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European and Chinese Coinage Before the Age of Steam*
《中國文化研究所學報》 Journal of Chinese Studies No. 55 - July 2012 The Great Money Divergence: European and Chinese Coinage before the Age of Steam* Niv Horesh University of Western Sydney 1. Introduction Economic historians have of late been preoccupied with mapping out and dating the “Great Divergence” between north-western Europe and China. However, relatively few studies have examined the path dependencies of either region insofar as the dynamics monetiza- tion, the spread of fiduciary currency or their implications for financial factor prices and domestic-market integration before the discovery of the New World. This article is de- signed to highlight the need for such a comprehensive scholarly undertaking by tracing the varying modes of coin production and circulation across Eurasia before steam-engines came on stream, and by examining what the implications of this currency divergence might be for our understanding of the early modern English and Chinese economies. “California School” historians often challenge the entrenched notion that European technological or economic superiority over China had become evident long before the * Emeritus Professor Mark Elvin in Oxfordshire, Professor Hans Ulrich Vogel at the University of Tübingen, Professor Michael Schiltz and Professor Akinobu Kuroda 黑田明伸 at Tokyo University have all graciously facilitated the research agenda in comparative monetary his- tory, which informs this study. The author also wishes to thank the five anonymous referees. Ms Dipin Ouyang 歐陽迪頻 and Ms Mayumi Shinozaki 篠崎まゆみ of the National Library of Australia, Ms Bick-har Yeung 楊 碧 霞 of the University of Melbourne, and Mr Darrell Dorrington of the Australian National University have all extended invaluable assistance in obtaining the materials which made my foray into this field of enquiry smoother. -
Elixir, Urine and Hormone: a Socio-Cultural History of Qiushi (Autumn Mineral)*
EASTM 47 (2018): 19-54 Elixir, Urine and Hormone: A Socio-cultural History of Qiushi (Autumn Mineral)* Jing Zhu [ZHU Jing is an Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy, East China Normal University. She received her Ph.D. in history of science at Peking University and in 2015-2016 was a visiting scholar at University of Pennsylvania. She has published three articles about qiushi and two articles about Chinese alchemy. Her paper “Arsenic Prepared by Chinese Alchemist-Pharmacists” was published in Science China Life Sciences. Her work spans historical research on Chinese alchemy, Chinese medicine and public understanding of science. In addition to presenting papers at national and international conferences, she has been invited to present her research among other places at the National Tsinghua University (Taiwan), Brown University, and the University of Pennsylvania. Contact: [email protected]] * * * Abstract: Traditional Chinese medicine has attracted the attention of pharmacologists because some of its remedies have proved useful against cancer and malaria. However, a variety of controversies have arisen regarding the difficulty of identifying and explaining the effectiveness of remedies by biomedical criteria. By exploring the socio-cultural history of qiushi (literally, ‘autumn mineral’), a drug prepared from urine and used frequently throughout Chinese history, I examine how alchemy, popular culture, politics and ritual influenced pre-modern views of the efficacy of the drug, and explore the sharp contrast between views of the drug’s * I especially wish to acknowledge the great help of Professor Nathan Sivin, who has read the complete manuscript and provided me with many critical comments. -
Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics
Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics Coin quality, coin quantity, and coin value in early China and the Roman world Version 2.0 September 2010 Walter Scheidel Stanford University Abstract: In ancient China, early bronze ‘tool money’ came to be replaced by round bronze coins that were supplemented by uncoined gold and silver bullion, whereas in the Greco-Roman world, precious-metal coins dominated from the beginnings of coinage. Chinese currency is often interpreted in ‘nominalist’ terms, and although a ‘metallist’ perspective used be common among students of Greco-Roman coinage, putatively fiduciary elements of the Roman currency system are now receiving growing attention. I argue that both the intrinsic properties of coins and the volume of the money supply were the principal determinants of coin value and that fiduciary aspects must not be overrated. These principles apply regardless of whether precious-metal or base-metal currencies were dominant. © Walter Scheidel. [email protected] How was the valuation of ancient coins related to their quality and quantity? How did ancient economies respond to coin debasement and to sharp increases in the money supply relative to the number of goods and transactions? I argue that the same answer – that the result was a devaluation of the coinage in real terms, most commonly leading to price increases – applies to two ostensibly quite different monetary systems, those of early China and the Roman Empire. Coinage in Western and Eastern Eurasia In which ways did these systems differ? 1 In Western Eurasia coinage arose in the form of oblong and later round coins in the Greco-Lydian Aegean, made of electron and then mostly silver, perhaps as early as the late seventh century BCE. -
