DOCSLIB.ORG

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS in WOUND ANTISEPTICS by H

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS in WOUND ANTISEPTICS by H Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.22.246.118 on 1 April 1946. Downloaded from 118 POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL JOURNAL April, I946 If the patient is allowed fluid by mouth, it 4. If the apparatus does not appear to be work- should be given by the feeder between times of ing, the clips should be clamped, the appa- aspiration. ratus disconnected from the gastric tube and Aspiration is performed at regular intervals some water injected down the tube to make either every hour or half-hour according to sure that it is patent. instructions. The aspirated material must always be saved The Time for Removal of the Tube: The tube is for inspection. removed under the Doctor's instructions. In 2. Continuous Suction: A study of the diagram cases of intestinal obstruction this is usually (Fig. 2) will explain the work of the apparatus, after the patient has had one bowel action, and and attention must be to the has passed flatus on at least two occasions. particular paid After operations on the stomach, the tube is following points:- removed when the aspirated contents appear I. The reservoir A must never be allowed to clear contain bile. become empty. and 2. The end of the tubing in bottle B must be Vomiting: If a patient who is undergoing gastro- below the level of the water. intestinal suction vomits, it indicates that there 3. The clips D and E must be clamped before is some fault in the procedure, and is a reflection and during the changing of the bottles A and on the management of the suction. Every B. They are then released to re-commence effort should be made to discover and correct the suction. fault. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN WOUND ANTISEPTICS By H. E. DALE copyright. During recent years a considerable amount of appear that it was selected primarily for this work has been carried out with the object of reason as the bacteriostatic powers of acriflavine, finding a non-toxic antiseptic which would be neutral acriflavine (or euflavine) and proflavine effective against all the bacteria likely to be present against various organisms are approximately the in wounds. From I939 onwards sulphonamides, same. In I934 acriflavine was shown to be a especially sulphanilamide, have been used exten- mixture of the hydrochlorides of 2 : 8-diamino- local in the and chloride and 2 8-diamino- sively by application prevention Io-methylacridinium http://pmj.bmj.com/ control of wound infection, and they are undoubt- acridine, and neutral acriflavine a mixture of edly effective bacteriostatic agents. Their action 2: 8-diamino-io-methylacridinium chloride and. is, however, inhibited by pus and necrotic tissue, 2: 8-diaminoacridine hydrochloride. Proflavine is and they are ineffective against some organisms. however, not a mixture but a simple salt-- Penicillin has and will be used extensively, and 2 : 8-diaminoacridine sulphate. It is the precursorl may well replace many antiseptics, but it is not of acriflavine and neutral acriflavine and is therefore. effective against gram-negative organisms such as simpler to manufacture. Ps. pyocyanea and Proteus and supplies are at In I936 Albert Linnell and others began' on October 2, 2021 by guest. Protected present restricted. intensive investigations on the acridine series. They prepared all the possible aminoacridines and investigated the relation between chemical con- Acridines stitution and activity. They found that amino The acridines or flavines, as they have been groups in positions 2, 3, or 5 increased the activity called, were introduced by Browning in 1917, of the acridine molecule and gave compounds of and recent work on their properties and methods high bacteriostatic activity. 2: 7-diaminoacri- of application has brought to light many interesting dine and 5-aminoacridine were considered to be facts. For some time acriflavine was considered the best of the series. to be the most suitable acridine for use as an It is well known that chlorophenols are con- antiseptic, but in I94I proflavine sulphate was siderably more active than the parent phenol, included in the 4th Addendum to the British and experiments were also carried out to determine Pharmacopoeia. Acriflavine is much more soluble in the effect of introducing chlorine into amino- water than the other acridines, and it would acridines. New chloroacridines were prepared but Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.22.246.118 on 1 April 1946. Downloaded from Alpril, 2-946 WOUND ANTISEPTICS they were less active than the aminoacridines and More recently Albert et al. (i945) in a general possessed no therapeutic advantages. 