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Aerosol Effective Radiative Forcing in the Online Aerosol Coupled CAS
atmosphere Article Aerosol Effective Radiative Forcing in the Online Aerosol Coupled CAS-FGOALS-f3-L Climate Model Hao Wang 1,2,3, Tie Dai 1,2,* , Min Zhao 1,2,3, Daisuke Goto 4, Qing Bao 1, Toshihiko Takemura 5 , Teruyuki Nakajima 4 and Guangyu Shi 1,2,3 1 State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; [email protected] (H.W.); [email protected] (M.Z.); [email protected] (Q.B.); [email protected] (G.S.) 2 Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China 3 College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 4 National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; [email protected] (D.G.); [email protected] (T.N.) 5 Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-10-8299-5452 Received: 21 September 2020; Accepted: 14 October 2020; Published: 17 October 2020 Abstract: The effective radiative forcing (ERF) of anthropogenic aerosol can be more representative of the eventual climate response than other radiative forcing. We incorporate aerosol–cloud interaction into the Chinese Academy of Sciences Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System (CAS-FGOALS-f3-L) by coupling an existing aerosol module named the Spectral Radiation Transport Model for Aerosol Species (SPRINTARS) and quantified the ERF and its primary components (i.e., effective radiative forcing of aerosol-radiation interactions (ERFari) and aerosol-cloud interactions (ERFaci)) based on the protocol of current Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6). -
U.S. National Black Carbon and Methane Emissions a Report to the Arctic Council
U.S. NATIONAL BLACK CARBON AND METHANE EMISSIONS A REPORT TO THE ARCTIC COUNCIL AUGUST 2015 U.S. NATIONAL BLACK CARBON AND METHANE EMISSIONS A REPORT TO THE ARCTIC COUNCIL AUGUST 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. 1 ABOUT THIS REPORT. 1 SUMMARY OF CURRENT BLACK CARBON EMISSIONS AND FUTURE PROJECTIONS . 2 SUMMARY OF CURRENT METHANE EMISSIONS AND FUTURE PROJECTIONS. 4 SUMMARY OF NATIONAL MITIGATION ACTIONS BY POLLUTANT AND SECTOR . 6 BLACK CARBON . .6 METHANE . 11 HIGHLIGHTS OF BEST PRACTICES AND LESSONS LEARNED FOR KEY SECTORS . .16 TRANSPORT/MOBILE . 16 OPEN BIOMASS BURNING (INCLUDING WILDFIRES) . 16 RESIDENTIAL/DOMESTIC . .17 OIL & NATURAL GAS. .17 OTHER . 17 PROJECTS RELEVANT FOR THE ARCTIC. .18 ARCTIC AIR QUALITY IMPACT ASSESSMENT MODELING. 18 BLACK CARBON DEPOSITION ON U.S. SNOW PACK . .18 EMISSIONS AND TRANSPORT FROM AGRICULTURAL BURNING AND FOREST FIRES . .18 MEASUREMENT OF BLACK CARBON AND METHANE IN THE ARCTIC. .18 MEASUREMENT OF MARITIME BLACK CARBON EMISSIONS AND DIESEL FUEL ALTERNATIVES. .18 REDUCTION OF BLACK CARBON IN THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC. .19 VALDAY CLUSTER UPGRADE FOR BLACK CARBON REDUCTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF KARELIA, RUSSIAN FEDERATION. 19 AVIATION CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH INITIATIVE. .20 TRACKING SOURCES OF BLACK CARBON IN THE ARCTIC . 20 OTHER INFORMATION. .20 APPENDIX 1: U.S. BLACK CARBON EMISSIONS . .22 APPENDIX 2: U.S. METHANE EMISSIONS (MMT CO2E), 1990–2013 . 24 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY U.S. black carbon emissions are declining and additional reductions are expected, largely through strategies to reduce the emissions from mobile diesel engines that account for roughly 40 percent of the U.S. total. A number of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) control strategies have proven successful in reducing black carbon emissions from mobile sources. -
Climate Effects of Black Carbon Aerosols in China and India Surabi Menon, Et Al
