ISTORIA ROMÂNIEI. TRANSILVANIA, Volumul II, Edit. „George Bariţiu”, Cluj-Napoca, 1997, P.1-174

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ISTORIA ROMÂNIEI. TRANSILVANIA, Volumul II, Edit. „George Bariţiu”, Cluj-Napoca, 1997, P.1-174 ISTORIA ROMÂNIEI. TRANSILVANIA, Volumul II, Edit. „George Bariţiu”, Cluj-Napoca, 1997, p.1-174. Capitolul I DUALISMUL – REGIM POLITIC DE ASUPRIRE NAŢIONALĂ ŞI DE MAGHIARIZARE FORŢATĂ A ROMÂNILOR DIN TRANSILVANIA (1867-1918) Dr. Ioan Bolovan, Dr. Dumitru Suciu, Dr. Mihai Racoviţan, Dr. Onisifor Ghibu, Dr. Gelu Neamţu, Dr. Nicolae Cordoş, Dr. Liviu Botezan, Dr. Dumitru Firoiu. 1.1. Structurile demografice din Transilvania în timpul dualismului 1.2. Dualismul – regim politic potrivnic principiului naţionalităţilor în Europa Centrală şi de Est 1.3. Date privind situaţia politică şi confesional – şcolară a românillor din Transilvania în prima decadă a dualismului 1.4. Politica de asuprire naţională şi de maghiarizare forţată a românilor din Transilvania în timpul dualismului 1.5. Evoluţia secuizării românilor din arcul carpatic (judeţele Covasna, Harghita, parţial Mureş) 1.6. Planuri secrete, metode şi mijloace utilizate de guvernele maghiare pentru maghiarizarea românilor din Transilvania 1.6.1. Un plan secret al guvernului unguresc din 1907 privitor la maghiarizarea românilor din Transilvania 1.6.1.1. Motivele care au determinat alcătuirea cărţii confidenţiale a guvernului maghiar 1.6.1.2. Numărul românilor din Ungaria, situaţia lor culturală şi primejdia pe care o reprezintă pentru statul naţional maghiar 1.6.1.3. Distrugerea unităţii demografice a românilor ardeleni 1.6.1.4. Maghiarizarea bisericii greco-catolice române 1.6.1.5. Necesitatea casării autonomiei bisericii ortodoxe române 1.6.1.6. Măsuri preconizate în vederea stingheririi absolute a educaţiei preoţilor şi învăţătorilor români 1.6.1.7. Măsuri în vederea maghiarizării şcolilor secundare româneşti 1.6.1.8. Interzicerea culturii româneşti în Ungaria. O concepţie suis generis asupra culturii naţionale şi cetăţeneşti 1.6.1.9. Necesitatea desfiinţării presei româneşti 1.6.1.10. Necesitatea distrugerii românilor pe teren economico-financiar 1.6.1.11. Desfiinţarea organizaţiei politice a românilor ardeleni 1.6.1.12. Guvernele ungureşti din anii 1907-1918 au procedat în mod strâns şi unitar în politica lor faţă de români, conform planului secret din cartea lui A. Huszar 1.6.2. Metode şi mijloace utilizate pentru deznaţionalizarea românilor din Transilvania 1.6.2.1. Deznaţionalizarea prin şcoală 1.6.2.2. Deznaţionalizarea prin biserică 1.6.2.3. Deznaţionalizarea prin administraţie 1.6.2.4. Deznaţionalizarea prin armată 1.6.2.5. Tentative de suprimare a autonomiei culturale româneşti 1.6.2.6. Tentative de încălcare a altor libertăţi democratice ale românilor 1.6.2.7. Oprimarea economică în slujba deznaţionalizării 1.6.2.8. Colonizările 1.7. Organizarea administrativă a Transilvaniei şi politica antiromânească în perioada dualismului austro- ungar (1876-1918) 1.8. Dreptul la vot şi situaţia politică a românilor din Transilvania şi Banat în timpul dualismului austro- ungar. 