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Un Siècle D'histoire Et D'utilisation Du Sucre De Betterave

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Un Siècle D'histoire Et D'utilisation Du Sucre De Betterave 1812-1914 : un siècle d’histoire et d’utilisation du sucre de betterave Matthieu Nomblot To cite this version: Matthieu Nomblot. 1812-1914 : un siècle d’histoire et d’utilisation du sucre de betterave. Sciences pharmaceutiques. 2019. dumas-02434066 HAL Id: dumas-02434066 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-02434066 Submitted on 9 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. U.F.R. Santé Faculté des sciences pharmaceutiques THESE Pour obtenir le diplôme d’état de Docteur en Pharmacie Préparée au sein de l’Université de Caen Normandie 1812-1914 : Un siècle d’histoire et d’utilisation du sucre de betterave Présentée par Matthieu Nomblot Soutenue publiquement le 10 mai 2019 devant le jury composé de Professeur des universités, Faculté des Pr David Garon Président du jury sciences pharmaceutiques, Caen Maître de conférences, Faculté des Dr Jean-Philippe Rioult Directeur de thèse sciences pharmaceutiques, Caen Pharmacien titulaire, Pharmacie Dr Matthieu Perdriel Examinateur d’Hastings, Caen Thèse dirigée par Jean-Philippe Rioult LISTE DES ENSEIGNANTS – CHERCHEURS Directeur de la Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques Professeur Michel BOULOUARD Assesseurs Professeur Pascale SCHUMANN-BARD Professeur Anne-Sophie VOISIN-CHIRET Directrice administrative et Directrice administrative adjointe Madame Sarah CHEMTOB Madame Alexandra HOUARD PROFESSEURS DES UNIVERSITES BOULOUARD Michel Physiologie, Pharmacologie BUREAU Ronan Biophysique, Chémoinformatique COLLOT Valérie Pharmacognosie DALLEMAGNE Patrick Chimie médicinale DAUPHIN François Physiologie, Pharmacologie DELEPEE Raphaël Chimie analytique FABIS Frédéric Chimie organique FRERET Thomas Physiologie, Pharmacologie GARON David Botanique, Mycologie, Biotechnologies GAUDUCHON Pascal Eméritat jusqu’au 31/08/2019 Biologie cellulaire GIARD Jean-Christophe Bactériologie, Virologie MALZERT-FREON Aurélie Pharmacie galénique RAULT Sylvain Eméritat jusqu’au 31/08/2019 Chimie thérapeutique ROCHAIS Christophe Chimie organique SCHUMANN-BARD Pascale Physiologie, Pharmacologie SICHEL François Toxicologie SOPKOVA Jana Biophysique, Drug design VOISIN-CHIRET Anne-Sophie Chimie médicinale MAITRES DE CONFERENCES DES UNIVERSITES ANDRE Véronique – HDR Biochimie, Toxicologie BOUET Valentine – HDR Physiologie, pharmacologie CAILLY Thomas – HDR Chimie bio-inorganique, Chimieorganique DENOYELLE Christophe – HDR Biologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Biochimie, Cancérologie DHALLUIN Anne Bactériologie, Virologie, Immunologie ELDIN de PECOULAS Philippe – HDR Parasitologie, Mycologie médicale GROO Anne-Claire Pharmacie galénique KIEFFER Charline Chimie médicinale KRIEGER Sophie(Praticien hospitalier) Biologie clinique LAPORTE-WOJCIK Catherine Chimie bio-inorganique LEBAILLY Pierre –HDR Santé publique LECHEVREL Mathilde – HDR Toxicologie LEGER Marianne Physiologie, Pharmacologie LEPAILLEUR Alban –HDR Modélisation moléculaire N’DIAYE Monique Parasitologie, Mycologie médicale, Biochimie clinique PAIZANIS Eleni Physiologie, Pharmacologie PEREIRA-ROSENFELD Maria de Fatima Chimie organique POTTIER Ivannah Chimie et toxicologie analytiques PREVOST Virginie – HDR Chimie analytique, Nutrition, Education thérapeutique du patient QUINTIN Jérôme Pharmacognosie RIOULT Jean-Philippe Botanique, Mycologie, Biotechnologies SINCE Marc Chimie analytique VILLEDIEU Marie Biologie et thérapies innovantes des cancers PROFESSEUR AGREGE (PRAG) PRICOT Sophie Anglais PERSONNEL ASSOCIE A TEMPS PARTIEL (PAST) SAINT-LORANT Guillaume Pharmacie clinique SEDILLO Patrick Pharmacie officinale RICHARD Estelle Pharmacie officinale Enseignants titulaires du Diplôme d’Etat de Docteur en Pharmacie Remerciements A David Garon, Je vous remercie pour avoir accepté de présider ce jury et pour l’attention portée à ce travail. Merci pour vos enseignements de botanique au cours de ces 6 années d’étude. Veuillez trouver l’expression de ma sincère reconnaissance. A Jean-Philippe Rioult, Je vous remercie d’avoir accepté de diriger cette thèse. Merci pour avoir initié ce sujet, pour votre concours et votre aide précieuse. Merci pour vos enseignements complets et fascinants, votre volontarisme et votre bonne humeur. Soyez assuré de mon respect et de ma profonde reconnaissance. A Matthieu Perdriel, Pour votre dynamisme, votre gentillesse, pour l’intérêt marqué pour ce sujet et pour avoir accepté de le juger. Merci également d’avoir accepté de me former au cours