Making the Palace Machine Work Palace Machine the Making
11 ASIAN HISTORY Siebert, (eds) & Ko Chen Making the Machine Palace Work Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Making the Palace Machine Work Asian History The aim of the series is to offer a forum for writers of monographs and occasionally anthologies on Asian history. The series focuses on cultural and historical studies of politics and intellectual ideas and crosscuts the disciplines of history, political science, sociology and cultural studies. Series Editor Hans Hågerdal, Linnaeus University, Sweden Editorial Board Roger Greatrex, Lund University David Henley, Leiden University Ariel Lopez, University of the Philippines Angela Schottenhammer, University of Salzburg Deborah Sutton, Lancaster University Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Artful adaptation of a section of the 1750 Complete Map of Beijing of the Qianlong Era (Qianlong Beijing quantu 乾隆北京全圖) showing the Imperial Household Department by Martina Siebert based on the digital copy from the Digital Silk Road project (http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/II-11-D-802, vol. 8, leaf 7) Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 035 9 e-isbn 978 90 4855 322 8 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789463720359 nur 692 Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) The authors / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2021 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise). -
The Interaction Between Ethnic Relations and State Power: a Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Georgia State University Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Sociology Dissertations Department of Sociology 5-27-2008 The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911 Wei Li Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Li, Wei, "The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2008. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss/33 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Sociology at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ETHNIC RELATIONS AND STATE POWER: A STRUCTURAL IMPEDIMENT TO THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF CHINA, 1850-1911 by WEI LI Under the Direction of Toshi Kii ABSTRACT The case of late Qing China is of great importance to theories of economic development. This study examines the question of why China’s industrialization was slow between 1865 and 1895 as compared to contemporary Japan’s. Industrialization is measured on four dimensions: sea transport, railway, communications, and the cotton textile industry. I trace the difference between China’s and Japan’s industrialization to government leadership, which includes three aspects: direct governmental investment, government policies at the macro-level, and specific measures and actions to assist selected companies and industries. -
Publications Were Issued in Latin Or German
August 23–28, 2016 St. Petersburg, Russia EACS 2016 21st Biennial Conference of the European Association for Chinese Studies Book of ABStractS 2016 EACS- The European Association for Chinese Studies The European Association for Chinese Studies (EACS) is an international organization representing China scholars from all over Europe. Currently it has more than 700 members. It was founded in 1975 and is registered in Paris. It is a non-profit orga- nization not engaging in any political activity. The purpose of the Association is to promote and foster, by every possible means, scholarly activities related to Chinese Studies in Europe. The EACS serves not only as the scholarly rep- resentative of Chinese Studies in Europe but also as contact or- ganization for academic matters in this field. One of the Association’s major activities are the biennial con- ferences hosted by various centres of Chinese Studies in diffe- rent European countries. The papers presented at these confer- ences comprise all fields from traditional Sinology to studies of modern China. In addition, summer schools and workshops are organized under the auspices of the EACS. The Association car- ries out scholarly projects on an irregular basis. Since 1995 the EACS has provided Library Travel Grants to support short visits for research in major sinological libraries in Western Europe. The scheme is funded by the Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation and destined for PhD students and young scholars, primarily from Eastern European countries. The EACS furthers the careers of young scholars by awarding a Young Scholar Award for outstanding research. A jury selects the best three of the submitted papers, which are then presented at the next bi-an- nual conference. -
