DOCSLIB.ORG

USHMM Finding

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
USHMM Finding http://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection RG-50.120 #157 7 Tapes TORY, AVRAHAM TAPE I 1.02.13 Avraham Golub, Born in 1910, in a small town, Lazdijai. 2.32 Schooling. 4.17 Left town by orders of tzar in 1914. Returned 1919. 4.36 Maiamposh, Lithuania. Founding of the Hebrew High School [gymnamsium]. A principal was brought in from Berlin. 6.35 Studies and materials in gymnasium. 7.47 Father graduated, ordained, from Volozhin [Bialik contemporary] but never was a rabbi. 8.24 Mapu's reading underground. 9.00 All Zdub chilren [boys and girls] were sent to gymnasia. 10.00 Hebraization of name Golub to Tory. 12.00 More education in the gymnasia. 12.25 Maccabi; paralel bars in Kovno. 15.08 'Hanoar Hatzioni' [Zionist youth]. 15.40 First Maccabee games, 1932. Macabi Lithuanian participation. 16.12 Macabi games in Israel; Dizengoff's salute. 20.30 Adloyada in Tel Aviv, at Macabi games time. 21.00 Returned to Lithuania to finish university. 21.15 Work of the 'Noar Hatzioni' to implement changes on the umbrella oranization 'The Center of General Zionists' in Lithuania. This is a verbatim transcript of spoken word. It is not the primary source, and it has not been checked for spelling or accuracy. http://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection 21.50 Chosen delegate to the organization. 22.13 'Di Yiddishe Shtime' newspaper; editor Reuven Rubinstein. 23.12 Shmuel Goldshteyri sent to London for a year to train for above newspaper. 25.17 Attempt to study medicine. 25.40 Attempt at delectrical engineering for a year. 26.22 Army service not chosen; instead studying law in the US. 27.30 Returned to Lithuania because of father's sudden passing, in order to take over business. 27.50 Did not adjust in the US in 1929. 30.00 Graduation from law school in Lithuania, chose to become an attorney. 32.31 Last Zionist Congress before war, 1939. Golub chosen as delegate, the youngest of them all. 33.30 Request to Jabotinsky, who was in Paris, to return to the Zionist Histadrut, because of the grave situation in Europe in 1939. 35.05 Interruption of deliberations beacuse war broke out in Poland. Weizman's words at closing. 35.17 Return to Lithuania. 37.20 Lithuania falls to the Soviets, June 1940. 37.37 Golub's parents. Mother orthodox. Grandfather was a land owner. 47.20 Sisters. 49.00 Fraternity at the university in Kovno, 1928, Antisemitism. This is a verbatim transcript of spoken word. It is not the primary source, and it has not been checked for spelling or accuracy. http://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection 56.51 Sisters. 2.02.12 His older brother emigrated to Argentina. 3.03 June 1940. Lithuania falls under Soviets. Beginning of persecution of Zionist leaders. 6.31 Threat of exile and forced labor in Siberia. 8.30 Appointed head of financial planning for a military building project to serve this Baltic area. Importance of Kovno and Lithuania because of immediate borders to Germany. 12.36 Was able to hire some of his Zionist friends who could not find work elsewhere. 12.50 Work conditions there. 20.00 Asked to leave. Suggested best way: to abolish the position. 21.00 Was given temorary job as accoutant for his brother-in-law. 21.52 Escapoe to Vilnius. 22.00 Zionist activities in that period: went underground. Main activity was to support the families of the leaders who were in prison or exiled to Siberia, or disappeared. 25.00 The 'Israel Office' of the Zionist organizers. Its involvement in distributing certificates for emigration Israel. 31.06 Begin, Sneh, Varhaftig arrived as refugees from Poland, a committee to help those was formed. 32.30 Involvement of the Japanese consul in granting visas to refugees. [Sugiara]. 38.00 Criteria for distribution of certificates. 39.50 Hiding in Kovno when war broke out on June 22, 1941. This is a verbatim transcript of spoken word. It is not the primary source, and it has not been checked for spelling or accuracy. http://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection 40.00 Fear of Nazism was that all able men would be sent to doi forced labor; young people fled from their family house. 