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Universidad Central Del Ecuador Facultad De Ciencias Agrícolas Carrera De Ingeniería Agronómica UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA “ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE PLAGAS DE GRANOS DE ARROZ (Oryza sativa L.) PARA CONSUMO, ORIGINARIOS DE URUGUAY” Trabajo de Titulación presentado como requisito previo a la obtención del Título de Ingeniero Agrónomo Autor: Sisalima Abad Jairo Vicente Tutor: Ing. Agr. Juan León, M.Sc. Quito, Abril 2017 II III IV V DEDICATORIA: Con cariño a mis padres Vicente y Peregrina. A mis perritos Luna, Negrito y Doke, que siempre están conmigo. VI AGRADECIMIENTO A mis amigos, que han ayudado a mi formación como profesional y persona. A la Agencia Ecuatoriana de Aseguramiento de la Calidad del Agro- AGROCALIDAD, y en especia a mi tutora por tener la paciencia y disponibilidad de ayudarme en mi trabajo de titulación A mi familia, por estar siempre conmigo ayudándome, con consejos y cariño. Finalmente a la vida, por permitirme ser el afortunado que puede disfrutarla. VII INDICE DE CONTENIDO CAPÍTULOS PÁGINAS 1.INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................................................... 1 2.OBJETIVO ............................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1.Objetivo General ..................................................................................................................................... 2 2.2.Objetivo Específico ................................................................................................................................. 2 3.REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA .............................................................................................................. 3 3.1.Análisis de Riesgo De Plagas (ARP) ...................................................................................................... 3 3.2.Etapa 1: inicio. ........................................................................................................................................ 3 3.3.Etapa 2: Evaluación del Riesgo de Plagas............................................................................................... 3 3.4.Etapa 3: Manejo del Riesgo de Plagas .................................................................................................... 3 3.5.Normas Internacionales Para Medidas Fitosanitarias (NIMF) relacionadas en la elaboración del ARP ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 3.6.El cultivo de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) ....................................................................................................... 4 4.MATERIALES Y METODOLOGÍA ..................................................................................................... 6 4.1.Ubicación ................................................................................................................................................ 6 4.2.Materiales ................................................................................................................................................ 6 4.3.Metodología ............................................................................................................................................ 6 4.4.Etapa 2. Evaluación De Riesgos De Plagas .......................................................................................... 10 4.5.Etapa 3. Manejo del riesgo de plagas ................................................................................................... 16 4.6.Documentación ..................................................................................................................................... 17 4.7.Elaboración de fichas técnicas .............................................................................................................. 17 5.RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ............................................................................................................ 19 5.1.Etapa I Inicio del ARP .......................................................................................................................... 19 5.2.Evaluación de riesgos de plagas que afectan al grano de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) .............................. 158 5.3.Conclusión de la etapa II ..................................................................................................................... 274 5.4.Etapa III. Manejo de riego de plagas ................................................................................................... 275 6.CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................................................................ 278 7.RECOMENDACIONES ...................................................................................................................... 279 8.RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................................ 280 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................. 281 9.REFERENCIAS ................................................................................................................................... 282 10.ANEXOS ............................................................................................................................................. 310 VIII ÍNDICE DE CUADROS CUADROS PÁG. 1. Proceso para determinar el potencial de malezas 20 (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 2. Ejemplificación de lista mundial de plagas (AGROCALIDAD, 21 2012) 3. Formato ejemplificado de la categorización de plagas 22 (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 4. Ejemplificación de finalización etapa 1 (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 23 5. Matriz de calificación para las consecuencias de la introducción 26 de las plagas cuarentenarias (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 6. Matriz de calificación para la probabilidad de la introducción de 28 plagas cuarentenarias (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 7. Matriz para los riesgos acumulados de la evaluación de las consecuencias de introducción y la probabilidad de introducción de las plagas cuarentenarias (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 29 8. Proceso para determinar el potencial de maleza de (Oryza sativa 32 L.) 9. Lista mundial de plagas de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) 32 originarios de Uruguay 10. Plagas reportadas en arroz (Oryza sativa L.) presentes en 143 Uruguay 11. Plagas con potencial cuarentenario que siguen la vía de ingreso 168 en granos de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) a Ecuador 14. Conclusión de la Etapa 2. Riesgo total acumulado. 285 IX ÍNDICE DE FOTOS FOTOS PÁG. 1. Carpophilus hemipterus (Pinterest, El catálogo global de ideas) ............................................ 310 2. Cryptolestes ferrugineus (©Georg Goergen/IITA Insect Museum) ........................................ 313 3. Cryptolestes turcicus (Canadian grain commission) ............................................................... 316 4. Plodia interpunctella (DEGESCH) ......................................................................................... 319 5. Sitophilus granarius (NRI/MAFF) .......................................................................................... 323 6. Sitophilus zeamays (USDA-ARS) ........................................................................................... 326 7. Cochliobolus pallescens (Rivero, D. et al., 2012) ................................................................... 329 8. Cochliobolus spicifer (Pionetelli E., 2015) .............................................................................. 333 9. Fusarium acuminatum (Fungi of Great Britain and Ireland) ................................................... 336 10. Fusarium asiaticum (Fungi of Great Britain and Ireland) ....................................................... 340 11. Fusarium chlamydosporum (American Society for Microbiology) ........................................ 343 12. Fusarium sporotrichioides (Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia) .................. 346 13. Pithomyces chartarum (Universidad de Adelaine) .................................................................. 350 X ÍNDICE DE ANEXOS ANEXOS PÁG. 1. Ficha técnica de Carpophilus hemipterus ................................................................................ 310 2. Ficha técnica de Cryptolestes ferrugineus ............................................................................... 313 3. Ficha técnica de Cryptolestes turcicus ..................................................................................... 316 4. Ficha técnica de Plodia interpunctella .................................................................................... 319 5. Ficha técnica de Sitophilus granarius ...................................................................................... 323 6. Ficha técnica de Sitophilus zeamays ........................................................................................ 326 7. Ficha técnica de Cochliobolus pallescens ................................................................................ 329 8. Ficha técnica de Cochliobolus spicifer .................................................................................... 333 9. Ficha técnica de Fusarium acuminatum .................................................................................. 336 10. Ficha técnica de Fusarium asiaticum .....................................................................................
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