Árpát Fertőző Pyrenophora Fajok Intra- És Interspecifikus Változékonysága

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Árpát Fertőző Pyrenophora Fajok Intra- És Interspecifikus Változékonysága 10.14751/SZIE.2017.034 Szent István Egyetem ÁRPÁT FERTŐZŐ PYRENOPHORA FAJOK INTRA- ÉS INTERSPECIFIKUS VÁLTOZÉKONYSÁGA Doktori értekezés FICSOR ANITA Gödöllő 2017 10.14751/SZIE.2017.034 Doktori iskola: Szent István Egyetem Növénytudományi Doktori Iskola Vezetője: Dr. Helyes Lajos egyetemi tanár, intézetigazgató, az MTA doktora Szent István Egyetem Mezőgazdaság- és Környezettudományi Kar Kertészeti Technológiai Intézet Tudományterület: Agrártudományok Tudományága: Növénytermesztési és kertészeti tudományok Témavezetők: Dr. Bakonyi József Kandidátus, tudományos főmunkatárs Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Agrártudományi Kutatóközpont Növényvédelmi Intézet Dr. Tóth Beáta Ph.D., tudományos főmunkatárs Nemzeti Agrárkutatási és Innovációs Központ Növénytermesztési Önálló Kutatási Osztály ………………………… ………………………… Dr. Bakonyi József Dr. Tóth Beáta témavezető társ-témavezető ….................................... Dr. Helyes Lajos doktori iskola vezetője 2 10.14751/SZIE.2017.034 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK RÖVIDÍTÉSEK JEGYZÉKE 1 BEVEZETÉS ÉS CÉLKITŰZÉS .............................................................................................. 7 2 IRODALMI ÁTTEKINTÉS ...................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Árpát fertőző Pyrenophora fajok ....................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 A Pyrenophora teres f. teres, a P. teres f. maculata és a P. graminea taxonómiája és nevezéktana ............................................................................................................................. 13 2.1.2 A Pyrenophora teres f. teres, a P. teres f. maculata és a P. graminea biológiája és életciklusa ................................................................................................................................... 16 2.1.3 A Pyrenophora teres f. teres, a P. teres f. maculata és a P. graminea morfológiája .. 18 2.1.4 A vizsgált Pyrenophora fajok által okozott betegségek tünetei .................................... 22 2.1.5 A vizsgált Pyrenophora fajok előfordulása és gazdasági jelentősége ......................... 23 2.2 DNS-alapú molekuláris módszerek a növénypatogének genetikai variabilitásának vizsgálatára .................................................................................................................................... 25 2.2.1 RAPD alapú módszerek ................................................................................................ 27 2.2.2 Szekvencia alapú módszerek ........................................................................................ 28 2.2.2.1 Riboszomális DNS ITS-régió ................................................................................. 28 2.2.2.2 Fehérjéket kódoló gének ........................................................................................ 30 2.3 Pyrenophora teres f. teres intraspecifikus genetikai változékonysága ......................... 33 2.3.1 A Pyrenophora teres párosodási típusainak eloszlása ................................................ 37 2.4 Árpát fertőző Pyrenophora fajok filogenetikája és interspecifikus rokonsága ........... 40 3 ANYAG ÉS MÓDSZER ........................................................................................................... 45 3.1 Izolátumgyűjtemény .......................................................................................................... 45 3.1.1 Hazai levél minták gyűjtése .......................................................................................... 45 3.1.2 Egyspórás tenyészetek izolálása ................................................................................... 45 3.2 Atipikus levéltünetekről származó izolátumok morfológiai és patogenitási vizsgálata ....................................................................................................................................... 45 3.2.1 Telepmorfológia, telepnövekedés és az ivartalan szaporítóképletek morfológiájának vizsgálata ......................................................................................................... 46 3.2.2 Üvegházi patogenitási teszt .......................................................................................... 47 3.3 Molekuláris genetikai vizsgálatok .................................................................................... 47 3.3.1 DNS-kivonás ................................................................................................................. 47 3.3.2 Kórokozók azonosítása specifikus PCR-rel .................................................................. 48 3.3.3 Párosodási típusok meghatározása specifikus PCR-rel ............................................... 