the 258 Ismail Mahmoud El Ramly Fig. 2 General map of the Nile Delta groundwater reservoirs. groundwater of the El-Monoufia governorate range between 415 and 850 mg l"1. In the El-Sharkia governorate the TDS range between 590 and 2205 mg l"1. The El- Dakahlia groundwater showed a range of TDS from 620 to 19 730 mg l"1. The nitrate content in the groundwater varies from one governorate to another, and ranges between 66.45 and 265.8 mg l"1. The highest concentration of nitrates are found in the El-Beheira and Kafr El-Sheikh governorates. The nitrate content in the Nile water at Cairo is 57.6 mg l"1. The nitrate content in the groundwater is higher than that of the drainage water and the River Nile. The very mobile nature of nitrate ions facilitates their downward migration from the surface to the groundwater in the saturated zone. It should be noted that intrusion of seawater from the Mediterranean has increased the salinity of the groundwater in the aquifers of the northern delta area (El-Dakahlia, Kafr-El-Sheikh, and El-Beheira governorates) and has rendered it unsuitable for any use because of the high TDS and nitrate content. IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL ACTIVITIES Groundwater levels are generally high in most of the agricultural irrigated lands, but are most acute in the Nile Delta area. Although seasonal fluctuations in aquifer water levels have been reduced since the advent of the High Dam, due to the absence of the annual Nile floods, data from continuous water level recorders reveal a trend towards higher groundwater levels during the summer months as a result of increased application of irrigation waters. Subsurface disposal of village wastewaters, which drain through the sediments underlying the surface, is a factor additional to the increase in irrigation waters. The land surrounding the delta villages are largely used for irrigated agriculture where subsurface drainage is being widely promoted through Hydrogeology and water quality of the saturated zone in the Nile Delta, Egypt 259 the use of tile drain systems discharging to drainage ditches which ultimately carry their flows to the Mediterranean Sea. These subdrain systems do provide some relief from the problems of the high groundwater levels in the agricultural fields and may have some limited effects extending to village areas in some cases.
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