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BOB FRANKLIN, MARTIN HAMER, MARK HANNA, MARIE KINSEY & JOHN E. RICHARDSON concepts key Key Concepts in Journalism SAGE Studies Key Con Journalism 26/4/05 1:14 pm Page i Key Concepts in Journalism Studies Key Con Journalism 26/4/05 1:14 pm Page ii Recent volumes include: Key Concepts in Social Research Geoff Payne and Judy Payne Fifty Key Concepts in Gender Studies Jane Pilcher and Imelda Whelehan Key Concepts in Medical Sociology Jonathan Gabe, Mike Bury and Mary Ann Elston Key Concepts in Leisure Studies David Harris Key Concepts in Critical Social Theory Nick Crossley Key Concepts in Urban Studies Mark Gottdiener and Leslie Budd Key Concepts in Mental Health David Pilgrim The SAGE Key Concepts series provides students with accessible and authoritative knowledge of the essential topics in a variety of ii disciplines. Cross-referenced throughout, the format encourages critical evaluation through understanding. Written by experienced and respected academics, the books are indispensable study aids and guides to comprehension. Key Con Journalism 26/4/05 1:14 pm Page iii BOB FRANKLIN, MARTIN HAMER, MARK HANNA, MARIE KINSEY AND JOHN E. RICHARDSON Key Concepts in Journalism Studies SAGE Publications London G Thousand Oaks G New Delhi Key Con Journalism 26/4/05 1:14 pm Page iv © Bob Franklin, Martin Hamer, Mark Hanna, Marie Kinsey and John E. Richardson 2005 First published 2005 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. SAGE Publications Ltd 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP SAGE Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B-42 Panchsheel Enclave Post Box 4109 New Delhi 110 017 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 1 7619 4481 8 ISBN 1 7619 4482 6 (pbk) Library of Congress Control Number: 2005924233 Typeset by M Rules Printed in Great Britain by The Cromwell Press Ltd, Trowbridge, Wiltshire Key Con Journalism 26/4/05 1:14 pm Page v contents Acknowledgements xi Note on the text xiii Introduction xv Part I Concepts 1 Absence 3 Accessibility 3 Accountability 4 Accuracy 6 Adversarial journalism 7 Advertising 8 Advertising codes 10 Advertorial 11 Agenda setting 12 Agony aunt 13 Alternative media 14 Ambient news 15 Apologies 16 April fool 17 Audience 18 Audience fragmentation 19 Audience segmentation 20 Bad News 21 v Balance 22 Bandwidth 23 Bias 24 Bi-media 26 Broadcasting 27 Broadloid 28 Broadsheet 29 Calcutt 30 Cartoons 32 Censorship 33 Chequebook journalism 35 Circulation 36 Civic journalism 37 Key Con Journalism 26/4/05 1:14 pm Page vi Codes of practice 37 Collocation 37 Columnist 38 Commercial radio/ILR 40 Communication 41 Communication Act 2003 42 Competition 43 Contempt of court 45 Content analysis 46 Context 48 Contextualized journalism 48 Convergence 49 Conversation analysis 50 Culturological approaches 51 Cyberspace 52 D notice, DA notice 53 Decoding 54 Defamation 55 Deregulation 57 De-unionization 58 Diary, Off-diary 59 Digitization 60 Discourse 61 Discourse analysis 63 Documentary 65 Dumbing down 66 Editor 67 Email 70 vi Embargo 71 Embedded journalist 72 Ethics (of journalism) 74 Ethnicity 75 Fairness 76 Fallacy 77 Fifth estate 78 Fillers or ‘COIs’ 79 First Amendment 80 Fleet Street 81 Focus groups 83 Fourth estate 84 Framing 85 Franchise auction 86 Key Con Journalism 26/4/05 1:14 pm Page vii Free newspaper 87 Freelance 89 Gallery reporters 90 Gatekeeper 92 Glasgow Media Group 93 Globalization 94 Gonzo journalism 95 Guard dog theory of journalism 96 Hard news 97 Hegemony 98 Hierarchy of influences 99 Himalayan option 100 Human Rights Act 101 Hutton Inquiry 102 Hypertext (hypermedia, hyperlink) 104 Icon 105 Ideological state apparatuses 106 Ideology 107 Impartiality 109 Independent national radio (INR) 110 Independent producers 111 Information architecture 112 Information subsidies 113 Infotainment 114 Interactivity 115 Internet (intranet, extranet) 116 Intertextuality 118 Interview 119 Inverted pyramid 122 vii Investigative journalism 122 Journalism 124 Journalism of attachment 125 Journalism education 127 Journalism studies 128 Journalist 128 Lapdog theory of journalism 130 Libel 131 Licence fee 131 Lobby 133 Local newspaper 134 Local radio 137 Macrostructure 138 Key Con Journalism 26/4/05 1:14 pm Page viii Market driven journalism 139 Mass communication 140 McDonaldization and McJournalism 142 Media 143 Media effects 144 Media mogul 145 Media scrum 146 Metaphor 147 Metonym 148 Minimax programming 149 Modality 150 Modern mainstream 151 Moral panic 152 Multiculturalism 153 