2-chloro-5- survey of the acridine series have described three aminoacridine was found to be most active, but new drugs, I: 9-dimethyl-proflavine, 5-amino-I- also the most toxic and the 6- and 7-chloro-2- and aminoacridines methylacridine 2-nitro-5-aminoacridine. were quite inactive. Bacteriological tests showed that i : 9-dimethyl- Attention was again drawn to proflavine and proflavine is approximately five times as potent as the two new acridines 2: 7-diaminoacridine and proflavine against gram-positive and twice as 5-aminoacridine, when Russell and Falconer (I940) potent against gram-negative organisms without showed that buffered isotonic solutions of pro- any increase in toxicity. flavine sulphate with a pH approaching neutrality 5-amino-I-methylacridine is non-staining, less could safely be applied to the surface of a rabbit's toxic and more active than 5-aminoacridine. brain. They found that both acriflavine and The outstanding property of 2-nitro-5-amino- neutral acriflavine caused damage, but the newer acridine is its marked anti-streptococcal action compounds 2:7-diaminoacridine and 5-amino- suggesting a sphere of usefulness in the treatment acridine did not. The surprising fact that isotonic of haemolytic streptococcal infections and pro- solutions of proflavine could be applied to such phylactically in obstetrics. delicate tissues as brain tissues stimulated greater interest in this compound and also in the newer acridines 2: 7-diaminoacridine and 5-aminoacri- Relative dine. Clinical reports on the new acridines have Toxicity been published in this country and in Australia Selbie and McIntosh (I943), carried out experi- confirming their value as non-toxic antiseptics, mental work on the action of antiseptics on muscle but it is difficult to assess how these new compounds and connective tissue. The assessment of toxicity differ in their bacteriological action from proflavine. by this method was designed to avoid reactions It has been suggested that the divergence of opinion other than those arising from the toxicity of the on their relative toxicity to leucocytes and action substance to be tested, and to simulate as far as certain bacteria possible, in experimental animals, conditions likely against may be dependent upon copyright. the methods employed by different workers. to be found in wounds. A known quantity of the Generally, it can be said they do not differ very substance to be tested was dissolved in water, and much in their action from that of proflavine against o.I and 0.2 c.c. were injected into the thigh muscles most organisms. 5-aminoacridine, unlike most of mice. The mice were killed after 3 days and other acridine antiseptics, does not stain the skin it was found that any lesions were fully developed or fabrics. It is a yellow compound, but the by that time. Any visible reactions were noted yellow colour may be removed easily by washing and the injected muscles were examined histo- with water. As acridine stains are logically. Proflavine sulphate produced approxi- usually very mately the same degree of muscle necrosis and difficult to remove, this is a decided advantage. http://pmj.bmj.com/ Solutions of proflavine sulphate deposit on exposure connective tissue reaction as 2 : 7-diaminoacridine to but solutions of hvdrochloride and 5-aminoacridine hydrochloride, light, 5-aminoacridine hydro- but the acridine bases were chloride are stable. 2 7-diaminoacridine hydro- considerably more chloride and proflavine sulphate are stated to be toxic than their acid salts, producing more necrosis .ess toxic than 5-aminoacridine hydrochloride and and considerable cellular reaction. The toxicity also possibly effective against Ps. and of bases in pharmaceutical preparations was also Proteus. pyocyanea determined and it was shown that many had a Berry (I941) investigated the bacteriostatic high degree of tissue toxicity. This work is not on October 2, 2021 by guest. Protected values of the two components of acriflavine against yet completed, but experiments carried out so far various organisms and found that mixtures pos- show how important it is to examine the bases sessed no greater bacteriostatic power than either used in ointments and other pharmaceutical pre- compound. He suggested that the neutral hydro- parations for their toxicity to tissues before use. chloride of 2 : 8-diaminoacridine, i.e. proflavine monohydrochloride, would be the best acridine to use. Method of Application Albert (I943) described several salts of proflavine, The acridines, until recently, were only applied the more important being the monohydrochloride to wounds in solution in water or saline, but it and neutral sulphate, orange to red powders has now been shown that proflavine can safely be giving solutions which are nearly neutral. They applied in powder form to infected wounds, may replace the more acid proflavine sulphate provided small amounts only are employed. Sup- which is usually employed. purating wounds have been
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Antiseptics and Disinfectants for the Treatment Of