Climate Effects of Black Carbon Aerosols in China and India Surabi Menon, et al. Science 297, 2250 (2002); DOI: 10.1126/science.1075159 The following resources related to this article are available online at www.sciencemag.org (this information is current as of October 3, 2008 ): Updated information and services, including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online version of this article at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/297/5590/2250 Supporting Online Material can be found at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/297/5590/2250/DC1 A list of selected additional articles on the Science Web sites related to this article can be found at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/297/5590/2250#related-content This article cites 23 articles, 3 of which can be accessed for free: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/297/5590/2250#otherarticles on October 3, 2008 This article has been cited by 251 article(s) on the ISI Web of Science. This article has been cited by 8 articles hosted by HighWire Press; see: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/297/5590/2250#otherarticles This article appears in the following subject collections: Atmospheric Science http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/collection/atmos www.sciencemag.org Information about obtaining reprints of this article or about obtaining permission to reproduce this article in whole or in part can be found at: http://www.sciencemag.org/about/permissions.dtl Downloaded from Science (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. -
Short- and Long-Term Greenhouse Gas and Radiative Forcing Impacts of Changing Water Management in Asian Rice Paddies
Global Change Biology (2004) 10, 1180–1196, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00798.x Short- and long-term greenhouse gas and radiative forcing impacts of changing water management in Asian rice paddies STEVE FROLKING*,CHANGSHENGLI*, ROB BRASWELL* andJAN FUGLESTVEDTw *Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, & Space, 39 College Road, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA, wCICERO, Center for International Climate and Environmental Research – Oslo, PO Box 1129, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway Abstract Fertilized rice paddy soils emit methane while flooded, emit nitrous oxide during flooding and draining transitions, and can be a source or sink of carbon dioxide. Changing water management of rice paddies can affect net emissions of all three of these greenhouse gases. We used denitrification–decomposition (DNDC), a process-based biogeochemistry model, to evaluate the annual emissions of CH4,N2O, and CO2 for continuously flooded, single-, double-, and triple-cropped rice (three baseline scenarios), and in further simulations, the change in emissions with changing water management to midseason draining of the paddies, and to alternating crops of midseason drained rice and upland crops (two alternatives for each baseline scenario). We used a set of first- order atmospheric models to track the atmospheric burden of each gas over 500 years. We evaluated the dynamics of the radiative forcing due to the changes in emissions of CH4, N2O, and CO2 (alternative minus baseline), and compared these with standard calculations of CO2-equivalent emissions using global warming potentials (GWPs). All alternative scenarios had lower CH4 emissions and higher N2O emissions than their corresponding baseline cases, and all but one sequestered carbon in the soil more slowly. -
Aerosols, Their Direct and Indirect Effects
5 Aerosols, their Direct and Indirect Effects Co-ordinating Lead Author J.E. Penner Lead Authors M. Andreae, H. Annegarn, L. Barrie, J. Feichter, D. Hegg, A. Jayaraman, R. Leaitch, D. Murphy, J. Nganga, G. Pitari Contributing Authors A. Ackerman, P. Adams, P. Austin, R. Boers, O. Boucher, M. Chin, C. Chuang, B. Collins, W. Cooke, P. DeMott, Y. Feng, H. Fischer, I. Fung, S. Ghan, P. Ginoux, S.-L. Gong, A. Guenther, M. Herzog, A. Higurashi, Y. Kaufman, A. Kettle, J. Kiehl, D. Koch, G. Lammel, C. Land, U. Lohmann, S. Madronich, E. Mancini, M. Mishchenko, T. Nakajima, P. Quinn, P. Rasch, D.L. Roberts, D. Savoie, S. Schwartz, J. Seinfeld, B. Soden, D. Tanré, K. Taylor, I. Tegen, X. Tie, G. Vali, R. Van Dingenen, M. van Weele, Y. Zhang Review Editors B. Nyenzi, J. Prospero Contents Executive Summary 291 5.4.1 Summary of Current Model Capabilities 313 5.4.1.1 Comparison of large-scale sulphate 5.1 Introduction 293 models (COSAM) 313 5.1.1 Advances since the Second Assessment 5.4.1.2 The IPCC model comparison Report 293 workshop: sulphate, organic carbon, 5.1.2 Aerosol Properties Relevant to Radiative black carbon, dust, and sea salt 314 Forcing 293 5.4.1.3 Comparison of modelled and observed aerosol concentrations 314 5.2 Sources and Production Mechanisms of 5.4.1.4 Comparison of modelled and satellite- Atmospheric Aerosols 295 derived aerosol optical depth 318 5.2.1 Introduction 295 5.4.2 Overall Uncertainty in Direct Forcing 5.2.2 Primary and Secondary Sources of Aerosols 296 Estimates 322 5.2.2.1 Soil dust 296 5.4.3 Modelling the Indirect -
