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Corantes Biológicos Evolução Histórica No Estudo Histocitológico “Os Pioneiros”

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Corantes Biológicos Evolução Histórica No Estudo Histocitológico “Os Pioneiros” CORANTES BIOLÓGICOS EVOLUÇÃO HISTÓRICA NO ESTUDO HISTOCITOLÓGICO “OS PIONEIROS” Fernando Colonna Rosman Novembro de 2012 2a edição 2018 IN MEMORIAM HENRIQUE LEONEL LENZI (1943-2011) Médico patologista, pesquisador Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro, RJ (1984-2011) Jacopo Berengario da Carpi (1460-1530) =1521-1523: Jacopo Berengario da Carpi, médico anatomista italiano, já injetava corantes na luz dos vasos sanguíneos, bem antes de se corarem os tecidos. Foi o primeiro anatomista a valorizar as ilustrações no livro de anatomia, como importante complemento do texto. = Commentaria cum amplissimis additionibus super anatomia Mundini. Ed. Hieronymus de Benedictis (Bologne), 1521. = Isagogae breves perlucidae ac uberrimae in anatomiam humani corporis a communi medicorum academia usitatam, a Carpo, in almo Bononiensi Gymnasio ordinariam chirurgiae docente, ad suorum Oil on canvas by an Emilian painter of 17th Century scholasticorum preces in lucem datae. Ed. Benedetto di Ettore Faelli (Bologne), 1523. Antonius Mizaldus (1510-1578) = Século XVI: Na França já era sabido que as vacas que comem a planta Rubia tinctorum (Rubiaceae) [madder root] ficavam com o leite vermelho, assim como os ossos dos bezerros. =1567: Antonius Mizaldus, astrólogo e médico francês, publicou o primeiro relato sobre a coloração dos tecidos, tendo como base a coloração dos ossos pela rúbia (garança). Garança (Rubia tinctorum) = 1826: Pierre Jean Robiquet (1780-1840), químico francês, do extrato das raízes de Rubia tinctorum (garança, madder root), (Rubiaceae), obteve os corantes vermelhos alizarina e Madder root Robiquet (1780-1840)) purpurina. = 1886: Karl James Peter Graebe (1841-1927) e Karl Theodor Libermann (1842- 1914), químicos alemães, sintetizaram a alizarina a partir do antraceno obtido do Alizarina Red S alcatrão da hulha. = 1958: Método da Alizarina Karl Graebe (1841-1927) Red S para Cálcio (McGEE- RUSSELL, S.M. - Histochemical methods for calcium. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 6: 22, 1958). Libermann (1842-1914) http://www.bris.ac.uk Feto humano de 12 semanas. Rubia tinctorum Rim. Depósitos de cálcio no Desenvolvimento ósseo. interstício. Alizarina Red S. Método da Alizarina. Robert Hooke (1635-1703) = Robert Hooke (1635-1703), físico, astrônomo e paleontologista inglês, melhorou o microscópio, com lentes compostas capazes de aumentar 30x a 40x. = 1665: Publicado o seu livro: Micrographia: or some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries Thereupon. = Nesta obra também descreveu ser a cortiça constituida por “little boxes or cells, distinct from one another,” não percebendo ter descoberto a menor unidade dos tecidos dos seres vivos, a célula, o que viria a ser demonstrado nas plantas, em 1838, por Mathias Jacob Schleiden (1804-1881), Schleiden (1804-1881) médico e botânico alemão e, em 1839, nos tecidos de animais, por Theodor Ambrose Hubert Schwann (1810-1882), médico alemão (=Teoria Celular). = Fez várias observações microscópicas sobre a cor de cabelo, lã, penas, seda, etc, e envolvendo tinturas de Aloe, cochonilha, pau-campeche, açafrão, etc. Schwann (1810-1882) Several other sorts of Hair Texture of Cork Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) 1719: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, holandês, mercador de tecidos, boticário, autodidata em astronomia, matemática, química e história natural. = Utilizou solução de açafrão verdadeiro (Crocus sativus, Iridaceae), no estudo ao microscópio de preparados de músculo estriado de vaca, peixe, etc. Inventou um microscópio simples (1673) e descreveu as hemácias, espermatozóides, bactérias, protozoários, etc, tornando-se membro da Royal Society, Londres, em 1680. Músculo estriado Músculo estriado de vaca de peixe O pigmento natural amarelo avermelhado é Açafrão Verdadeiro extraído dos estigmas secos da flor Crocus sativus (Iridaceae), originária do sudeste da Europa e sudoeste da Ásia. A substância corante é a crocina (carotenóide diéster do dissacarídeo gentiobiose com o ácido dicarboxílico crocetina). 