    Verstraelen et al. BMC Infectious Diseases 2012, 12:148 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/12/148 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Antiseptics and disinfectants for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: A systematic review Hans Verstraelen1*, Rita Verhelst2, Kristien Roelens1 and Marleen Temmerman1,2 Abstract Background: The study objective was to assess the available data on efficacy and tolerability of antiseptics and disinfectants in treating bacterial vaginosis (BV). Methods: A systematic search was conducted by consulting PubMed (1966-2010), CINAHL (1982-2010), IPA (1970- 2010), and the Cochrane CENTRAL databases. Clinical trials were searched for by the generic names of all antiseptics and disinfectants listed in the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System under the code D08A. Clinical trials were considered eligible if the efficacy of antiseptics and disinfectants in the treatment of BV was assessed in comparison to placebo or standard antibiotic treatment with metronidazole or clindamycin and if diagnosis of BV relied on standard criteria such as Amsel’s and Nugent’s criteria. Results: A total of 262 articles were found, of which 15 reports on clinical trials were assessed. Of these, four randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were withheld from analysis. Reasons for exclusion were primarily the lack of standard criteria to diagnose BV or to assess cure, and control treatment not involving placebo or standard antibiotic treatment. Risk of bias for the included studies was assessed with the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias. Three studies showed non-inferiority of chlorhexidine and polyhexamethylene biguanide compared to metronidazole or clindamycin. One RCT found that a single vaginal douche with hydrogen peroxide was slightly, though significantly less effective than a single oral dose of metronidazole.
    [Show full text]
  • Sterilization and Disinfection
    Sterilization and Disinfection Sterilization is defined as the process where all the living microorganisms, including bacterial spores are killed. Sterilization can be achieved by physical, chemical and physiochemical means. Chemicals used as sterilizing agents are called chemisterilants. Disinfection is the process of elimination of most pathogenic microorganisms (excluding bacterial spores) on inanimate objects. Disinfection can be achieved by physical or chemical methods. Chemicals used in disinfection are called disinfectants. Different disinfectants have different target ranges, not all disinfectants can kill all microorganisms. Some methods of disinfection such as filtration do not kill bacteria, they separate them out. Sterilization is an absolute condition while disinfection is not. The two are not synonymous. Decontamination is the process of removal of contaminating pathogenic microorganisms from the articles by a process of sterilization or disinfection. It is the use of physical or chemical means to remove, inactivate, or destroy living organisms on a surface so that the organisms are no longer infectious. Sanitization is the process of chemical or mechanical cleansing, applicable in public health systems. Usually used by the food industry. It reduces microbes on eating utensils to safe, acceptable levels for public health. Asepsis is the employment of techniques (such as usage of gloves, air filters, uv rays etc) to achieve microbe-free environment. Antisepsis is the use of chemicals (antiseptics) to make skin or mucus membranes devoid of pathogenic microorganisms. Bacteriostasis is a condition where the multiplication of the bacteria is inhibited without killing them. Bactericidal is that chemical that can kill or inactivate bacteria. Such chemicals may be called variously depending on the spectrum of activity, such as bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal, microbicidal, sporicidal, tuberculocidal or germicidal.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Medicinal Drugs and Driving: Co-Ordination and Synthesis Report
    Project No. TREN-05-FP6TR-S07.61320-518404-DRUID DRUID Driving under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines Integrated Project 1.6. Sustainable Development, Global Change and Ecosystem 1.6.2: Sustainable Surface Transport 6th Framework Programme Deliverable 4.4.1 Classification of medicinal drugs and driving: Co-ordination and synthesis report. Due date of deliverable: 21.07.2011 Actual submission date: 21.07.2011 Revision date: 21.07.2011 Start date of project: 15.10.2006 Duration: 48 months Organisation name of lead contractor for this deliverable: UVA Revision 0.0 Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) Dissemination Level PU Public PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission x Services) RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) DRUID 6th Framework Programme Deliverable D.4.4.1 Classification of medicinal drugs and driving: Co-ordination and synthesis report. Page 1 of 243 Classification of medicinal drugs and driving: Co-ordination and synthesis report. Authors Trinidad Gómez-Talegón, Inmaculada Fierro, M. Carmen Del Río, F. Javier Álvarez (UVa, University of Valladolid, Spain) Partners - Silvia Ravera, Susana Monteiro, Han de Gier (RUGPha, University of Groningen, the Netherlands) - Gertrude Van der Linden, Sara-Ann Legrand, Kristof Pil, Alain Verstraete (UGent, Ghent University, Belgium) - Michel Mallaret, Charles Mercier-Guyon, Isabelle Mercier-Guyon (UGren, University of Grenoble, Centre Regional de Pharmacovigilance, France) - Katerina Touliou (CERT-HIT, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece) - Michael Hei βing (BASt, Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen, Germany).
