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Incidence De L'helminthosporiose Du Riz Au Burkina Faso Et

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Incidence De L'helminthosporiose Du Riz Au Burkina Faso Et No d’ordre : UNIVERSITE DE OUAGADOUGOU **************** UFR / SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA TERRE **************** LABORATOIRE DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES **************** THÈSE Présentée à l’UFR / Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre pour obtenir le titre de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE DE OUAGADOUGOU Spécialité : Sciences Biologiques Appliquées Option : PHYTOPATHOLOGIE Par Ibrahima OUEDRAOGO Titre : Incidence de l’helminthosporiose du riz au Burkina Faso et caractérisation des populations de l’agent pathogène [Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker]. Soutenue le 02 Décembre 2008 devant le jury composé de : Président : Jean Didier ZONGO, Professeur, Université de Ouagadougou Membres : Philippe SANKARA, Professeur, Université de Ouagadougou Adam TOUDOU, Maître de Conférences, Université Abdou Moumini de Niamey Dona DAKOUO, Directeur de Recherches, INERA/CNRST, Ouagadougou SOMMAIRE Page Dédicace………………………………………………………………………………..…………………… i Remerciements……………………………………………………………………………………………… ii Listes des sigles et abréviations ………………………………………………………….…......................... iv Liste des tableaux………………………………………………………………………….…....................... v Liste des figures ……………………………………………………………………………..………............ vii Liste des photos ………………………………………………………………...…………………………… viii Résumé …………………………………………………………………………………….………………… ix Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………..……………… xi INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………..……………… 1 PREMIERE PARTIE : REVUE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE …………………………………………… 4 1. Importance économique de l'helminthosporiose du riz ……………………………………………… 5 2. Caractérisation de Bipolaris oryzae, agent causal de l’helminthosporiose du riz…………………… 6 2.1. Description…………………………………………………………………………………………. 6 2.1.1. Systématique……………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 2.1.2. Morphologie……………………………………………………………………………………… 6 2.1.3. Symptômes de l’helminthosporiose…..…………………………………………………………… 6 2.1.4. Bio écologie……………………………………………………………………………………...... 7 2.2. Phylogénie……………………………………………………………………………………….... 9 2.3. Variabilité du champignon………………………………………………………………………… 10 3. Perspectives de lutte contre l’helminthosporiose du riz au Burkina Faso………………………… 11 4. Hypothèses de travail ..…………………………………………………….................................... 13 5. Objectifs de l’étude ……………………………………………………………………………….. 14 DEUXIEME PARTIE : ETUDE DU COMPORTEMENT DE QUELQUES GENOTYPES DE RIZ (ORYZA SATIVA L.) VIS-A-VIS DE L’HELMINTHOSRIOSE EN CONDITIONS NATURELLES ET CONTROLEES…………………… 15 CHAPITRE I : EVALUATION AU CHAMP EN CONDITIONS DE PRESSION NATURELLE DE MALADIE ………………..………………….……………………………………… 16 1.1. Milieu de l’étude ………………………………………………………..……………...................... 16 1.1.1. Climat, végétation et sols…………………………………………………………………………… 16 1.1.2. Précipitations………………………………………………………………………………….......... 17 1.1.3. Insolation…………………………………………………………………………………………… 20 1.1.4. Températures………………………………………………………………………………………… 21 1.1.5. Humidité de l’air…………………………………………………………………………………… 23 1.2. Matériel et méthodes ………………………………………………………………......................... 26 1.2.1. Matériel végétal……………………………………………………………………………………… 26 1.2.2. Techniques et méthodes d’expérimentation………………………………………………………… 26 1.2.3. Méthode d’obtention des données et expression des résultats ……………………………….......... 28 1.3. Résultats …………………………………………………………………………………………… 30 1.3.1. Comportement des génotypes de riz à la Vallée du Kou…………………….…………..………… 30 1.3.2. Comportement des génotypes de riz à Karfiguéla…………………………….. ………………… 40 1.3.3. Evolution comparée de l’incidence de l’helminthosporiose foliaire à la Vallée du Kou et Karfiguéla………………………………………………………………………………..………… 50 1.3.4. Evolution comparée de l’helminthosporiose paniculaire à la Vallée du Kou et Karfiguéla…….. 51 1.3.5. Etude de l’impact de l’helminthosporiose sur le rendement du riz………………………………… 52 1.3.6. Etude de la relation entre la température, l’hygrométrie et l’intensité de l’attaque foliaire de B. oryzae ……………………………………………………………………………… 54 1.4. Discussion …………………………………………………………………..…….………………… 56 1.5. Conclusion partielle…………………………………………………………..………….................. 59 CHAPITRE II : ETUDE DE L’IMPACT DE L’HELMINTHOSPORIOSE SUR LA PRODUCTIVITE DU RIZ EN CONDITIONS CONTROLEES ……………………… 60 2.1. Matériels et méthodes ……………………………………………………………..………………… 60 2.1.1. Matériel végétal ……………………………………………………………….…………………… 60 2.1.2. Méthodes ……………………………….……………………………………………...................... 60 2.2. Résultats ……………………………………………………………………….…………………… 65 2.2.1. Etude de l’effet de Bipolaris oryzae sur le taux d’émergence des plantules ……………………… 65 2.2.2. Etude de l’effet de Bipolaris oryzae sur la hauteur des plantes …………………………………… 66 2.2.3. Etude de l’effet de Bipolaris oryzae sur le tallage du riz……….