42.28 Married in 1935 to 'russophile', non Zionist. Didn't have children. 44.28 Began to write his diary. The date was June 22, 1941. 45.00 Arrived in train station with his relatives to excape. There were cars but not locomotives. Many people sat and waited. He saw no reason to wait. Bid farewell to his family, found his bicycle and rode off toward the East. 46.06 Conditions on the road: overcrowding, explosions from the air, retreat of Red Army. Rode 80 km. 49.49 The 'Lithuanian partisans', who murdered Jews, started after the Soviet conquest of Lituania in 1940, in Berlin. They formed the 'Lithuanian front' and had cells all across Lithuania. 50.15 Jewish refugees and Lithuanian partisans. 51.00 Returned to Kovno by waslking 3 days, far from the mauin road. 51.27 Return to Vilkomir. 53.52 Slobodka, poor suburbs of Kovno, place of high Jewish learning and yeshivot. Slaughter of thousands happend on June 25, just before Abraham passed by. Slaughter done by the Lithuanian partisans. 54.37 Found a way to by-pass Slobodka and saved his life. 56.59 Return to Kovno. 3.02.28 Invited his sisters and their families to join him in Kovno. They chose to remain in Lasdija, and all were massacred by the Lithuanians. 04.53 Tried to re-establish contact withZionist activists. But after the Soviet conquest, all Jewish insitituitions were liquidated. Only one remaining was chief rabbi. This is a verbatim transcript of spoken word. It is not the primary source, and it has not been checked for spelling or accuracy. http://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection 05.00 The decision to move the entire Jewish population of Kovno to a ghetto, to the suburb of Sldsodka - the involvement of the Lithanians - in coordination with the gestapo - in the decision to transfer the Jews. The deadline. The attempt of a grooup of Jews to reverse the decision. The election of the governing body of the ghetto. 47.00 The last meeting of the Jews in the school of Kovno on the 4th of August, prior to the transfer. The disintegration of the Jews in Kovno. Their transfer to the 'forts as of yet, unknown places. 48.00 Elchanan Elkes, doctor of the Lithuanians in high places, and of foreign ambassadors in Lithuania. He was appointed the head of the Jews [oberjude] in the ghetto. 54.00 Appointment fo all the Jewish officers of the ghetto. 58.00 Murdering waves of the jews: 5000 at one time, for instance. No one believed it was happening. 59.00 The 'forts'. Fortresses around Kovno erected by czars in Russia [Nikolai and Alexander] 150 years before the outbreak of WWII, in order to protect Russia from a German conquest. Were used to hold prisoners for life, or those awaiting the death penalty. Impossible to run away from them, well guarded. Forts were used for mass imprisonment. TAPE II 4.04.32 Work of the committee to transfer the Jews. Tory was one of 2 attorneys working for thast. Jewish cries of help came to the committee non-stop. Also, there was hunger, as the Jews were forbidden from visiting the markets. 07.00 Danger to the Jews in the streets, where groups of 'partisans' attacked non-stop. 08.40 Tory's diary. Recollection of the good times. 13.20 Beginning of close relationship with Dr. Elkes. 21.09 Tory's organization toward transfre to the ghetto.[Too busy to get organized!] This is a verbatim transcript of spoken word. It is not the primary source, and it has not been checked for spelling or accuracy. http://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection 27.00 Endless caravan of Jews moving to Slbodka. 30.20 Committee's work for the transfer of the Jews to the ghetto. Some moneys from the joint were transferred to the committee through the Red Cross. 38.00 How money was earned in that period [through sellilng of personal belongings]. 40.00 Situation in Kovno worsened during the month of preparation to transfer. Many Jews moved to the ghetto earlier than the appointed date - ghetto was still open - before Aug. 15. 43.34 The streets during this time. 45.00 Knowledge of executions of the Jews in the ghetto before all Jewish population was transferred, July 10 or so. 47.43 The story of Yehiel Blumenthal, eye-witness of the executions, who manages to escape the ghetto [the 7th Fort]. 