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol ⊗ Hypoglycaemia, and Hypokalaemia May Occur
    Acridine Derivatives/Alcohol 1625 Acriflavinium Chloride (rINN) Pharmacopoeias. Chin., Eur. (see p.vii), and Jpn describe the Booze; Drinks; Grog; Juice; Jungle juice; Liq; Liquor; Lunch head; Moonshine; Piss; Sauce; Schwillins. Acriflavine; Acriflavine Hydrochloride; Acriflavinii Chloridum; monohydrate. Ph. Eur. 6.2 (Ethacridine Lactate Monohydrate). A yellow crys- Acriflavinii Dichloridum; Acriflavinium, Chlorure d’; Akriflavinium- Pharmacopoeias. Various strengths are included in Br., Chin., talline powder. Sparingly soluble in water; very slightly soluble chlorid; Cloruro de acriflavinio. A mixture of 3,6-diamino-10- Eur. (see p.vii), Int., Jpn, US, and Viet. Also in USNF. in alcohol; practically insoluble in dichloromethane. A 2% solu- In Martindale the term alcohol is used for alcohol 95 or 96% v/v. methylacridinium chloride hydrochloride and 3,6-diaminoacrid- tion in water has a pH of 5.5 to 7.0. Protect from light. ine dihydrochloride. Ph. Eur. 6.2 (Ethanol, Anhydrous; Ethanolum Anhydricum; Etha- nol BP 2008). It contains not less than 99.5% v/v or 99.2% w/w Акрифлавиния Хлорид Proflavine Hemisulfate of C2H5OH at 20°. A colourless, clear, volatile, flammable, hy- CAS — 8063-24-9; 65589-70-0. Proflavine Hemisulphate (pINNM); Hemisulfato de proflavina; groscopic liquid; it burns with a blue, smokeless flame. B.p. ATC — R02AA13. Neutral Proflavine Sulphate; Proflavine, Hémisulfate de; Proflavini about 78°. Miscible with water and with dichloromethane. Pro- ATC Vet — QG01AC90; QR02AA13. Hemisulfas. 3,6-Diaminoacridine sulphate dihydrate. tect from light. The BP 2008 gives Absolute Alcohol and Dehydrated Alcohol Профлавина Гемисульфат as approved synonyms. (C13H11N3)2,H2SO4,2H2O = 552.6. Ph. Eur. 6.2 (Ethanol (96 per cent)).