1.1. STRUCTURILE DEMOGRAFICE DIN TRANSILVANIA ÎN TIMPUL DUALISMULUI Încheierea dualismului a avut implicaţii pentru Transilvania nu numai în plan politic, economic sau cultural, dar şi în cel demografic. Dinamica, mobilitatea şi structura populaţiei din aceste teritorii au fost influenţate de noul cadru politico-statal. Guvernul de la Budapesta a promovat o politică demografică (incluzând măsuri cu caracter economic, social şi politic) de favorizare a elementului maghiar în cadrul statului multinaţional. Este semnificativ în acest sens faptul că populaţia Ungariei (în limitele teritoriale existente după 1918) a crescut între 1869-1910 cu 51,8%, în timp ce populaţia teritoriilor ce s-au desprins la sfârşitul primului război mondial (Slovacia, Transilvania, Voivodina, Croaţia) a sporit cu numai 24,4% în aceeaşi perioadă. Diferenţe similare se pot constata şi pentru provinciile care s-au aflat până la 1918 sub controlul Vienei1. Primul recensământ organizat de către autorităţile maghiare după legalizarea dualismului a început la 31 decembrie 1869 fiind finalizat la începutul anului următor, iar ultimul recensământ dinaintea primului război mondial a fost efectuat în anul 1910. Între aceste două limite, populaţia Transilvaniei (în înţelesul larg, cuprinzând atât teritoriul fostului principat autonom, cât şi Banatul, Crişana şi Maramureşul a sporit de la 4.224.614 locuitori la 5.225.618 locuitori, corespunzând unei creşteri de aproximativ 24% cu o rată medie anuală de 0,6% (vezi tabelul nr.1 şi graficul nr.1). Diferenţa de aproape 27% în ceea ce priveşte creşterea demografică a Transilvaniei comparativ cu a Ungariei constituie un alt argument pentru statutul inferior rezervat Transilvaniei în cadrul statului dualist. Grafic nr.1 Dinamica populaţiei Transilvaniei între 1850-1910 5,4 5,2 5 4,8 4,6 ) e n a o i 4,4 l i m ( 4,2 4 3,8 3,6 3,4 1234567 (1 - 1850; 2 – 1857; 3 – 1870; 4 – 1880; 5 – 1890; 6 – 1900; 7 – 1910) În primul deceniu după instaurarea Ausgleich-ului, populaţia Transilvaniei a cunoscut un regres (vezi tabelul nr.1). Astfel, cu prilejul recensământului din 1880, au fost înregistraţi 4.081.662 de locuitori. Descreşterea faţă de 1870 s-a cifrat la 142.952 locuitori, iar procentual scăderea s-a ridicat la -3,4%. În primul rând, atribuim declinul demografic epidemiei de holeră din anul 1872-1873, cea mai amplă de acest gen din zonă, cu efecte la fel de catastrofale şi în alte provincii din imperiu2. În Transilvania, dincolo de aproape cele 50.000 de victime directe, au rămas afectate încă alte zeci de mii de persoane care au fost cel mai expuse riscului de deces în tot deceniul opt, amplificând dezechilibrul provocat de holeră. Din registrele parohiale de stare civilă consultate, s-au putut remarca o serie de epidemii locale de variolă, difterie, tuse convulsivă, etc., care au afectat în special copiii (în 1874, 1876, 1877, 1879). Mortalitatea din anumite sate a depăşit cu mult în acei ani nivelul deceselor înregistrate cu prilejul holerei din 1872-1873 (vezi graficul nr.2 referitor la mişcarea naturală a populaţiei din trei sate). Fenomenul a fost detectabil în aproape toată Europa Centrală în acea perioadă. La o asemenea rată ridicată a mortalităţii a mai colaborat şi criza financiar-industrială din monarhie, anii consecutivi cu recolte insuficiente3 etc. Grafic nr.2 Mişcarea naturală a populaţiei din Gledin, Susenii Bîrgăului şi Mijlocenii Bîrgăului între 1850-1910 1400 1200 1000 natalitatea 800 600 mortalitatea 400 spor natural 200 0 -200 -400 În urma regresului demografic din deceniul opt, populaţia Transilvaniei s-a refăcut, astfel că în 1890 au fost consemnaţi 4.427.515 locuitori. Între recensământurile din anii 1880 şi 1890, sporul real a fost de 345.853 locuitori, corespunzând unei creşteri cu 8,4% (rata medie anuală de creştere a atins valoarea de 0,8%). Fenomenul trebuie