Black Carbon-Induced Snow Albedo Reduction Over the Tibetan Plateau
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11507–11527, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11507-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Black carbon-induced snow albedo reduction over the Tibetan Plateau: uncertainties from snow grain shape and aerosol–snow mixing state based on an updated SNICAR model Cenlin He1,2, Mark G. Flanner3, Fei Chen2,4, Michael Barlage2, Kuo-Nan Liou5, Shichang Kang6,7, Jing Ming8, and Yun Qian9 1Advanced Study Program, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA 2Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA 3Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 4State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China 5Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 6State key laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China 7CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, China 8Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany 9Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA Correspondence: Cenlin He ([email protected]) Received: 12 May 2018 – Discussion started: 22 May 2018 Revised: 31 July 2018 – Accepted: 4 August 2018 – Published: 15 August 2018 Abstract. We implement a set of new parameterizations into regional and seasonal variations, with higher values in the the widely used Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiative (SNICAR) non-monsoon season and low altitudes. -
Black Carbon and Methane in the Norwegian Barents Region Black Carbon and Methane in the Norwegian Barents Region | M276
REPORT M-276 | 2014 Black carbon and methane in the Norwegian Barents region Black carbon and methane in the Norwegian Barents region | M276 COLOPHON Executive institution The Norwegian Environment Agency Project manager for the contractor Contact person in the Norwegian Environment Agency Ingrid Lillehagen, The Ministry of Climate and Solrun Figenschau Skjellum Environment, section for polar affairs and the High North M-no Year Pages Contract number M-276 2014 15 Publisher The project is funded by The Norwegian Environment Agency The Norwegian Environment Agency Author(s) Maria Malene Kvalevåg, Vigdis Vestreng and Nina Holmengen Title – Norwegian and English Black carbon and methane in the Norwegian Barents Region Svart karbon og metan i den norske Barentsregionen Summary – sammendrag In 2011, land based emissions of black carbon and methane in the Norwegian Barents region were 400 tons and 23 700 tons, respectively. The largest emissions of black carbon originate from the transport sector and wood combustion in residential heating. For methane, the largest contributors to emissions are the agricultural sector and landfills. Different measures to reduce emissions from black carbon and methane can be implemented. Retrofitting of diesel particulate filters on light and heavy vehicles, tractors and construction machines will reduce black carbon emitted from the transport sector. Measures to reduce black carbon from residential heating are to accelerate the introduction of wood stoves with cleaner burning, improve burning techniques and inspect and maintain the wood stoves that are already in use. In the agricultural sector, methane emissions from food production can be reduced by using manure or food waste as raw material to biogas production. -
Saving the Arctic the Urgent Need to Cut Black Carbon Emissions and Slow Climate Change
