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Collection of Student Papers Onhungarian Andcroatian Legal III SIC EDITORS GOSZTONYI GERGELY DUNJA MILOTIĆ KINGA BELIZNAI BÓDI ITURCollection of student papers on Hungarian and Croatian AD legal history 2018 ASTRA ISSN 2631-181X SIC EDITORS GOSZTONYI GERGELY DUNJA MILOTIĆ KINGA BELIZNAI BÓDI ITURCollection of student papers on Hungarian and Croatian AD legal history 2018 ASTRAEötvös Loránd University / Faculty of Law / Department of the History of Hungarian State and Law / 2019 Table of content Croatian–Hungarian Legal History Summer School .............................................................................. 3 Dr. Imre KÉPESSY: The Influence of the Austrian Laws on the Creation of the first Hungarian Criminal Code ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 Lajos Ármin GRIMM: The Parliamentary Dispute around the Csemegi Code ............................. 13 Matija PLAŠĆ: An Attempt to Draft a Croatian Criminal Law – Draft of the 1879 Criminal Code or the so–called Derenčinʼs Draft .................................................................................................... 24 Patrik SZABÓ: The Philosophical and Legal Perspectives of Capital Punishment .................... 30 Mia MILANOVIĆ: The Crime against Nature in the Croatian Criminal Law during the Period from Codification of Substantial Criminal Law in 1852 until its Decriminalization in 1977 .. 46 Kíra Réka HERNÁDI: How did the Most Important Hungarian Penal Institutions and Prisons Develop after 1848? ........................................................................................................................................ 52 György Tamás SVEDA: Formation and Development of the Detainees’ Rights especially in the 19th and 20th Centuries and their Interpretation in Nowadays’ Constitutional Framework ................................................................................................................................................................................. 63 Ana TURIĆ: The Execution of Punishment of Imprisonment and Penal System in Croatia and Slavonia (1852–1918) ...................................................................................................................................... 71 Ivana KUNIĆ: Criminal Proceedings against Juvenile Offenders in Croatia and Slavonia at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century ..................................................................................................... 78 Gréta ZANÓCZ: The Similarities between Jury Trial and People's Court in the Hungarian Legal History ...................................................................................................................................................... 86 Maria ŽAMBOKI: History of Jury Trial in Croatian Lands (1848–1918) ........................................... 96 Anna GERA: The Position of Women in the Hungarian Criminal Justice System and the Women’s Penitentiary in Márianosztra in the 19th and 20th Century .......................................... 103 Mateo VLAČIĆ: Infanticide in Croatia and Slavonia (1852–1918) – Criminal Legislation and Judicial Practice .............................................................................................................................................. 116 1 Ákos Tibor KOVÁCS: The History of Duel in Hungary between the Second Half of the 19th Century and the First Half of 20th Century ............................................................................................ 123 2 Croatian–Hungarian Legal History Summer School The Croatian–Hungarian Legal History Summer School was organised for the first time in 2016 in Budapest as a result of the cooperation of the Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Law and the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Law. The two History of State and Law Departments of these universities published the best student presentations in the books entitled Sic itur ad astra I. (ISBN 978-963-284-935-5, Eötvös Loránd University Faculty of Law, Budapest, 2017, 64 p.) and Sic itur ad astra II. (ISBN 978-963-284-935-5, University of Zagreb Faculty of Law, Zagreb, 2018, 64 p.) Our third summer school was organized again in Budapest in 2018. The topic was „The development and codification of criminal law and criminal law procedure after 1848”. Fourteen, Master and Ph.D. level students held their presentations, most of them – beside the publication of Dr. Imre Képessy who held the Professor’s Lecture – are listed in this book. We hope that our students will actually reach the stars and that we will find their names and scientific achievements in similar publications in the future as well. Budapest–Zagreb, 2019. The Editors 3 Dr. Imre KÉPESSY: The Influence of the Austrian