Laval University From the SelectedWorks of Fathi Habashi November, 2019 Dyes and dyeing Fathi Habashi Available at: https://works.bepress.com/fathi_habashi/569/ Dyes and Dyeing When I was a student at Fouad El Awwal University, now Cairo University, in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, I took a course on Dyes and Dyeing in the academic year 1948-49. I also spent the years 1952-53 in the dye industry at Mahalla El Kobra in Egypt at the large Egyptian Textile plant before going abroad. Few years ago, I received invitations from Lupine Publishers to write short articles for their journal Latest Trends in Textiles and Fashion Designing. Although I have changed my career and became a metallurgist long ago, I decided to go back to my experience in dyeing. Fathi Habashi Latest Trends in Textile and L UPINE PUBLISHERS Fashion Designing Open Access DOI: 10.32474/LTTFD.2018.01.000110 ISSN: 2637-4595 Mini Review Dyes and Dyeing Fathi Habashi* Department of Mining, Metallurgical, Materials Engineering, Laval University, Canada Received: January 19, 2018; Published: January 25, 2018 *Corresponding author: Fathi Habashi, Department of Mining, Metallurgical, Materials Engineering, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada Abstract Dyeing in ancient times was conducted from natural animal and vegetable resources till artificial dyes were discovered in the the creation of alumina for the growing aluminum industry at the end of that century. Now inorganic material like asbestos can be middle of the 19th century in coal tar. Mordating using inorganic compounds to fix the dyes on textile material was responsible for dyed with synthetic dyes to render it less toxic and some minerals are dyed to enhance their beauty. Natural and Synthetic Dyes Kermes is an insect found on the oak kermes was collected by colouring matter alizarin was isolated by European chemists at the the ancient Egyptians, killed by exposure to vapours of vinegar, from the ground, washed, dried, and then finely ground. The beginning of the nineteenth century, its structure elucidated, and and dried. The product was then used as a scarlet dye with alum in 1868 synthesized by Carl Graebe (1841-1927) and Carl Theodor as a mordant. Kermes is from Arabic “qirmis” meaning deep red. Liebermann (1842-1914), and immediately manufactured on large Fifteen hundred years before Christ, the people of Tyre in present scale [1-6]. Indigo has been known in India and Egypt from remote periods day Lebanon produced the famous Tyrian purple from shell fish. of antiquity as indico. It began to be imported to Europe in 1516 by the way of Cape of Good Hope. Around 1587, the monopoly of cochineal dye industry (red dye from the bodies of cochineal bugs of Central America) was controlled by Spain. The blue dye was obtained by steeping the plant in water to allow fermentation followed by the oxidation in air of the obtained solution. The fermentation is due to enzymes present in the plant which cause hydrolysis of the glucoside and liberation of the precursors of indigo blue. The structure of indigo was elucidated by Adolf von Baeyer (1835-1917) in 1880 and the synthetic product put on the market in 1897 by the Badische Anilin- und Soda Fabrik in Ludwigshafen. Figure 1: William Henry Perkin (1838-1907). The leaves of a shrub known to-day in Egypt as hennah were used by the ancient Egyptians, much as they are to-day, in the form With the discovery of Brazil, a new market for the so-called of a paste to colour red the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, “brazilwood” came into existence-a bright red wood that became the nails, and hair. The plant is also known as madder and was used popular for cabinet work but also for the extraction of a red dye. in India. About the time of the Crusades the cultivation of madder The logs were rasped to a coarse powder, moistened with water was introduced into Italy and France. The roots were removed Fathi H. Dyes and Dyeing. Trends in Textile & Fash Design 1(2)-2018. LTTFD. MS.ID.000110. DOI: 10.32474/LTTFD.2018.01.000110. Citation: 43 Trends in Textile & Fash Design Copyrights@ Fathi H, et al. and allowed to ferment for weeks. The water extract gave bright improves the appearance of low-quality pearls. The process red colour with fabrics mordanted with aluminum or tin salts. has been used for turquoise, lapis lazuli, howlite, nephrite jade, The colouring principle of brazilwood was isolated by the French chalcedony, quartz, emerald, and ruby. For example, howlite is a chemist Michel Eugene Chevreul (1786-1889), who called it calcium borosilicate hydroxide, Ca2B5SiO9(OH)5, discovered in 1868 brazilin. In 1856, William Henry Perkin (1838-1907) (Figure 1), by Henry How (1828-1879), a Canadian mineralogist. Because of its porous texture, howlite can be easily dyed (Figure 2). Heating can remove unwanted inclusions in some amethysts