49.40 Cruelty of the Lithuanians against the Jews. Causes. 57.48 Personality of Dr. Elkes. 59.00 Commerce just before ghetto closed. 5.00.17 Situation just before ghetto closed. 5.06. Municipality requested Jews to erect the security fence around the ghetto. They were elected by the committee [Jewish] thast facilitated the transfer to the ghetto. 10.31 The Zionist underground, Aug. 4, 1941. 14.00 Documentation of ghetto life [photos, drawings]. 14.52 Fence completed on 8/15/41. All Jews already in. 28,000 people were there. Some lived outdoors. 17.00 Dr. Brauns - infirmary. Living conditions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lithuanian Jews and the Holocaust
    Ezra’s Archives | 77 Strategies of Survival: Lithuanian Jews and the Holocaust Taly Matiteyahu On the eve of World War II, Lithuanian Jewry numbered approximately 220,000. In June 1941, the war between Germany and the Soviet Union began. Within days, Germany had occupied the entirety of Lithuania. By the end of 1941, only about 43,500 Lithuanian Jews (19.7 percent of the prewar population) remained alive, the majority of whom were kept in four ghettos (Vilnius, Kaunas, Siauliai, Svencionys). Of these 43,500 Jews, approximately 13,000 survived the war. Ultimately, it is estimated that 94 percent of Lithuanian Jewry died during the Holocaust, a percentage higher than in any other occupied Eastern European country.1 Stories of Lithuanian towns and the manner in which Lithuanian Jews responded to the genocide have been overlooked as the perpetrator- focused version of history examines only the consequences of the Holocaust. Through a study utilizing both historical analysis and testimonial information, I seek to reconstruct the histories of Lithuanian Jewish communities of smaller towns to further understand the survival strategies of their inhabitants. I examined a variety of sources, ranging from scholarly studies to government-issued pamphlets, written testimonies and video testimonials. My project centers on a collection of 1 Population estimates for Lithuanian Jews range from 200,000 to 250,000, percentages of those killed during Nazi occupation range from 90 percent to 95 percent, and approximations of the number of survivors range from 8,000 to 20,000. Here I use estimates provided by Dov Levin, a prominent international scholar of Eastern European Jewish history, in the Introduction to Preserving Our Litvak Heritage: A History of 31 Jewish Communities in Lithuania.
    [Show full text]
  • Collaboration and Resistance—The Ninth Fort As a Test Case
    Aya Ben-Naftali Director, Massuah Institute for the Study of the Holocaust Collaboration and Resistance: The Ninth Fort as a Test Case The Ninth Fort is one of a chain of nine forts surrounding the city of Kovno, Lithuania. In connection with the Holocaust, this location, like Ponary, Babi Yar, and Rumbula, marks the first stage of the Final Solution—the annihilation of the Jewish people. The history of this site of mass slaughtering is an extreme case of the Lithuanians’ deep involvement in the systematic extermination of the Jews, as well as an extraordinary case of resistance by prisoners there. 1. Designation of the Ninth Fort as a Major Killing Site The forts surrounding Kovno were constructed between 1887 and 1910 to protect the city from German invasion. The Ninth Fort, six kilometers northwest of the city, was considered the most important of them. In the independent Republic of Lithuania, it served as an annex of the central prison of Kovno and had a capacity of 250 prisoners. Adjacent to the fort was a state-owned farm of eighty-one hectares, where the prisoners were forced to work the fields and dig peat.1 The Ninth Fort was chosen as the main regional execution site in advance. Its proximity to the suburb of Vilijampole (Slobodka), where the Kovno ghetto had been established, was apparently the main reason. In his final report on the extermination of Lithuanian Jews, Karl Jäger, commander of Einsatzkommando 3 and the Security Police and SD in Lithuania, noted the factors that informed his choice of killing sites (Exekutionsplatze): …The carrying out of such Aktionen is first of all an organizational problem.