    [Show full text]
  • 7 EDTA, Tetraso
    REPORT Safety Assessment of EDTA, Calcium Disodium EDTA. Diammonium EDTA, Dipotassium EDTA. 7 Disodium EDTA, TEA- EDTA, Tetrasod=um EDTA, Tripotassium EDTA, Trisodium EDTA, HEDTA and Trisodium HEDTA ABSTRACT EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) and its salts are substituted diamines. HEDTA (hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine triacetic acid) and its trisodium salt are substituted amines. These ingredients function as chelating agents in cosmetic formulations. The typical concentration of use of EDTA is less than 2%, with the other salts in current use at even lower concentrations. The lowest dose reported to cause a toxic effect in animals was 750 mg/kg/day. These chelating agents are cytotoxic and weakly genotoxic, but not carcinogenic. Oral exposures to EDTA produced adverse reproductive and developmental effects in animals. Clinical tests reported no absorption of an EDTA salt through the skin. These ingredients, are likely, however, to affect the passage of other chemicals into the skin because they will chelate calcium. Exposure to ED TA in most cosmetic formulations, therefore, would produce systemic exposure levels well below those seen to be toxic in oral dosing studies. Exposure to EDTA in cosmetic formulations that may be inhaled, however, was a concern. An exposure assessment done using conservative assumptions predicted that the maximum EDTA dose via inhalation of an aerosolized cosmetic formulation is below that which has been shown to produce reproductive or developmental toxicity. Because of the potential to increase the penetration of other chemicals, formulators should continue to be aware of this when combining these ingredients with ingredients that previously have been determined to be safe primarily because they were not significanUy absorbed.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Characterization of Novel Anti-Leishmanial Compounds
    Identification and Characterization of Novel Anti-leishmanial Compounds Bilal Zulfiqar Master of Philosophy, Doctor of Pharmacy Discovery Biology Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery School of Natural Sciences Griffith University Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2017 ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Leishmaniasis is characterized as a parasitic disease caused by the trypanosomatid protozoan termed Leishmania. Leishmaniasis is endemic in 98 countries around the globe with increased cases of morbidity and mortality emerging each day. The mode of transmission of this disease is via the bite of a sand fly, genus Phlebotomus (Old World) and Lutzomyia (New World). The life cycle of Leishmania parasite exists between the sand fly (promastigote form) and the mammalian host (amastigote form). Leishmaniasis can be characterized as cutaneous, muco-cutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis based on clinical manifestations exhibited in infected individuals. Although leishmaniasis is treatable, it faces challenges largely due to emerging resistance and extensive toxicity for current drugs. Therapeutic efficacy varies depending upon the species, symptoms and geographical regions of the Leishmania parasite. The drug discovery pipeline for neglected trypanosomatid diseases remains sparse. In particular, the field of leishmaniasis drug discovery has had limited success in translating potential drug candidates into viable therapies. Currently there are few compounds that are clinical candidates for leishmaniasis, it is therefore essential that new compounds that are active against Leishmania are identified and evaluated for their potential to progress through the drug discovery pipeline. In order to identify new therapeutics, it is imperative that robust, biologically relevant assays be developed for the screening of anti-leishmanial compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Nationalinstitute of Genetics Japan
    NATIONALINSTITUTE OF GENETICS JAPAN ANNUAL REPORT No. 23 1972 PublitJhMl 611 THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF GBNE'l1C8 IIiaimG. 8&uoktl-km, J.,.,. 1973 Annual Report of the National Institute of Genetics No. 23, 1972 I Published by The National Institute of Genetics, Japan 1973 CONTENTS General statement 1 Staff 2 Council.......... .. 5 Association for propagation of the knowledge of genetics .. 6 Projects of research for 1972 7 Researches carried out in 1972 .................................. 11 I. Molecular Genetics The 5'-terminal structure of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) genome RNA. MIURA, K., SUGIURA, M. and WA- TANABE, K. 11 Terminal structure of single-stranded RNA transcribed by the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis (CP) virus. SHIMOTOHNO, K., FURUICHI, Y. and MIURA, K. 12 The 3'-terminal structure of Avian reovirus RNA. FURUICHI, Y. and MIURA, K. 13 Nucleotide ratio of the genome segments in a cytoplasmic polyh­ edrosis virus from silkworm. FURUICHI, Y., RAI, U. and .. MIURA, K. 13 II. Microbial Genetics Absence of messenger ribonucleic acid specific for flagellin in fla- mutants. SUZUKI, H. and IINO, T. 15 Ill. Biochemical Genetics Improved method for separation and identification of rat serum transferrins: Thin layer acrylamide-gel electrophoresis with acrinol pretreatment. MORIWAKI, K. .. .................. 17 The second scientific expedition to Southeast, Southwest and Central Asia for the study of rodents. IV. Electrophoretic survey of polymorphic transferrin types on the black rat, Rattus rattus. MORIWAKI, K., TSUCHIYA, K., KATO, H., YOSIDA, T. H. and SADAIE, T. 18 ii ANNUAL REPORT OF NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF GENETICS NO. 23 Serum transferrin polymorphism in the red-backed vole, Clethrio­ nomys rufocanus bedfordiae.