pus în legătură directă cu avântul economic sesizat după 1880, când s-au pus bazele procesului de industrializare, s-au extins suprafeţele cultivate, s-a trecut la o mai eficientă organizare a sistemului sanitar ca urmare a legii sănătăţii publice din Ungaria votată în anul 18764. Sensul dinamic ascendent al dezvoltării populaţiei Transilvaniei este constatabil aproape la nivelul întregii provincii, aşa cum o demonstrează cercetările făcute pentru diferite microzone: comitatul Cluj, comitatul Arad, zona Bistriţei, etc5. Au existat fireşte şi câteva excepţii datorate unor condiţii social-politice concrete. În Ţara Bârsei bunăoară, în contextul războiului vamal dintre Austro- Ungaria şi România precum şi a sporirii impozitelor pe păşunat, populaţia din satele în care păstoritul şi creşterea animelelor era principala ocupaţie a descrescut în deceniul nouă6. Dinamica populaţiei Transilvaniei între 1870-1910* Tabelul nr.1 Densi- Mărimea populaţiei în Creşterea sau Rata medie anuală de tatea % faţă de: scăderea reală An Nr. locuitori Perioada creştere sau pe Recens. 1870 Număr % descreştere km2 anterior 1870 4.224.614 41,3 100,0 - - - - - 1880 4.081.662 39,7 96,6 96,6 1871-1880 -142.952 -3,4 -0,3 % 1890 4.427.515 42,2 104,8 108,4 1881-1890 345.853 8,4 0,8 % 1990 4.838.067 47,1 114,5 109,2 1891-1910 410.552 9,2 0,9 % 1910 5.225.618 51,5 123,7 108,0 1901-1910 387.551 8 0,8 % 1870-1910 1.001.004 23,7 0,6 % *Calculele s-au făcut după: Magyar Statistykai Evkönyv, elsö évfolyam, Buda, 1872; Az 1881 év elején végrehajtott népszámlálás föbb eredmegnék és köszégek szerint részletesnek, Budapest, 1882; Adam, I.I., Puşcaş, I., Izvoare de demografie istorică, vol.II, secolul XIX-1914, Transilvania, Bucureşti, 1987; Morariu, T., Entwicklung der bevölkerungsdichtigkeit Siebenbürgens während der Jahre 1840-1930, Bucureşti, 1940. Ultima decadă a sec. al XIX-lea a înregistrat continuarea procesului de creştere a populaţiei Transilvaniei (vezi tabelul nr.1). Până la recensământul din 1900, sporul real a fost de 410.552 locuitori, ceea ce corespunde unei creşteri cu 9,2%. Rata medie anuală a fost superioară valorii din deceniul anterior (0,8%) deşi nu a ajuns la acelaşi nivel ca în perioada 1858-1870. Reducerea mortalităţii, paralel cu menţinerea unei rate înalte a natalităţii reprezintă indicatori ai aşa numitei tranziţii demografice, al cărei debut îl putem plasa la mijlocul deceniului nouă. Fenomenul nu a fost caracteristic doar pentru Transilvania. Tranziţia (revoluţia) demografică s-a manifestat aproape simultan în această parte a imperiului cu "revoluţia industrială"7. Înmulţirea investiţiilor industriale, sporirea suprafeţelor de pământ cultivate introducerea unor maşini în agricultură (deocamdată pe scară redusă), obţinerea unor recolte mai bune etc. au avut ca efect creşterea căsătoriilor şi implicit, a naşterilor8. Ca urmare a politicii agrare pe care au promovat-o în mediul rural băncile româneşti din Transilvania, s-a observat extinderea loturilor de pământ româneşti. Graficul nr.2 privind mişcarea naturală din satele ce compun eşntionul de lucru relevă pentru anii 1880-1910 tendinţele natalităţii şi ale mortalităţii, confirmând declanşarea şi dezvoltarea tranziţiei demografice. Între 1901 şi 1910 (ultimul recensământ efectuat de autorităţile maghiare înainte de primul război mondial), populaţia Transilvaniei a cunoscut un spor de 387.551 locuitori, corespunzător unei creştei cu 8%.
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