………………………..………… 67 2.2.4. Evaluation de la sévérité de l’attaque foliaire due à Bipolaris oryzae selon les stades d’inoculation. des plantes ….……………………………..……………………..……..................... 68 2.2.5. Etude de l’impact de l’inoculation sur la productivité du riz et la qualité du grain ………………. 71 2.2.6. Etude de la relation entre l’incidence de l’helminthosporiose foliaire, la productivité du riz et la transmission de l’infection aux grains…………………………………………………………….… 73 2.3. Discussion …………………………………………………………………………..……………… 74 2.4. Conclusion partielle………………………………………………………………………………… 75 TROISIEME PARTIE : CARACTERISATION DES POPULATIONS DE BIPOLARIS ORYZAE………………………………………………………………………… 76 CHAPITRE I : ETUDE DE LA DIVERSTE MOLECULAIRE AU SEIN DES POPULA- TIONS DE BIPOLARIS ORYZAE PAR LA TECHNIQUE DE L’HYBRIDATION DE L’ADN MITOCHONDRIAL……………………………………… 77 1.1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………… 77 1.2. Matériels et méthodes ……………………………………………………………………………… 78 1.2.1. Matériel végétal………………………………………………………..…………………………… 78 1.2.2. Méthodes……………………………………………………………………………………………… 79 1.3. Résultats……………………………………………………………………………………………… 82 1.3.1. Electrophorèse et hybridation de l’ADN …………………………………………….……………… 82 1.3.2. Analyse phylogénétique des isolats …….…………………………………………………………… 84 1.4. Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………… 86 1.5. Conclusion partielle………………………………………………………………………………… 87 CHAPITRE II : ETUDE DE LA DIVERSITE GENETIQUE AU SEIN DES POPULATIONS DE BIPOLARIS ORYZAE PAR LA METHODE DE LA COMPATIBILITE VEGETATIVE …………………………………………………………………………… 88 2.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………… 88 2.2. Matériels et méthodes………………………………………………………………………………… 89 2.2.1. Matériel végétal……………………………………………………………..………………………… 89 2.2.2. Méthodes……………………………………………………………………………………………… 90 2.3. Résultats……………………………………………………………………………………………… 93 2.3.1. Production des mutants auxotrophes………………………………………………………………… 93 2.3.2. Identification des mutants inhabituels………………………………………………………………… 95 2.3.3. Identification des groupes de compatibilité végétative……………………………………………… 96 2.4. Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………… 99 2.5. Conclusion partielle…………………………………………………………………………………… 99 CHAPITRE III : ETUDE DE LA VARIABILITE PATHOGENIQUE AU SEIN DES POPULATIONS DE BIPOLARIS ORYZAE…………………………………………. …………............ 101 3.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………… 101 3.2. Matériels et méthodes………………………………………………………………………………… 102 3.2.1 Matériel végétal…………………………………………………………..…………………………… 102 3.2.2. Méthodes …………………………………………………………………….……………………… 102 3.3. Résultats …………………………………………………………………………….………………… 106 3.3.1. Evaluation de la réaction du riz à l’inoculation……………………………………………………… 106 3.3.2. Etude du spectre de virulence des isolats……………………………………………………………… 110 3.4. Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………… 111 3.5. Conclusion partielle……………………………………………………………………………… 112 3.6. Etude d e la r elation e ntre la d iversité moléculaire, la c ompatibilité v égétative e t l a d iversité pathogénique…………………………………..…………………………………………………… 113 3.6.1. Méthodologie……………………………………………………………………………………….. 113 3.6.2. Résultats ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 113 3.6.3. Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………... 117 Conclusion générale et perspectives……… …………………………………………………………….. 118 Références bibliographiques ……………………………………………………………………………… 120 ANNEXES ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 127 Dédicace Je dédie ce mémoire à feu mon père, pour avoir toujours cru en moi, à ma mère, qui me manque tant... Je le dédie à Diane, Ahmed et Vanessa, pour tout le bonheur qu’ils m’inspirent chaque jour. i Remerciements La réalisation du présent mémoire a été rendue possible grâce au concours de nombreuses personnes qu’il serait fastidieux de citer nommément ici. Je voudrais leur témoigner toute ma gratitude pour leur soutien précieux. Ma reconnaissance va avant tout au Professeur Philippe SANKARA, mon directeur de thèse sans qui cette thèse n’aurait pu aboutir. Je salue la patience dont il a fait montre depuis le début de nos travaux. Merci pour les conseils éclairés et les encouragements de tous les instants. J’exprime ma reconnaissance au peuple américain qui, a travers son programme d’échange Fullbright, m’a permis de réaliser une part importante des travaux de recherche dans les meilleures conditions. A ce titre, je remercie le Professeur James CORRELL de l’Université de Fayetteville, en ARKANSAS (USA) pour l’appui décisif qu’il a apporté dans l’exécution d’une part importante des travaux de recherche. Ma gratitude va à l’endroit des responsables du CNRST et de l’INERA qui m’ont permis d’entreprendre et de finaliser ces travaux de recherche. Je remercie sincèrement le Dr Youssouf DEMBELE, précédemment Chef de Programme Riz et Riziculture pour son soutien moral. La réalisation du présent mémoire a été rendue
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