Laws on the Creation of the first Hungarian Criminal Code Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Law 1. Introduction On June 15, 1880, when Emperor Franz Joseph promulgated Act 37, the last obstacle that prevented the first Hungarian Criminal Code from coming into force, disappeared.1 The enactment of this law marked a very important milestone for many people for various reasons. For Károly Csemegi, who wrote the whole draft single-handedly, meant the completion of a job that lasted almost for a decade. For the country, it meant that 170 years after the first draft being published, the codification process reached its purpose. Finally, for the Ministry of Justice, it meant that a promise, which was made by Boldizsár Horvát originally, was achieved finally. He as the first minister of justice appointed after the Austro–Hungarian Compromise of 1867 aimed for the enactment of a modern criminal code from the moment taking the oath into office. Even if he could not deliver this promise, there was no difference between him and his successors, like Tivadar Pauler and Béla Perczel. To understand, why the enactment of the Criminal Code lasted so long and why it became so urgent in the 1870s, I would like to quote Imre Hodossy, a member of the so-called Deák-Party i.e. the governing party at the time. On November 15, 1873, when the members of the Parliament argued whether they should put the debate of the Criminal Code on the agenda, he said the following: “To this day, the Austrian Criminal Code is in effect in Transylvania and the Croatian Military Frontier; (...) meanwhile, in Hungary in the narrower sense, the Criminal Code can be summarized in one sentence: judicial tyranny.”2 After 1541, when the Ottoman Empire seized control of Hungary’s capital and divided the country into three territories, any attempt at codification seemed impossible. When the 150-year-long war period ended, the southern border remained under military 1 ILLÉS, Károly: A büntető törvénykönyv magyarázata [The Criminal Code Annotated] vol. I, Budapest, 1894, Révai testvérek kiadása, p. 22. 2 LÖW, Tóbiás: A magyar büntetőtörvénykönyv a bűntettekről és vétségekről (1878:5. tcz.) és teljes anyaggyűjteménye [The Hungarian Criminal Code on Felonies and Misdemeanours (Act 5 of 1878) with all the Documents]. Budapest, 1880, Pesti Könyvnyomda, p. 23. Regarding the contemporary judicial practice see: PAULER, Tivadar: Büntetőjogtan [Institutions of Criminal Jurisprudence] vol. I, Budapest, 1872, Pfeifer Ferdinánd pp. 17–18. 4 rule and Transylvania was treated as a separate territory in the Habsburg Empire. From the 18th century, many Austrian laws came into force in these territories, for example the Sanctio Criminalis Josephina and the Austrian Criminal Code of 1803. In Hungary, the Austrian laws were applied to a much lesser extent. Apart of the Praxis Criminalis of 1656, which was used in the western territories of the country until the 18th century, only the Josephina was in force for three years at the end of the rule of Joseph II. On the other hand, I must note that various internal and external political circumstances hindered the Hungarian Parliament from codification. Therefore, most legal institutions within criminal law were based on customs until the mid 19th century. Still, parliamentary committees were tasked with the creation of draft criminal codes from the beginning of the 18th century. The last proposal was completed in 1843 and it was held in the highest regard even by the contemporary German legal experts. In 1848, when the Hungarian statesmen tried to achieve fundamental reforms by changing the form of government into a constitutional monarchy, the war of independence broke out which Hungary lost. This development gave the opportunity to the Austrian government to unify the legal system in the whole Empire. Therefore, the Austrian Constitution of March 1849, which according to the doctrine of constitutional forfeiture in Hungary introduced a so-called neo- absolutist regime, which caused longlasting consequences in our legal system. In criminal law, the Viennese Government imposed the Criminal Code of 1852 onto the entire country on May 27, 1852.3 The Austrian Code of Criminal Procedure entered into effect the following year. In 1855, the Military Criminal Code was promulgated in the entire Empire.4 In 1860, fundamental changes came with the proclamation of the October Diploma due to the defeat in the Austro–Sardinian War. With this new constitution, Franz Joseph tried to achieve a compromise with Hungary. First of all, it declared that the Hungarian Constitution should be restored – with some restrictions. I cannot go into further details, but I must point out that the Hungarian judicial system was restored mostly. This development
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