48 3.3.4 Pyrenophora teres f. teres genetikai változékonyságának vizsgálata .......................... 49 3.3.4.1 RAPD-vizsgálatok .................................................................................................. 49 3.3.4.2 RAPD-adatok populációgenetikai statisztikai elemzése ........................................ 49 3 10.14751/SZIE.2017.034 3.3.5 Árpát fertőző Pyrenophora fajok filogenetikai rokonságának vizsgálata ................... 50 3.3.5.1 A vizsgált szekvenciák PCR-es felszaporítása ....................................................... 55 3.3.5.2 PCR-termékek szekvenálása .................................................................................. 55 3.3.5.3 Filogenetikai elemzések ......................................................................................... 55 4 EREDMÉNYEK ....................................................................................................................... 57 4.1 Atipikus tünetekről származó izolátumok jellemzői ...................................................... 57 4.1.1 Tünetek leírása ............................................................................................................. 57 4.1.2 Mikromorfológiai tulajdonságok ................................................................................. 57 4.1.3 Telepmorfológiai jellemzők .......................................................................................... 60 4.1.4 A kórokozók fertőzőképességének igazolása ................................................................ 61 4.2 Molekuláris vizsgálatok eredményei ............................................................................... 62 4.2.1 Izolátumok azonosítása faj és forma specifikus indítószekvenciák felhasználásával .. 62 4.2.2 Párosodási típusok eloszlása ....................................................................................... 65 4.2.3 A Pyrenophora teres f. teres genetikai variabilitása RAPD-mintázatok alapján ........ 67 4.2.4 A P. teres és a P. graminea filogenetikai rokonsága ................................................... 75 4.2.4.1 Polimorfizmusok a P. teres f. teres, P. teres f. maculata és P. graminea vizsgált izolátumaiban ......................................................................................................................... 75 4.2.4.2 A P. teres f. teres, P. teres f. maculata és P. graminea filogenetikai kapcsolatai Maximum Likelihood (ML) és Bayesian analízissel ............................................................. 76 5 KÖVETKEZTETÉSEK ........................................................................................................... 81 5.1 Atipikus tünetekről származó izolátumok azonosítása .................................................. 81 5.2 A Pyrenophora graminea, P. teres formák és párosodási típusaik gyakorisága, elterjedése Magyarországon ........................................................................................................ 82 5.3 A P. teres f. teres hazai populációjának változékonysága ............................................. 84 5.4 A P. graminea és P. teres filogenetikai rokonsága.......................................................... 86 5.5 Új tudományos eredmények ............................................................................................. 88 6 ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS ................................................................................................................. 89 7 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... 92 M1. IRODALOMJEGYZÉK .......................................................................................................... 95 M2. A dolgozat során vizsgált izolátumok adatai ....................................................................... 110 M3. A vizsgálatok során alkalmazott PCR reakciók és primer szekvenciák ........................... 118 Köszönetnyilvánítás ....................................................................................................................... 119 “Végtelen számú kísérlet sem bizonyíthatja, hogy igazam van, de egyetlen kísérlet is bizonyíthatja, hogy tévedtem.” (Albert Einstein) 4 10.14751/SZIE.2017.034 RÖVIDÍTÉSEK JEGYZÉKE AFLP Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism AP-PCR Arbitrary Primed PCR bp bázispár BAYES Bayesian CTAB Cetil-trimetil-ammónium-bromid DAF DNA Amplification Fingerprinting DNS Dezoxiribonukleinsav EDTA Etiléndiamintetraacid ISSR Inter Simple Sequence Repeat ITS Internal Transcribed Spacer gpd Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase LSU Large Subunit (nagy alegység) MAAP Multiple Arbitrary Amplification Profiling ML Maximum Likelihood mt DNS mitokondriális DNS rDNS riboszómális DNS PCR polimeráz lácreakció (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
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