    [Show full text]
  • Holocaust and World War II Timeline 1933 1934 1935
    Holocaust and World War II Timeline 1933 January 30 German President Paul von Hindenburg appoints Adolf Hitler Chancellor of Germany Feb. 27-28 German Reichstag (Parliament) mysteriously burns down, government treats it as an act of terrorism Feb. 28 Decree passed which suspends the civil rights granted by the German constitution March 4 Franklin Delano Roosevelt inaugurated President of the United States March 22 Dachau concentration camp opens as a prison camp for political dissidents March 23 Reichstag passes the Enabling Act, empowering Hitler to establish a dictatorship April 1 Nationwide Nazi organized boycott of Jewish shops and businesses April 7 Laws for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service bars Jews from holding civil service, university, and state positions April 26 Gestapo established May 10 Public burning of books written by Jews, political dissidents, and others July 14 The Nazi Party is declared the only legal party in Germany. Law on the Revocation of Naturalization stripping East European Jewish immigrants, as well as Roma (Gypsies), of German citizenship 1934 June 20 The SS (Schutzstaffel or Protection Squad), under Heinrich Himmler, is established as an independent organization. June 30 Night of the Long Knives – members of the Nazi party and police murdered members of the Nazi leadership, army and others on Hitler’s orders. Ernst Röhm, leader of the SA was killed. August 2 President von Hindenburg dies. Hitler proclaims himself Führer. Armed forces must now swear allegiance to him Oct. 7 Jehovah’s Witness congregations submit standardized letters to the government declaring their political neutrality Oct.-Nov. First major arrests of homosexuals throughout Germany Dec.
    [Show full text]
  • Poland Study Guide Poland Study Guide
    Poland Study Guide POLAND STUDY GUIDE POLAND STUDY GUIDE Table of Contents Why Poland? In 1939, following a nonaggression agreement between the Germany and the Soviet Union known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Poland was again divided. That September, Why Poland Germany attacked Poland and conquered the western and central parts of Poland while the Page 3 Soviets took over the east. Part of Poland was directly annexed and governed as if it were Germany (that area would later include the infamous Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz- Birkenau). The remaining Polish territory, the “General Government,” was overseen by Hans Frank, and included many areas with large Jewish populations. For Nazi leadership, Map of Territories Annexed by Third Reich the occupation was an extension of the Nazi racial war and Poland was to be colonized. Page 4 Polish citizens were resettled, and Poles who the Nazis deemed to be a threat were arrested and shot. Polish priests and professors were shot. According to historian Richard Evans, “If the Poles were second-class citizens in the General Government, then the Jews scarcely Map of Concentration Camps in Poland qualified as human beings at all in the eyes of the German occupiers.” Jews were subject to humiliation and brutal violence as their property was destroyed or Page 5 looted. They were concentrated in ghettos or sent to work as slave laborers. But the large- scale systematic murder of Jews did not start until June 1941, when the Germans broke 2 the nonaggression pact with the Soviets, invaded the Soviet-held part of Poland, and sent 3 Chronology of the Holocaust special mobile units (the Einsatzgruppen) behind the fighting units to kill the Jews in nearby forests or pits.
