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Fungi Associated with Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus Cathartica) in Southern Ontario

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Fungi Associated with Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus Cathartica) in Southern Ontario Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 2-13-2017 12:00 AM Fungi Associated with Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) in Southern Ontario Nimalka M. Weerasuriya The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. R. G. Thorn The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Biology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Science © Nimalka M. Weerasuriya 2017 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Biodiversity Commons Recommended Citation Weerasuriya, Nimalka M., "Fungi Associated with Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) in Southern Ontario" (2017). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 4408. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/4408 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) is a competitive Eurasian woody shrub currently invading North America. Buckthorn thickets reduce native diversity and may reduce mycorrhizal diversity through the release of allelochemicals. Two aspects of buckthorn’s invasional biology are explored: 1) identifying fungi associating with buckthorn, and 2) determining buckthorn’s allelochemical impacts on arbuscular mycorrhizae in forest soils and an open-greenhouse experiment. Twenty-three fungi were found growing on buckthorn, including Armillaria mellea s.l., Hypoxylon fuscum, H. perforatum, Nectria cinnabarina, and Cylindrobasidium evolvens. Data from invaded and uninvaded sugar maple (Acer saccharum) soils revealed that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) diversity fluctuated as a function of season or potting disturbance, but the presence of buckthorn had little effect on AMF development in maple roots. Buckthorn may be a mycorrhizal generalist, and changes in AMF abundance may be more influenced by underlying stochastic soil processes and aboveground plant composition than by buckthorn and its allelochemicals. Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Rhamnus cathartica, Acer saccharum, allelochemicals, PCR, small-subunit RNA gene, Illumina MiSeq, bioinformatics, R programming, phylogenetics i Dedication To Achchi. ii Acknowledgements I’d like to first and foremost thank my supervisor Dr. R. G. Thorn for guiding me through the maze that is graduate studies with patience and encouragement. Your passion for mycology is infectious—thank you for sharing your knowledge with me through the years as well as providing so many opportunities to learn and develop my skills. Thank you to my advisory committee, Dr. Hugh Henry and Dr. Richard Gardiner, for their guidance in shaping the rough beginnings of my thesis, as well as Dr. Benjamin Rubin for his great introduction to R and statistical programming. My eternal gratitude goes out to Dr. Gregory B. Gloor who has helped our lab make sense of the maze of data we get back from sequencing studies—thank you for answering my questions, letting us use your computers and programming scripts. To my reader, André Lachance, I am indebted to you for your editing skills. Learning to write is definitely a life-long endeavour! A big heartfelt thank you to my MSc partner-in-crime, Sarah Allan, for providing me with company and sanity during field work, lab work, study sessions, and many more uncatalogued hours. Thank you, as well, to my lab mates Jen McDonald, Asma Asemaninejad and Chris Hay for their help and inspiration. To Dr. Jeremy McNeil for sharing his ideas and letting me use his research vehicle, for Peter Duenk and Caroline Rosenberg at the Environmental Sciences Western Field Station for taking care of the seedlings, and Ron Smith at Shady Maples for providing them. Thank you to my field site partners: Jenna Quinn and folks at rare Charitable Research Reserve – and for the rare Graduate Research Scholarship; John Salo and Rhonda Card who allowed me to collect data at Komoka Provincial Park; Linda McDougall, City of London Ecologist, for allowing me to sample in London’s ESAs; and Daria Koscinski, Conservation Property Manager at the Thames Talbot Land Trust, for permission to collect fungi on buckthorns in their properties. A final thank you to my parents who have sacrificed so much for me during the years and to Achchi, Keith Mama, and Punchi who all inspired within me the love of reading, science, and learning at an early age; this is for all of you. iii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... i Dedication ........................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii List of Appendices ............................................................................................................. ix List of Abbreviations, Symbols, Nomenclature ...................................................................x Chapter 1: Introduction and Thesis Objectives ..............................................................1 1.1 Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) ...................................................................2 1.1.1 Invasion History ..................................................................................................2 1.1.2 Ecosystem Impacts ..............................................................................................2 1.1.3 Changes in Soil Nutrient Availability .................................................................3 1.1.4 Competitive Growth Advantages ........................................................................3 1.1.5 Reproductive Success ..........................................................................................4 1.1.6 Interspecies Interactions ......................................................................................4 1.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Glomeromycota) .........................................................7 1.2.1 AMF and Plant Symbiosis ...................................................................................7 1.2.2 Methods of Dispersal ...........................................................................................8 1.2.3 Host Specificity and AMF Diversity ...................................................................9 1.2.4 Habitat Disturbance ...........................................................................................11 1.3 Research Objectives .....................................................................................................11 1.4 References Cited ..........................................................................................................12 Chapter 2: Fungi associated with Rhamnus cathartica in Southwestern Ontario .....18 2.1 Introduction and Objectives .........................................................................................18 2.1.1 Chemical and Mechanical Buckthorn Removal ................................................18 2.1.2 Biocontrol Agents ..............................................................................................20 2.1.3 Fungi on Buckthorn ...........................................................................................23 2.1.4 Aims and Objectives ..........................................................................................23 2.2 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................25 iv 2.2.1 Sampling Regions ..............................................................................................25 2.2.2 Fungi Identification ...........................................................................................25 2.3 Results ..........................................................................................................................28 2.4 Discussion ....................................................................................................................32 2.5 References Cited ..........................................................................................................35 Chapter 3: Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) allelopathy and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ............................................................................................................40 3.1 Introduction and Objectives .........................................................................................40 3.1.1 Chemical Defense Mechanisms ........................................................................40 3.1.2 Allelochemicals in Common Buckthorn ...........................................................41 3.1.3 Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ....................................................................................45 3.1.4 Invasive Altering Soil Communities .................................................................46
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