    [Show full text]
  • Adenosine-Proflavine Complex: a Self-Paired Parallel-Chain
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 77, No. 4, pp. 1852-1856, April 1980 Biochemistry X-ray structure of a cytidylyl-3',5'-adenosine-proflavine complex: A self-paired parallel-chain double helical dimer with an intercalated acridine dye* (non-self-complementary pairing of adenine-adenine and protonated cytosine-cytosine/intercalation dynamics/ sugar-phosphate backbone stereochemistry/frameshift mutagenesis) E. WESTHOF AND M. SUNDARALINGAM Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Communicated by David R. Davies, December 31, 1979 ABSTRACT The non-self-complementary dinucleoside parallel-chain double helical dimer of cytidylyl-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate cytidylyl-3',5'-adenosine (CpA) forms a base- (CpA). The dinucleoside monophosphate CpA was chosen not paired parallel-chain dimer with an intercalated proflavine.The dimer complex possesses a right-handed helical twist. The dimer only because it constitutes the end portion of the invariant CCA helix has an irregular girth with a neutral adenine-adenine (A-A) terminus of all tRNAs, but also because it cannot form self- pair, hydrogen-bonded through the N6 and N7 sites (C1'... C1' complementary pairs. separation of 10.97 A), and a triply hydrogen-bonded protonated cytosine-cytosine (C-C) pair with a proton shared between the METHODS base N3 sites (C1'... C1' separation of 9.59 A). The torsion an- EXPERIMENTAL gles of the sugar-phosphate backbone are within their most Single crystals of a 1:1 complex of CpA and proflavine were preferred ranges and the sugar puckering sequence (5' - 3') is grown from an equimolar aqueous solution of proflavine he- C3'-endo, C2'-endo.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons and Considerations for the Creation of Universal Primers Targeting Non-Conserved, Horizontally
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.30.017442; this version posted April 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Lessons and considerations for the creation of universal primers targeting non-conserved, horizontally 2 mobile genes 3 4 Damon C. Brown,a Raymond J. Turnera# 5 aDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 6 7 Running Head: Primer design approaches for nonconserved mobile genes 8 #Address correspondence to Raymond J. Turner, [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.30.017442; this version posted April 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 9 Abstract 10 Effective and accurate primer design is an increasingly important skill as the use of PCR-based 11 diagnostics in clinical and environmental settings is on the rise. While universal primer sets have been 12 successfully designed for highly conserved core genes such as 16S rRNA and characteristic genes such as 13 dsrAB and dnaJ, primer sets for mobile, accessory genes such as multidrug resistance efflux pumps 14 (MDREP) have not been explored. Here, we describe an approach to create universal primer sets for 15 select MDREP genes chosen from five superfamilies (SMR, MFS, MATE, ABC and RND) identified in a 16 model community of six members (Acetobacterium woodii, Bacillus subtilis, Desulfovibrio vulgaris, 17 Geoalkalibacter subterraneus, Pseudomonas putida and Thauera aromatica).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter-Vi Difectants
    R.KAVITHA, M.PHARM, LECTURER, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS, SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SRM UNIVERSITY, KATTANKULATHUR. CHEMICAL METHODS OF DISINFECTION: Disinfectants are those chemicals that destroy pathogenic bacteria from inanimate surfaces. Some chemical have very narrow spectrum of activity and some have very wide. Those chemicals that can sterilize are called chemisterilants. Those chemicals that can be safely applied over skin and mucus membranes are called antiseptics. Classification of disinfectants: 1. Based on consistency a. Liquid (E.g., Alcohols, Phenols) b. Gaseous (Formaldehyde vapour, Ethylene oxide) 2. Based on spectrum of activity a. High level b. Intermediate level c. Low level 3. Based on mechanism of action a. Action on membrane (E.g., Alcohol, detergent) b. Denaturation of cellular proteins (E.g., Alcohol, Phenol) c. Oxidation of essential sulphydryl groups of enzymes (E.g., H2O2, Halogens) d. Alkylation of amino-, carboxyl- and hydroxyl group (E.g., Ethylene Oxide, Formaldehyde) e. Damage to nucleic acids (Ethylene Oxide, Formaldehyde) ALCOHOLS: Mode of action: Alcohols dehydrate cells, disrupt membranes and cause coagulation of protein. Examples: Ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol and methyl alcohol Application: A 70% aqueous solution is more effective at killing microbes than absolute alcohols. 70% ethyl alcohol (spirit) is used as antiseptic on skin. Isopropyl alcohol is preferred to ethanol. It can also be used to disinfect surfaces. It is used to disinfect clinical thermometers. Methyl alcohol kills fungal spores, hence is useful in disinfecting inoculation hoods. Disadvantages: Skin irritant, volatile (evaporates rapidly), inflammable ALDEHYDES: Mode of action: Acts through alkylation of amino-, carboxyl- or hydroxyl group, and probably damages nucleic acids.