    [Show full text]
  • Introouction
    inTROOUCTIOn On December 5, 1982, an Israeli citizen, Avraham Tory, arrived in Tampa, Florida, from Israel. With him he brought his diary from the years 1941-1944, when he had lived in Lithuania, in the Kovno Ghetto, where the Germans had incarcerated more than thirty thousand Jews. On trial in Tampa was a naturalized U.S. citizen, Kazys Palciauskas, who was accused of having entered the United States shortly after World War II on a false declaration. In July 1941, Palciaus­ kas had been mayor of Kovno, appointed to that position by the German occu­ pation forces, and had acted with the Germans in the mass murder of tens of thousands of Jews. At the time of his entry to the United States, he had failed to mention his wartime position to U.S. immigration authorities. At the outset of his trial, Palciauskas denied that he had ever been mayor of Kovno. Avraham Tory had come to show that this denial was false, for Tory’s diary, about to be presented to the court, was a full, often day-to-day, account, written at the time, of the fate of the Jews of Kovno, including the part Palciaus­ kas had played in their destruction. The diary Tory had brought to Tampa was the original, written in Yiddish in the Kovno Ghetto. Before his journey to the United States it had been authen­ ticated by four survivors of the Ghetto. The first was Lucia Elstein-Lavon, who had been Tory’s secretary in the Ghetto throughout the period during which he had written the diary.
    [Show full text]
  • Slave Labor Class I
    In Re HOLOCAUST VICTIM ASSETS LITIGATION (Swiss Banks) SPECIAL MASTER’S PROPOSAL, September 11, 2000 SLAVE LABOR CLASS I I. INTRODUCTION Otto Count Lambsdorff, who represented the German government in the recently concluded negotiations that led to the July 17, 2000 establishment of the German Foundation “Remembrance, Responsibility and the Future” (the “German Fund”) and its forthcoming payments to slave and forced laborers, remarked that “there was hardly a German company that did not use slave and forced labor during World War II.”1 The German Bundestag, in its preamble to the statute, clearly acknowledged that “the National Socialist State inflicted severe injustice on slave laborers and forced laborers, through deportation, internment, exploitation which in some cases extended to destruction through labor, and … that German enterprises which participated in the National Socialist injustice bear a historic responsibility and must accept it.”2 The Settlement Agreement, by including Slave Labor Class I, is designed to provide compensation to certain persons who were forced to perform slave labor during the Third Reich. According to the Settlement Agreement, Slave Labor Class I consists of “Victims or Targets of Nazi Persecution who actually or allegedly performed Slave Labor for companies or entities that actually or allegedly deposited the revenues or proceeds of that labor with, or transacted such revenues or proceeds through, Releasees, and their heirs, executors, 1 Cited in testimony of Deputy Treasury Secretary Stuart E. Eizenstat before the House Banking Committee on Holocaust Related Issues, September 14, 1999 at 6, available at http://www.house.gov/banking/914/99see.htm. 2 Preamble to Law on the Creation of a Foundation “Remembrance, Responsibility and Future” (“Gesetz Zur Errichtung Einer Stiftung ‘Errinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft’”), July 17, 2000, informal translation prepared by the United States Embassy in Berlin, available at http://www.usembassy.de/dossiers/holocaust.
    [Show full text]
  • Study Guide REFUGE
    A Guide for Educators to the Film REFUGE: Stories of the Selfhelp Home Prepared by Dr. Elliot Lefkovitz This publication was generously funded by the Selfhelp Foundation. © 2013 Bensinger Global Media. All rights reserved. 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements p. i Introduction to the study guide pp. ii-v Horst Abraham’s story Introduction-Kristallnacht pp. 1-8 Sought Learning Objectives and Key Questions pp. 8-9 Learning Activities pp. 9-10 Enrichment Activities Focusing on Kristallnacht pp. 11-18 Enrichment Activities Focusing on the Response of the Outside World pp. 18-24 and the Shanghai Ghetto Horst Abraham’s Timeline pp. 24-32 Maps-German and Austrian Refugees in Shanghai p. 32 Marietta Ryba’s Story Introduction-The Kindertransport pp. 33-39 Sought Learning Objectives and Key Questions p. 39 Learning Activities pp. 39-40 Enrichment Activities Focusing on Sir Nicholas Winton, Other Holocaust pp. 41-46 Rescuers and Rescue Efforts