AP PHOTO/IAN JOUGHIN PHOTO/IAN AP Saving the Arctic The Urgent Need to Cut Black Carbon Emissions and Slow Climate Change By Rebecca Lefton and Cathleen Kelly August 2014 WWW.AMERICANPROGRESS.ORG Saving the Arctic The Urgent Need to Cut Black Carbon Emissions and Slow Climate Change By Rebecca Lefton and Cathleen Kelly August 2014 Contents 1 Introduction and summary 3 Where does black carbon come from? 6 Future black carbon emissions in the Arctic 9 Why cutting black carbon outside the Arctic matters 13 Recommendations 19 Conclusion 20 Appendix 24 Endnotes Introduction and summary The Arctic is warming at a rate twice as fast as the rest of the world, in part because of the harsh effects of black carbon pollution on the region, which is made up mostly of snow and ice.1 Black carbon—one of the main components of soot—is a deadly and widespread air pollutant and a potent driver of climate change, espe- cially in the near term and on a regional basis. In colder, icier regions such as the Arctic, it peppers the Arctic snow with heat-absorbing black particles, increasing the amount of heat absorbed and rapidly accelerating local warming. This accel- eration exposes darker ground or water, causing snow and ice melt and lowering the amount of heat reflected away from the Earth.2 Combating climate change requires immediate and long-term cuts in heat-trap- ping carbon pollution, or CO2, around the globe. But reducing carbon pollution alone will not be enough to avoid the worst effects of a rapidly warming Arctic— slashing black carbon emissions near the Arctic and globally must also be part of the solution. -
Chapter 1 Ozone and Climate
1 Ozone and Climate: A Review of Interconnections Coordinating Lead Authors John Pyle (UK), Theodore Shepherd (Canada) Lead Authors Gregory Bodeker (New Zealand), Pablo Canziani (Argentina), Martin Dameris (Germany), Piers Forster (UK), Aleksandr Gruzdev (Russia), Rolf Müller (Germany), Nzioka John Muthama (Kenya), Giovanni Pitari (Italy), William Randel (USA) Contributing Authors Vitali Fioletov (Canada), Jens-Uwe Grooß (Germany), Stephen Montzka (USA), Paul Newman (USA), Larry Thomason (USA), Guus Velders (The Netherlands) Review Editors Mack McFarland (USA) IPCC Boek (dik).indb 83 15-08-2005 10:52:13 84 IPCC/TEAP Special Report: Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 85 1.4 Past and future stratospheric ozone changes (attribution and prediction) 110 1.1 Introduction 87 1.4.1 Current understanding of past ozone 1.1.1 Purpose and scope of this chapter 87 changes 110 1.1.2 Ozone in the atmosphere and its role in 1.4.2 The Montreal Protocol, future ozone climate 87 changes and their links to climate 117 1.1.3 Chapter outline 93 1.5 Climate change from ODSs, their substitutes 1.2 Observed changes in the stratosphere 93 and ozone depletion 120 1.2.1 Observed changes in stratospheric ozone 93 1.5.1 Radiative forcing and climate sensitivity 120 1.2.2 Observed changes in ODSs 96 1.5.2 Direct radiative forcing of ODSs and their 1.2.3 Observed changes in stratospheric aerosols, substitutes 121 water vapour, methane and nitrous oxide 96 1.5.3 Indirect radiative forcing of ODSs 123 1.2.4 Observed temperature -
The Use of Non-CO2 Multipliers for the Climate Impact of Aviation: the Scientific Basis
Workshop on Aviation and Carbon Markets ICAO Headquarters Montreal, Quebec 18-19 June 2008 The use of non-CO2 multipliers for the climate impact of aviation: The scientific basis by Dr. David W. Fahey Earth System Research Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Boulder, Colorado USA Introduction Outline Aviation and climate change radiative forcings The multiplier concept and limitations Conclusions & recommendations 1 Introduction Aviation contributes to climate change by increasing atmospheric radiative forcing through the emission of gases and aerosols and changing cloud abundance. Radiative forcing is a change in the balance of solar and terrestrial radiation in Earth’s atmosphere. IPCC, AR4 (2007) 2 1 Aviation and climate change Adapted from Wuebbles et al., 2007 3 Aviation and climate change CO2 Non-CO2 The non-CO2 multiplier is an effort to simplify the accounting of aviation climate forcing from effects other than CO2 accumulation. Adapted from Wuebbles et al., 2007 4 2 Global radiative forcing components (1750 - 2005) * Cooling Warming Aviation represents 3% (range 2 - 8%) of anthropogenic radiative forcing in 2005 (includes all components except induced cloudiness) * 5 Adapted from IPCC, AR4 (2007) Global radiative forcing components (1750 - 2005) Aviation RF components Aviation represents 3% (range 2 - 8%) of anthropogenic radiative forcing in 2005 *(includes all components except induced cloudiness) Adapted from IPCC, AR4 (2007) 6 3 Aviation radiative forcing components (1750 - 2005) Cooling Warming Aviation radiative forcing components have been quantified with best estimates except for induced cirrus cloudiness which includes aerosol cloud effects. Radiative forcing is a backward-looking metric that integrates over previous aircraft operations (i.e., 1750-2005) and hence is not a suitable metric for future aviation. -