    [Show full text]
  • Antiseptics on Bacteria in Subcutaneous Chlorhexidine
    J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.12.1.48 on 1 January 1959. Downloaded from J. clin. Path. (1959), 12, 48. A TECHNIQUE FOR STUDYING THE ACTION OF ANTISEPTICS ON BACTERIA IN SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CHLORHEXIDINE BY A. R. MARTIN From the Research Department, Imperial Chemical Industries Limited Pharmaceuticals Division, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire (RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION JULY 3, 1958) Bacteria which gain access to a freshly inflicted Zinnemann (1947) removed an ellipse of skin, wound are at first external to the tissues and do contaminated the raw area with streptococci, and not immediately cause any reaction. During this treated it by dropping on antiseptic solutions. stage, which is commonly said to last up to about These methods have failed to control one or more six hours, the wound is described as contaminated, of the following variables: (1) The number of and the organisms in it may be susceptible to organisms implanted in or on the tissues; (2) the antiseptics. Later, when bacteria have invaded amount of antiseptic in contact with the the tissues, the wound is described as infected, and contaminated tissues; (3) the length of time for locally applied antiseptics are at a great dis- which the antiseptic acts. The third point is copyright. advantage. The great differences which exist (and particularly difficult to meet, because any form of the difficulties in defining them) between accidental bandaging of small animals is almost impracticable. wounds in man and animals in respect of the age It is believed that the method described below, and nutritional status of the subject on the one whilst not imitating the treatment of traumatic hand, and the nature, site, severity, and degree of wounds, goes far towards controlling the above contamination of the wound on the other, have variables.
    [Show full text]
  • Alphabetical Listing of ATC Drugs & Codes
    Alphabetical Listing of ATC drugs & codes. Introduction This file is an alphabetical listing of ATC codes as supplied to us in November 1999. It is supplied free as a service to those who care about good medicine use by mSupply support. To get an overview of the ATC system, use the “ATC categories.pdf” document also alvailable from www.msupply.org.nz Thanks to the WHO collaborating centre for Drug Statistics & Methodology, Norway, for supplying the raw data. I have intentionally supplied these files as PDFs so that they are not quite so easily manipulated and redistributed. I am told there is no copyright on the files, but it still seems polite to ask before using other people’s work, so please contact <[email protected]> for permission before asking us for text files. mSupply support also distributes mSupply software for inventory control, which has an inbuilt system for reporting on medicine usage using the ATC system You can download a full working version from www.msupply.org.nz Craig Drown, mSupply Support <[email protected]> April 2000 A (2-benzhydryloxyethyl)diethyl-methylammonium iodide A03AB16 0.3 g O 2-(4-chlorphenoxy)-ethanol D01AE06 4-dimethylaminophenol V03AB27 Abciximab B01AC13 25 mg P Absorbable gelatin sponge B02BC01 Acadesine C01EB13 Acamprosate V03AA03 2 g O Acarbose A10BF01 0.3 g O Acebutolol C07AB04 0.4 g O,P Acebutolol and thiazides C07BB04 Aceclidine S01EB08 Aceclidine, combinations S01EB58 Aceclofenac M01AB16 0.2 g O Acefylline piperazine R03DA09 Acemetacin M01AB11 Acenocoumarol B01AA07 5 mg O Acepromazine N05AA04
    [Show full text]