During the Holocaust Marietta Ryba’s Timeline pp. 46-49 Maps-Kindertransport travel routes p. 49 2 Hannah Messinger’s Story Introduction-Theresienstadt pp. 50-58 Sought Learning Objectives and Key Questions pp. 58-59 Learning Activities pp. 59-62 Enrichment Activities Focusing on The Holocaust in Czechoslovakia pp. 62-64 Hannah Messinger’s Timeline pp. 65-68 Maps-The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia p. 68 Edith Stern’s Story Introduction-Auschwitz pp. 69-77 Sought Learning Objectives and Key Questions p. 77 Learning Activities pp. 78-80 Enrichment Activities Focusing on Theresienstadt pp. 80-83 Enrichment Activities Focusing on Auschwitz pp. 83-86 Edith Stern’s Timeline pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Volunteer Translator Pack
    TRANSLATION EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES 1. Principles for text, images and audio (a) General principles • Retain the intention, style and distinctive features of the source. • Retain source language names of people, places and organisations; add translations of the latter. • Maintain the characteristics of the source even if these seem difficult or unusual. • Where in doubt make footnotes indicating changes, decisions and queries. • Avoid modern or slang phrases that might be seem anachronistic, with preference for less time-bound figures of speech. • Try to identify and inform The Wiener Library about anything contentious that might be libellous or defamatory. • The Wiener Library is the final arbiter in any disputes of style, translation, usage or presentation. • If the item is a handwritten document, please provide a transcription of the source language as well as a translation into the target language. (a) Text • Use English according to the agreed house style: which is appropriate to its subject matter and as free as possible of redundant or superfluous words, misleading analogies or metaphor and repetitious vocabulary. • Wherever possible use preferred terminology from the Library’s Keyword thesaurus. The Subject and Geographical Keyword thesaurus can be found in this pack. The Institutional thesaurus and Personal Name thesaurus can be provided on request. • Restrict small changes or substitutions to those that help to render the source faithfully in the target language. • Attempt to translate idiomatic expressions so as to retain the colour and intention of the source culture. If this is impossible retain the expression and add translations in a footnote. • Wherever possible do not alter the text structure or sequence.
    [Show full text]
  • How the Jewish Police in the Kovno Ghetto Saw Itself
    How the Jewish Police in the Kovno Ghetto Saw Itself Dov Levin This article represents the first English-language publication of selections from a unique document written in Yiddish by the Jewish police of the Kovno (Kaunas) ghetto in Lithuania. The introduction describes briefly the history of the Kovno ghetto and sheds light on the document’s main elements; above all, those involving the Jewish police in the ghetto. As the historiography of the Holocaust includes extensive research, eyewitness accounts, photographs, and documents of all kinds, this introduction is intended to provide background material only, as an aid in the reading of the following excerpts. The document was composed over many months at the height of the Holocaust period in the Kovno ghetto. It focuses primarily on the key sector of the ghetto’s internal authority – the Jewish police. The official name of the police was Jüdische Ghetto-Polizei in Wiliampole (“Jewish Ghetto Police in Vilijampole”), and, in the nature of things, since the Holocaust, this body has become practically synonymous with collaboration with the occupying forces. Ostensibly a chronicle of police activities during the ghetto period, the document in fact reflects an attempt by the Jewish police at self-examination and substantive commentary as the events unfolded. The History of the Ghetto1 On June 24, 1941, the third day of the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany, Kovno (Kaunas), Lithuania’s second largest city, famed as an important cultural and spiritual center, 1 The primary sources for this chapter are: Leib Garfunkel, The Destruction of Kovno’s Jewry (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1959); Josef Gar, The Destruction of Jewish Kovno (Yiddish) (Munich: Association of Lithuanian Jews in the American Zone in Germany, 1948); Josef Rosin, “Kovno,” Pinkas Hakehillot: Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities – Lithuania (Hebrew), Dov Levin, ed.