Impacts of Biofuels on Climate Change, Water Use, and Land Use MARK A
PUBLIC INTEREST REPORT SUMMER 2011 Impacts of Biofuels on Climate Change, Water Use, and Land Use MARK A. DELUCCHI * INTRODUCTION Governments worldwide are promoting the and land use – because per unit of energy development of biofuels, such as ethanol from produced, biofuels require orders of magnitude corn, biodiesel from soybeans, and ethanol from more land and water than do petroleum wood or grass, in order to reduce dependency transportation fuels – and these impacts should on oil imported from politically unstable be weighed in an overall assessment of the costs regions of the world, spur agricultural and benefits of policies that promote biofuels. development, and reduce the climate impact of fossil fuel combustion. Biofuels have been At the start of each major section, I first discuss promoted as a way to mitigate the climate- the overall metric by which impacts typically are change impacts of energy use because the measured. is overall metric is important carbon in a biofuel comes from the atmosphere, because many analysts use it is a basis for which means that the combustion of a biofuel evaluating and comparing the impacts of biofuels; returns to the atmosphere the amount of hence, the overall metric should be as broad as carbon dioxide (CO2) that was removed by the possible yet still represent what society cares growth of the biomass feedstock. Because CO2 about. I argue that the absence of broad, from the combustion of fossil fuels, such as oil, meaningful metrics for climate-change, water-use, is one of the largest sources of anthropogenic and land-use impacts makes overall evaluations climate-active “greenhouse gases” (GHGs), it difficult. -
Black Carbon's Properties and Role in the Environment
Sustainability 2010, 2, 294-320; doi:10.3390/su2010294 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Review Black Carbon’s Properties and Role in the Environment: A Comprehensive Review Gyami Shrestha 1,*, Samuel J. Traina 1 and Christopher W. Swanston 2 1 Environmental Systems Program, Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California- Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Northern Institute of Applied Carbon Science, Climate, Fire, & Carbon Cycle Science Research, Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 410 MacInnes Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]. Received: 13 November 2009 / Accepted: 7 January 2010 / Published: 15 January 2010 Abstract: Produced from incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuel in the absence of oxygen, black carbon (BC) is the collective term for a range of carbonaceous substances encompassing partly charred plant residues to highly graphitized soot. Depending on its form, condition of origin and storage (from the atmosphere to the geosphere), and surrounding environmental conditions, BC can influence the environment at local, regional and global scales in different ways. In this paper, we review and synthesize recent findings and discussions on the nature of these different forms of BC and their impacts, particularly in relation to pollution and climate change. We start by describing the different types of BCs and their mechanisms of formation. To elucidate their pollutant sorption properties, we present some models involving polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organic carbon. Subsequently, we discuss the stability of BC in the environment, summarizing the results of studies that showed a lack of chemical degradation of BC in soil and those that exposed BC to severe oxidative reactions to degrade it.