1911: Introduzido na técnica histológica por Claude Laurent Pierre Masson (1880-1959), médico anatomopatologista francês, com hemalúmen e eosina, para corar as fibras colágenas. Utilizado: culinária, medicina, corante de Masson (1880-1959) tecidos (roupas) e histológico (e.g. Método da Estigmas de açafrão Hematoxilina-Floxina-Açafrão, etc). Crocus sativus http://en.wikipedia.org http://www.pubcan.org Adenocarcinoma de próstata. Infiltração de nervo Pâncreas: Neoplasia pseudopapilar sólida mostrando (Hematoxilina-Floxina-Açafrão). numerosos glóbulos hialinos (Hematoxilina-Floxina-Açafrão). Frederik Ruysch (1638-1731) 1724: Frederik Ruysch, (1638-1731), médico, botânico e anatomista holandês, empregou o microscópio no estudo dos vasos sanguíneos humanos, que ficaram visíveis com a injeção de solução alcoólica de cinabre/cinábrio (sulfureto de mercúrio vermelho, vermelhão), misturado com gordura de carneiro, ou cera branca, e tinta de escrever, ou terebintina corada em verde com sulfa- to de cobre. Cinábrio Nicolas Sarrabat de la Baïsse (1698-1739) 1733: Sarrabat, padre jesuíta, matemático, astrônomo e botânico francês, colocou raízes de plantas vivas em suco vermelho, carmesim, de frutos de Phytolacca sp (Phytolaccaceae) e observou a coloração dos vasos, da raíz até as folhas e os estames (coloração vital), tendo publicado os seus achados na obra: Dissertation sur la circulation de la sève dans les plantes. Phytolacca thyrsiflora Fenzl. Classificação segundo a Flora Brasiliensis fam. Phytolaccaceae trib. Phytolacceae Endl. trib. Phytolacceae subtrib. Giesekieae Endl. Phytolacca L. Phytolacca decandra L. Phytolacca icosandra L. Phytolacca thyrsiflora Fenzl Abraham Trembley (1710-1784) =Abraham Trembley (1710 -1784), naturalista suíço. Foi o primeiro a estudar pólipos e hidras. = 1744: Trembley fez espécies de Hydra sp (Cnidaria; Hidridae) ficarem coloridas dando-lhes alimentos e organismos coloridos (planária negra) para comerem. Planária negra 1770: Microscópio construído por John Cuff para A. Trembley Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn (1711-1756) =1745: Johann N. Lieberkühn (1711-1756), médico e anatomista alemão, fez estudos com injeções de cera branca, colofônio (breu, de resina de Pinus sp) e terebintina (de resina de Pinus sp), associadas com cinábrio (sulfeto de mercúrio, vermelhão) e outros corantes, em vasos arteriais, venosos e linfáticos, contribuindo para o estudo microscópico da circulação dos órgãos, como o íleo humano, entre outros. Lieberkühnsche Wundergläser Vasos sanguíneos observados após injeção com cera branca, breu, cinábrio, terebintina, e posterior corrosão com ácido. (Preparado de Johannis N. Lieberkühn). Colofônio (breu) Cinábrio Microscópio anatômico (Microscópio de dissecação) Dissertatio Anatomico- TAB. I, II, III: Villorum intestinorum tenuium hominis Physiologica ... 1745. Georg Christian Reichel (1727-1771) 1758: G. C. Reichel, médico e botânico alemão, colocou caules, com ou sem raízes e flores, em solução, previamente fervida, contendo lascas de tronco de pau-brasil [Caesalpinia echinata, Leguminosae (Fabaceae)] e observou, ao microscópio, as partes que foram penetradas pelo líquido colorido (brasilina), tendo publicado os seus achados na obra: De Vasis Plantarvm Spiralibvs. Classificação segundo a Flora Brasiliensis Família Leguminosae (Fabaceae) George Bentham [Benth.] SubFamília Caesalpinieae Tribo Eucaesalpinieae Gênero Caesalpinia L. Caesalpinia echinata Lam. A Flora Brasiliensis foi produzida entre 1840 e 1906 pelos editores Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, August Wilhelm Eichler & Ignatz Urban, com a Referência: Vol 15 Part 2 pag. 66 tab. 22 participação de 65 especialistas de vários países. Contém tratamentos taxonômicos de 22.767 espécies, a maioria de angiospermas brasileiras, reunidos em 15 volumes, divididos em 40 partes, com um total de 10.367 páginas.. http://florabrasiliensis.cria.org.br/opus Sir John Hill (1716/17-1775) = 1770: John Hill, inglês, escritor, crítico teatral, historiador, teólogo, médico e, sobretudo, botânico, observou a preservação (fixação) e o endurecimento de fragmentos, previamente amolecidos, de madeira colocando-os em solução de alúmen e, posteriormente, em solução de etanol. = No estudo de plantas preparou tintura alcoólica de cochonilha (carmim), onde colocou caules de plantas e observou, ao microscópio, os vasos corados pelo carmim nos cortes das partes não diretamente imersas na tintura. = Noutros estudos colocou caules de plantas em solução de acetato de chumbo transferindo-os, após dois dias, para solução aquosa de ouropigmento (ouropimenta = trissulfeto de arsênio) e cal (óxido de cálcio), onde permaneceram por dois dias. Os caules de incolores, ao serem tirados da primeira solução, ficaram castanhos escuros, depois de retirados da segunda solução. Ouropigmento Óxido de cálcio Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795-1876) = 1838: Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795-1876), teólogo, médico, biologista, e micro- paleontologista alemão, tratou cultura de infusórios (Protista; Ciliophora; Ciliata) com solução de índigo (anil) ou carmim e observou que os corantes não penetravam por absorção nos corpos dos animálculos, ficando apenas nos seus “estômagos,” pois acreditava que estes seres microscópicos possuíam órgãos alimentares (Classe Polygastrica). Na realidade o que ele observou corados foram os vacúolos de fagocitose com os grãos dos corantes. = Também descreveu as bactérias, como A.V. Leeuwenhoek. [Ehrenberg, C.G. - Die Infusionsthierchen als volkommene Organismen. Leipzig: L. Voss,
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