    [Show full text]
  • Perpetrators & Possibilities: Holocaust Diaries, Resistance, and the Crisis of Imagination
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Theses Department of History 8-3-2006 Perpetrators & Possibilities: Holocaust Diaries, Resistance, and the Crisis of Imagination Eryk Emil Tahvonen Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Tahvonen, Eryk Emil, "Perpetrators & Possibilities: Holocaust Diaries, Resistance, and the Crisis of Imagination." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2006. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/14 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PERPETRATORS & POSSIBILITIES: HOLOCAUST DIARIES, RESISTANCE, AND THE CRISIS OF IMAGINATION by ERYK EMIL TAHVONEN Under the Direction of Jared Poley ABSTRACT This thesis examines the way genocide leaves marks in the writings of targeted people. It posits not only that these marks exist, but also that they indicate a type of psychological resistance. By focusing on the ways Holocaust diarists depicted Nazi perpetrators, and by concentrating on the ways language was used to distance the victim from the perpetrator, it is possible to see how Jewish diarists were engaged in alternate and subtle, but nevertheless important, forms of resistance to genocide. The thesis suggest this resistance on the part of victims is similar in many ways to well-known distancing mechanisms employed by perpetrators and that this evidence points to a “crisis of imagination” – for victims and perpetrators alike – in which the capability to envision negation and death, and to identify with the “Other” is detrimental to self-preservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Reichskommissariat Ostland from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Reichskommissariat Ostland From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Ostland" redirects here. For the province of the Empire in Warhammer 40,000, see Ostland (Warhammer). Navigation Reichskommissariat Ostland (RKO) was the civilian occupation regime established by Main page Germany in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), the north-eastern part of Reichskommissariat Ostland Contents Poland and the west part of the Belarusian SSR during World War II. It was also known Reichskommissariat of Germany Featured content [1] initially as Reichskommissariat Baltenland ("Baltic Land"). The political organization Current events ← → for this territory—after an initial period of military administration before its establishment— 1941–1945 Random article was that of a German civilian administration, nominally under the authority of the Reich Donate to Wikipedia Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories (German: Reichsministerium für die besetzten Ostgebiete) led by Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg, but was in reality Interaction controlled by the Nazi official Hinrich Lohse, its appointed Reichskommissar. Help The main political objective, which the ministry laid out in the framework of National Flag Emblem About Wikipedia Socialist policies for the east established by Adolf Hitler, were the complete annihilation Community portal of the Jewish population and the settlement of ethnic Germans along with the expulsion or Recent changes Germanization of parts of the native population
    [Show full text]
  • The Levine JCC Butterfly Project
    The Levine JCC Butterfly Project Glossary of Terms Term Definition Aktion “Action” in German and used to refer to the largest mass murder of Lithuanian Jews. Anti-Semitism Hostility toward or hatred of Jews as a religious or ethnic group, often accompanied by social, economic, or political discrimination. Aryan Term used in Nazi Germany to refer to non-Jewish and non-Gypsy Caucasians. Barter To exchange (goods or services) for other goods or services without using money. Border A dividing line separating two political or geographical areas, especially countries. Bunker A reinforced underground shelter, typically for use in wartime. Chancellor The highest government official in Germany. Children’s Home An orphanage; a place where children without parents live and are cared for. Concentration Camp Throughout German-occupied Europe, the Nazis established camps to detain and, if necessary, kill so-called enemies of the state, including Jews, Gypsies, political and religious opponents, members of national resistance movements, homosexuals, and others. In addition to concentration camps, the Nazi regime ran several other kinds of camps including labor camps, transit camps, prisoner-of-war camps, and killing centers. Dachau concentration The first of the Nazi concentration camps opened in Germany, intended to camp hold political prisoners. It was enlarged to include the imprisonment of Jews. It was finally liberated in 1945. Documents (also Refers to passports, visas and other identification needed to travel between called Papers) two countries. Fatherland A term referring to Germany. “Final Solution” The Nazi plan to annihilate the European Jews. German mark Paper currency in Germany comparable to the US dollar.
    [Show full text]