Multimedia 155 Myth 157 Narrative 157 Narrowcasting/niche broadcasting 159 National press 160 New media 160 New technology 161 News 163 News agency 165 News angle 167 News bunny 167 News editor 168 Newsgathering 169 News management 170 viii News release 171 Newsroom 172 News values 173 Newszak 175 Obituary 176 Objectivity 176 Off the record 178 Official Secrets Act 179 Online advertising 180 Online journalism 182 Orientalism 183 Othering 185 Ownership 186 Oxygen of publicity 187 Key Con Journalism 26/4/05 1:14 pm Page ix Photojournalism 188 Plurality test 190 Portal 191 Prejudice 192 Press baron 193 Press freedom 194 Presupposition 195 Primary definition 196 Prime Minister’s Press Secretary (PMPS) 198 Privacy 199 Producer choice 201 Producers’ guidelines 202 Production format roles 203 Promise of performance 204 Propaganda 204 Propaganda model 206 Proprietorialism 208 Public access broadcasting 210 Public interest 211 Public interest broadcasting 212 Public interest test 213 Public journalism/Civic journalism 214 Public relations 216 Public service broadcasting 217 Public sphere 220 Quality threshold 221 Racism 222 Radio 224 Reach/share 225 ix Readers’ Editor (Ombudsman) 226 Readers’ letters 227 Readership 228 Reconstruction 229 Referential strategies 230 Regulation 231 Reporter 233 Representation 233 Right of reply 235 Rolling news 236 Royal Commissions on the Press 237 Scripts 239 Self-censorship 239 Key Con Journalism 26/4/05 1:14 pm Page x Self-regulation 240 Sensationalism 241 Share 243 Shovelware 243 Sign/Signification 244 Silly season 245 Sketch writers 246 Soft news 247 Sources 248 Spin 250 Spin doctor 252 Spoiler 253 Stereotype 253 Story 255 Style 255 Style guide 256 Subscription 257 Tabloid 258 Target audience 260 Taxes on Knowledge 261 Television 262 Text 264 Trade press 265 Transitivity 265 Two-step flow 266 Two-way 267 Usability 268 Uses and gratifications 269 x Video journalist (VJ) 270 Video news release (VNR) 271 Virtual community 272 Watchdog journalism273 Watergate 275 Weblog 276 Website 277 World Wide Web 278 Yellow Journalism 279 Part II Institutions 281 Glossary of terms 309 Bibliography 332 JJoouurrnnaalliissmm SSttuuddiieess xi acknowledgements We would like to thank Annie Franklin for volunteering editorial Annie Franklin would like to thank We sections of this book during the assistance with compiling the various summer of 2004. Hall for her suggestion that we Thanks also to Julia might write this book and her belief it might prove useful to students and teachers of journalism studies.Ahmed and the editorial and Jamilah production staff at Sage also deserve a vote of thanks for their support and skill in bringing the book to fruition. Key Con Journalism 26/4/05 1:14 pm Page xi Key Con Journalism 26/4/05 1:14 pm Page xii JJoouurrnnaalliissmm SSttuuddiieess xiii are to other journalism bold relate to institutions/organizations. BF MGH MNH MK JER italics note on the text Bob Franklin Martin Hamer Mark Hanna Marie Kinsey Richardson John studies concepts; references in At the end of each entry, the initials of the contributor are shown: Each concept includes cross-references guiding readers to other related concepts and institutions. References in Key Con Journalism 26/4/05 1:14 pm Page xiii Key Con Journalism 26/4/05 1:14 pm Page xiv JJoouurrnnaalliissmm SSttuuddiieess xv as an journalism , magazines, newspapers, (distinguished by culture, Internet audiences is designed for students of journalism, introduction (including the ) to diverse is the multidisciplinary study of introduction media television and arena of professional practice and a subject focus for intellectual and arena of professional practice academic inquiry. More specifically, it entails the critical analysis of the processes involved in gathering,various evaluating, interpreting, researching, writing, editing, reporting and presenting information and of subjects (including business,comment on a wide range fashion, news, politics, sport and travel), that are disseminated via an expansive of mass range radio Journalism studies Journalism Written by experienced academics, journalists and teachers, the book identifies, analyzes and presents key concepts in journalism studies, explores their interconnections and offers recommendations for further reading and study. The book examines journalism across all media print,platforms embracing radio, television and online journalism. An initial question is obvious: how is this field of journalism studies
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