Schriftsteller, Redakteur, Philologe Bibliographie : Autor 1904 Zabel, Eugen
Report Title - p. 1 of 707 Report Title Zabel, Eugen (Königsberg, Ostpreussen 1851-1924 Berlin) : Schriftsteller, Redakteur, Philologe Bibliographie : Autor 1904 Zabel, Eugen. Auf der sibirischen Bahn nach China. (Berlin : Allgemeiner Verein für Deutsche Literatur, 1904). https://archive.org/stream/aufdersibirisch00zabegoog#page/n9/mode/2up. [WC] Zabel, Rudolf = Zabel, Carl Hugo Rudolf (Wollin, Sachsen 1876-1939 Berlin) : Journalist Vossische Zeitung, Ostaiatischer Lloy Shanghai, Schriftsteller, Forschungsreisender Bibliographie : Autor 1902 Zabel, Rudolf. Deutschland in China. (Leipzig : G. Wigand, 1902). [WC] 1902 Zabel, Rudolf. Die deutsche China-Expedition von 1897. (Leipzig : G. Wigand, 1902) = (Bremen : Europäischer Hochschul-Verlag, 2011). [WC] 1902 Zabel, Rudolf. Durch die Mandschurei und Sibirien : Reisen und Studien. Mit 146 Abbildungen, zumeist nach photographischen Aufnahmen des Verfassers, teilweise gezeichnet von C. Arriens, und dem Portät des Verfassers. (Leipzig : G. Wigand, 1902). Zach, Erwin von = Zach, Erwin Ritter von (Wien 1872-1942 westlich von Sumatra, auf dem Weg nach Ceylon, als das Schiff durch Japan torpediert wird) : Diplomat, Sinologe Biographie 1890-1895 Erwin von Zach studiert Medizin und Naturwissenschaften an der Universität Wien. Nebenbei beschäftigt er sich mit Mathematik und Chinesisch. [Umas,Wal 8] 1895-1897 Erwin von Zach studiert Chinesisch, Tibetisch und Mandschu an der Universität Leiden. [Umas] 1897 Erwin von Zach geht nach London um das Qualifikations-Examen für den Dienst der Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs in Beijing zu erlangen. [Leh,Umas] 1897-1900 Erwin von Zach ist im Dienst der Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs, zuerst in Beijing dann in Shantou (Jiangxi). [Leh,Wal 8] 1900-1902 Erwin von Zach ist Dolmetscher am österreichisch-ungarischen Konsulat in Beijing. [Hof,Wal 8] 1902 Erwin von Zach wird Konsularattaché am österreichisch-ungarischen Konsulat in Beijing. -
Proquest Dissertations
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction k dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversee materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6* x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 WU CHANGSHI AND THE SHANGHAI ART WORLD IN THE LATE NINETEENTH AND EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURIES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Kuiyi Shen, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2000 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor John C. -
42 Painting Works Came to a Successful End. the Total Volume of Transactions Hit 12.27 Million Yuan, the Best Results Ever Recor
! !RMB 2,090,000 Zhang Daqian WATERFALL AND MOUNTAIN !RMB 330,000 Price: RMB 2,090,000 Jin Shangyi NUDE !RMB 143,000 Price: RMB 330,000 !"#$%&' !RMB 440,000 Li Kuchan EAGLE AND PINE TREES Price: RMB 143,000 ! ! RMB 121,000 Zhang Daqian A MODEL OF YUAN DYNASTY WANG ! !RMB 46,200 MENG'S LANDSCAPE ! !RMB 93,500 Price: RMB 440,000 !RMB 63,800 Liu Haisu PINE TREE IN MT. HUANG Price: RMB 121,000 Xie Zhiliu MT. ERMEI IN LATE AUTUMN Price: RMB 46,200 Cheng Shifa QU YUAN AND ODE TO TANGERINE Price: RMB 93,500 Guan Shanyue RED PLUM BLOSSOM Price: RMB 63,800 painting works came to a successful end. The total volume of transactions hit 12.27 million yuan, the best results ever recorded at home at that time. Qi Baishi's Eagle and Pine Tree was transacted at the stunning price of 1.76 million yuan. Zhang Daqian's Waterfall and Mountain changed hands even at a skyrocketing price of 2.09 million yuan. At that moment, China Guard- ian knew only that the latter created the highest domestic auction price of Chinese calligraphy and painting works. However, it did not know that 1.76 million yuan was the world record price for any single painting by the Chinese master painter Qi Bashi at the time. The first special auction of Chinese oil paint- ings was highly appraised by the mass media overseas as an "important milestone in the his- tory of Chinese oil painting auctions," "grant- ing China the right to speak and comment on oil painting markets." The transaction rate of 70% and the total volume of transaction of 1.96 mil- lion yuan are no astonishing figures at present, but it was no easy thing to achieve them at that time. -
Table of Contents and Contributors