which make it while experimenting with coal tar in the hope of finding artificial dyestuff which he called Mauve. Since then the synthetic dye look opaque. Heating can intensify, or even induce, a blue coloration quinine as a cure for malaria, discovered the first violet synthetic in sapphires. Heating yellowish pink topaz sometimes has the effect of removing the yellowish color component, thereby intensifying industry flourished. Mordanting and the Aluminum Industry the pink color. Most citrine is made by heating amethyst. The Bayer process used today for the production of alumina Asbestos, a hydrated magnesium silicate Mg (Si2O )(OH) , is for the growing aluminum industry was originally discovered in 3 5 4 1888 in Saint Petersburg in Russia in the Tentelev Chemical Plant conducted at Laval University in the 1990’s proved that dyeing the for supplying mordants to the textile industry. Karl Josef Bayer banned today because the fibers proved to be toxic. Research work (1847-1904) prepared aluminum hydroxide by seeding a solution of sodium aluminate obtained by sintering bauxite with sodium fibers in aqueous solutions with certain organic dyes like Thiazol that renders it nontoxic. Unfortunately, it was too late to save the carbonate. In 1889 he eliminated the sintering process and used an Yellow. The dye forms a chelate with the magnesium ion in the fiber industry. On the other hand, dyes are used to enhance the beauty of universally for the treating of bauxite. certain semiprecious stones. autoclave to obtain sodium aluminate. The modified process is used Dyeing of Minerals References 1. Fierz-David HE (1949) Fundamentals Processes of Dye Chemistry. Inter- science New York, USA. 2. Habashi F (2001) Chemisorption of Organic Dyes on Chryostile Asbestos and the Toxicity Issue. European Journal of Mineral Processing and Envi- ronmental Protection 1: 1-9. 3. Habashi F (2002) From Alchemy to Atomic Bombs, Métallurgie Ex- tractive Québec, Québec City, Canada. Distributed by Laval University Bookstore Zone, Canada. Figure 2: Howlite before and after dyeing. 4. Habashi F (2011) Researches on Asbestos, Métallurgie Extractive Qué- bec, Québec City, Canada. Distributed by Laval University Bookstore Minerals can be dyed with organic dyes. It takes few minutes Zone, Canada. at room temperature to dye a porous and a large surface area 5. Habashi F (2017) Industrial Minerals Through the Ages, Métallurgie mineral like asbestos while it takes few weeks to dye a nonporous Extractive Québec, Quebec City, Canada. Distributed by Laval University mineral like quartz, In some cases it is necessary to heat the mineral Bookstore Zone, Canada. then quench it in the dye solution so that the dye can penetrate in 6. Habashi F (2017) Alumina Production and the Textile Industry. Journal of Textile Science & Engineering 7(6): 1-3. the microscopic cracks formed along cleavage planes. Dye often This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License Latest Trends in Textile and Submission Link: Submit Article Fashion Designing DOI: 10.32474/LTTFD.2018.01.000110 Assets of Publishing with us • Global archiving of articles • Immediate, unrestricted online access • Rigorous Peer Review Process • Authors Retain Copyrights • Unique DOI for all articles Fathi H. Dyes and Dyeing. Trends in Textile & Fash Design 1(2)-2018. LTTFD. MS.ID.000110. DOI: 10.32474/LTTFD.2018.01.000110. Citation: 44 Addendum: Dyeing of Metals Some metals may be dyed by organic tantalum, titanium, and, zirconium. dyes but before dyeing they must be anodized. The current releases hydrogen at Anodizing involves giving metals an oxide the cathode and oxygen at the anode. The porous film which renders the metals like voltage required by various solutions may textiles. Anodizing is an electrolytic process in range 15 to 21 V. Higher voltages are typically which the part to be treated forms the anode of required for thicker coatings. The anodizing an electrical circuit. Processes exist current varies with the area of being anodized. for aluminum, hafnium, magnesium, niobium, Dyeing of anodized aluminum Latest Trends in Textile and Fashion Designing DOI: 10.32474/LTTFD.2019.03.000166 ISSN: 2637-4595 Short Communication Witt and the Theory of Dyeing Fathi Habashi* Laval University, Canada *Corresponding author: Fathi Habashi, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada Received: September 27, 2019 Published: October 04, 2019 Abstract Otto N. Witt (1853-1915) was the first to put a theory of dyeing in 1876 based on chromophore and auxochrome. He also conceived vacuum filtration as a method for rapid filtration. Working in England his degree in 1873. He found a job in a steel works in Duisburg, Otto Nicolaus Witt (1853-1915) was born in Saint Petersburg, Germany but within months was back in Zurich making colors for Russia, the son of a German pharmacy professor. He was in school cotton printers.