du stage de 6ème année. Veuillez trouvez le témoignage de mes sincères remerciements A Martine Decloux, Pour votre efficacité et votre amabilité. A l’Association de Sauvegarde de la Sucrerie de Francières, Pour votre travail qui m’a été d’une grande utilité. A Bernard Devaux, Pour votre disponibilité et pour votre travail. A Caroline Latour et Charlotte Riou, Pour votre attention et votre curiosité. A toute l’équipe de la pharmacie d’Hastings, A ces 6 mois de stage, à vos connaissances partagées, votre bienveillance et votre professionnalisme, votre bonne humeur. A mes parents, Pour tout ce que vous avez toujours fait pour moi et ce que vous avez sacrifié pour ma réussite. Cette thèse est l’aboutissement des années d’étude que vous m’avez permises de réaliser. Merci pour m’avoir donné toutes les chances de réussir ma vie. A votre soutien inconditionnel durant ces années loin de la maison. Je vous serai éternellement reconnaissant. A mon frère et mes sœurs, Pour être ceux que vous êtes et pour ce que vous m’apportez au quotidien. A ma tante, Pour ta disponibilité et l’énergie dépensée. A mes grands-parents et toute ma famille, Pour m’avoir toujours soutenu, inculqué de réelles valeurs, merci d’avoir cru en mon potentiel. Veuillez trouver l’expression de ma gratitude A Lucile, Pour tes encouragements et le soutien indéfectible dont tu fais preuve, chaque jour, à mon égard. A mes amis, de « pharma » ou d’ailleurs : Adèle, Agathe, Alexia, Alice, Alicia, Anaïs, Antoine, Baptiste, Boris, Chloé, Diego, Hélène, Jason, Jérémy, Johanna, Julien, Marie, Marine, Mathieu, Mehdi, Océane, Quentin, Sami (mon binôme Seine-et-Marnais), Valentin, Zacharie et à tous les autres pour votre inestimable amitié, pour tous les moments que nous avons partagés et ceux qui restent à venir. Sommaire I. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 8 II. Généralités et histoire ...................................................................................................10 A. Le sucré, une histoire de goût ....................................................................................10 B. Les plantes productrices de sucre dans l’histoire .......................................................13 1. Quelques sources historiques ................................................................................13 a) Le palmier à sucre ..............................................................................................13 b) La canne à sucre ................................................................................................15 c) L’érable à sucre du Canada ................................................................................17 2. Autres sources européennes ..................................................................................18 a) La carotte ...........................................................................................................18 b) La pomme...........................................................................................................19 c) La châtaigne .......................................................................................................20 d) Le maïs ...............................................................................................................20 e) Le raisin ..............................................................................................................21 C. Chronologie de la découverte de la betterave à sucre ...............................................23 1. La betterave avant le sucre ....................................................................................23 a) Origine de la betterave (... - 3000 av J-C) ...........................................................23 b) Le début de la domestication (Vers 3000 av J-C - an 0) ......................................23 c) Vers une démocratisation de la betterave (Vers An 0 - ...) ..................................24 2. Les grandes figures ................................................................................................26 a) Olivier De Serres, le précurseur (1539-1619) ......................................................26 b) Marggraf, l’incompris (1709-1782) ......................................................................27 c) Achard, l’expérimentateur (1753-1821) ...............................................................28 D. La betterave à sucre en France .................................................................................33 1. Les prémices ..........................................................................................................33
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