Linguistic Means of Expressing Gender in British Quality Newspapers

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Linguistic Means of Expressing Gender in British Quality Newspapers Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích Pedagogická fakulta Katedra anglistiky Diplomová práce Linguistic Means of Expressing Gender in British Quality Newspapers Jazykové prostředky vyjadřující rodovou neutralitu v britském seriózním tisku Vypracovala: Radka Mrňová Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Jana Kozubíková Šandová, Ph.D. České Budějovice 2013 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Mgr. Jana Kozubíková Šandová, Ph.D, for her generous guidance, invaluable advice, constant encouragement and support. I am also very grateful to Sheldon Bassett, M.A., for his language supervision and editorial comments. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci na téma Linguistic Means of Expressing Gender in British Quality Newspapers vypracovala samostatně pouze s použitím pramenů uvedených v seznamu citované literatury. Prohlašuji, že v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. v platném znění souhlasím se zveřejněním své diplomové práce, a to v nezkrácené podobě elektronickou cestou ve veřejně přístupné části databáze STAG provozované Jihočeskou univerzitou v Českých Budějovicích na jejích internetových stránkách, a to se zachováním mého autorského práva k odevzdanému textu této kvalifikační práce. Souhlasím dále s tím, aby toutéž elektronickou cestou byly vsouladu s uvedeným ustanovením zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. zveřejněny posudky školitele a oponentů práce i záznam o průběhu a výsledku obhajoby kvalifikační práce. Rovněž souhlasím s porovnáním textu mé kvalifikační práce s databází kvalifikačních prací Theses.cz provozovanou Národním registrem vysokoškolských kvalifikačních prací a systémem na odhalování plagiátů. V Českých Budějovicích 24. června 2013 …………………………. ABSTRACT This diploma thesis analyses various ways of expressing gender neutrality in present- day English. This is a highly contemporary issue to be traced in both written and spoken language. However, this piece of work deals only with British quality newspapers, namely the Guardian. Firstly, a short introduction of gender and its position in society is described. Then, a basic overview of historical development of English is introduced. It is focused mainly on gender within linguistic terminology. The most important chapter explores various forms of expressing gender neutral language, i.e. generic man, feminine suffixes and generic he. The theory is accompanied by example sentences from my corpuses. The last chapter of the theoretical part describes language of newspapers as I analysed them. The practical part introduces results of my research of usage of gender neutral or specific expressions. There are presented some tables which compare two corpuses from two periods, 1980 and 2012, and provide a tendency in expressing gender neutrality. ANOTACE Tato diplomová práce mapuje různé způsoby vyjadřování genderové neutrality v současné angličtině. Jedná se o vysoce aktuální problematiku, kterou lze vypozorovat jak v psaném tak i mluveném jazyce. Tato práce se nicméně zabývá pouze analýzou jazyka britských seriózních novin, konkrétně titulem the Guardian. Nejprve je nastíněna problematika genderu z hlediska pozice ve společnosti. Následuje velmi stručný přehled historického vývoje angličtiny, který je zaměřen zejména na gender v rámci lingvistické terminologie. Stěžejní kapitola je věnována vyjadřování genderově neutrálního jazyka, tj. generického „man“, feminizačních přípon a generického „he“. Teoretická část je doprovázena příkladovými větami z vlastních korpusů. Poslední kapitola teoretické části popisuje jazyk novin, které byly analyzovány. Praktická část předkládá výsledky výzkumu zabývajícího se užitím genderově neutrálních nebo specifických výrazů. Jsou zde prezentovány tabulky založené na komparaci dvou jazykových korpusů ze dvou časových období – 1980 a 2012 – ilustrující tendence ve vyjadřování genderové neutrality. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................1 2. Gender as a topic in linguistics ............................................................................................3 2.1. Language and society as an interconnected system ...................................................3 2.2. Sex versus gender and its application.........................................................................4 2.3. Feminists’ impact on language...................................................................................6 3. Overview of the historical development of gender in the English language..................10 3.1. The shift from grammatical to natural gender..........................................................10 3.1.1. General properties of Old English ...............................................................10 3.1.2. Massive language changes during Middle English......................................12 3.2. Establishing the masculine as a norm.......................................................................13 4. Competing forms.................................................................................................................16 4.1. Nouns........................................................................................................................16 4.1.1. The issue of ‘man’ .......................................................................................18 4.1.1.1. Generic ‘man’..................................................................................18 4.1.1.2. ‘Man’ as a part of compounds.........................................................19 4.1.1.3. Gender neutral words ......................................................................22 4.1.2. Morphologically marked nouns ...................................................................23 4.1.3. Special cases ................................................................................................27 4.2. Pronouns...................................................................................................................28 4.2.1. References to animate entities .....................................................................28 4.2.2. References to inanimate entities ..................................................................30 5. Newspaper language...........................................................................................................33 5.1. Basic features of newspaper style ............................................................................33 5.2. Women representation in newspapers......................................................................34 5.3. The Guardian – a brief overview..............................................................................37 6. Introduction to the research ..............................................................................................40 7. Outputs of the research ......................................................................................................42 7.1. Generic ‘man’ issue..................................................................................................42 7.2 .‘-man’ compounds....................................................................................................43 7.3. Tracing gender neutral words...................................................................................46 7.4.Occurrence of morphologically marked nouns .........................................................47 7.5. Pronoun issue ...........................................................................................................49 7.6. Political correctness..................................................................................................50 8. Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................52 Resumé.....................................................................................................................................55 References................................................................................................................................58 Appendix LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Front pages analysis according to the sex of journalists............................................35 Table 2: Proportion of women and man quoted or mentioned on front pages.........................36 Table 3: Overview of the most frequently used ‘man’ compound analysed in the research .....................................................................................................................................44 Table 4: Corpus 1 (in alphabetical order) ................................................................................45 Table 5: Corpus 2 (in alphabetical order) ................................................................................45 Table 6: Dual nouns vs. gender-coloured nouns......................................................................47 Table 7: Pronouns ....................................................................................................................49 Table 8: Detailed results of Corpus 1.................................................................................. XXV Table 9: Detailed results of Corpus 2...................................................................................XLV 1. INTRODUCTION “The question of how gender is represented in language is not just about gender as a grammatical category.” (Cameron 2006: 735) Expressing gender neutrality in English is a phenomenon since
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