Contents List of Entries viii List of Contributors ix Introduction and Acknowledgments xxx Joan Lebold Cohen xxxviii Volume 1 Abacus to Cult of Maitreya Volume 2 Cultural Revolution to HU Yaobang Volume 3 Huai River to Old Prose Movement Volume 4 Olympics Games of 2008 to TANG Yin Volume 5 Tangshan Earthquake, Great to ZUO Zongtang Image Sources Volume 5, page 2666 Index Volume 5, page 2667 © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC List of Entries Abacus Asian Games BORODIN, Mikhail Academia Sinica Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Boxer Protocol (Xinchou Treaty) Acrobatics Atheism Boxer Rebellion Acupuncture Australia China Friendship Society Boycotts and Economic Adoption Australia-China Relations Nationalism Africa-China Relations Auto Industry BRIDGMAN, E. C. Agricultural Cooperatives Autonomous Areas British American Tobacco Movement BA Jin Company Agriculture Bamboo British Association for Chinese Agro-geography Bank of China Studies American Chamber of Commerce Banking—History British Chamber of Commerce in in China Banking—Modern China Ami Harvest Festival Banque de l’Indochine Bronzes of the Shang Dynasty An Lushan (An Shi) Rebellion Baojia Brookings Institution Analects Baosteel Group Buddhism Ancestor Worship Beijing Buddhism, Chan Anhui Province Beijing Consensus Buddhism, Four Sacred Sites of Antidrug Campaigns Bian Que Buddhism, Persecution of Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign Bianzhong Buddhism, Pure Land Anyang Bishu Shanzhuang Buddhism, Tibetan Aquaculture Black Gold Politics Buddhist Association of China Archaeology and -
2020 Chinese Control and Decision Conference
2020 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC 2020) He fei, China 22 – 24 August 2020 Pages 1-621 IEEE Catalog Number: CFP2051D-POD ISBN: 978-1-7281-5856-3 1/8 Copyright © 2020 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright and Reprint Permissions: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limit of U.S. copyright law for private use of patrons those articles in this volume that carry a code at the bottom of the first page, provided the per-copy fee indicated in the code is paid through Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For other copying, reprint or republication permission, write to IEEE Copyrights Manager, IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854. All rights reserved. *** This is a print representation of what appears in the IEEE Digital Library. Some format issues inherent in the e-media version may also appear in this print version. IEEE Catalog Number: CFP2051D-POD ISBN (Print-On-Demand): 978-1-7281-5856-3 ISBN (Online): 978-1-7281-5855-6 ISSN: 1948-9439 Additional Copies of This Publication Are Available From: Curran Associates, Inc 57 Morehouse Lane Red Hook, NY 12571 USA Phone: (845) 758-0400 Fax: (845) 758-2633 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.proceedings.com TABLE OF CONTENTS FEASIBILITY VERIFICATION OF TRAIN OPERATIONS USING PETRI NETS ........................................ 1 Luxi Wang, Yin Tong, Xiaomin Wang ACCELERATION CONTROL DESIGN FOR TURBOFAN AERO-ENGINES BASED ON A SWITCHING CONTROL STRATEGY .............................................................................................................. 7 Chao Chen, Dan Ma, Xiaoqi Mao, Haobo Sun D-STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR SAMPLED-DATA SYSTEM WITH SHORT TIME-VARYING DELAY ............................................................................................................................................................. -
A01-0001 Beyond Li-Ion
229th ECS Meeting 2016 Meeting Abstracts 2016-01 San Diego, California, USA 29 May - 2 June 2016 Volume 1 of 5 ISBN: 978-1-5108-3341-8 Printed from e-media with permission by: Curran Associates, Inc. 57 Morehouse Lane Red Hook, NY 12571 Some format issues inherent in the e-media version may also appear in this print version. Some papers in this book may refer to web based images from the electronic version of these proceedings that are not available in this print edition. To view images go to: http://ma.ecsdl.org/site/archive/MA2016-01.xhtml Copyright© (2016) by The Electrochemical Society All rights reserved. Printed by Curran Associates, Inc. (2017) For permission requests, please contact The Electrochemical Society at the address below. The Electrochemical Society 65 South Main Street, Building D Pennington, New Jersey 08534-2839 USA Phone: 1.609.737.1902 Fax: 1.609.737.2743 [email protected] Additional copies of this publication are available from: Curran Associates, Inc. 57 Morehouse Lane Red Hook, NY 12571 USA Phone: 845-758-0400 Fax: 845-758-2633 Email: [email protected] Web: www.proceedings.com Table of Contents A01-Joint General Session: Batteries and Energy Storage -and- Fuel Cells, Electrolytes, and Energy Energy Technology/Battery 1Beyond Li-Ion: Utilization of the High Energy Density of Silver-Zinc in Secondary Button and Coin Cell Miniature Battery Sizes Jeffrey Vincent Ortega, Ross Eugene Dueber 2Advanced Lead Batteries for Automotive and Storage Applications Boris North Carolina Monahov, Timothy Ellis 3Substrate-Integrated Nickel-Iron Ultra-Battery with Hematite Nano-Rods and Nickel Oxide Nano-Flakes As Respective Negative and Positive Plates Debasish Sarkar, Ashok Kumar Shukla, D.