DOCSLIB.ORG

Durham E-Theses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses A reassessment of the early Christian' archaeology of Cumbria O'Sullivan, Deirdre M. How to cite: O'Sullivan, Deirdre M. (1980) A reassessment of the early Christian' archaeology of Cumbria, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7869/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Deirdre M. O'Sullivan A reassessment of the Early Christian.' Archaeology of Cumbria ABSTRACT This thesis consists of a survey of events and materia culture in Cumbria for the period-between the withdrawal of Roman troops from Britain circa AD ^10, and the Viking settlement in Cumbria in the tenth century. An attempt has been made to view the archaeological data within the broad framework provided by environmental, historical and onomastic studies. Chapters 1-3 assess the current state of knowledge in these fields in Cumbria, and provide an introduction to the archaeological evidence, presented and discussed in Chapters ^--8, and set out in Appendices 5-10. The archaeological material is constantly related to currents in other disciplines and vice-versa. The concluding chapter concentrates on selected, general themes related- to the data considered and its limitations. A REASSESSMENT OF THE EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY OF CUMBRIA Thesis presented for the degree of Master of Philosophy by Deirdre Mary O'Sullivan B.A. (N.U.I.) The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. University of Durham January 1980 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The writer wishes to express her gratitude to everyone who has helped her in her research in any way. In particular she would like to thank the following for much useful discussion, information and^advice: Richard Bailey, Kevin Brown, Elizabeth Coatsworth, Peter Corser, Alison Donaldson, Clare Fell, John Mann, Christopher Morris, Charles Thomas, Jean Ward, Victor Watts, Angus Winchester and Robert Young. She would also like to express her gratitude for much help from Leslie Webster of the British Museum, Colin Richardson, of Whitehaven Museum and later of Tullie House Museum, Carlisle; David Smith, of the University Museum, Newcastle upon Tyneand David Williams of the Craven Museum, Skipton; the staff of the Public Record Office, Carlisle; and Professor J. K. St. Joseph and Rowan Whimster. She would also like to thank Peter Corser, Brian Gill and Robert Young for much practical assistance with maps, plans and fieldwork; Mrs. J. M. Towers, for typing the manuscript and Peter Cutting, Tom Middlemass and Trevor Woods for photographic assistance with the maps, plates and figures. Most especially, she would like to acknowledge the constant encouragement of her supervisor, Professor R. J. Cramp. - ii - CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements i Table of Contents ii List of figures v List of plates vii List of maps ix Introduction \s Chapter 1: The physical and environmental background 15 Geology 16 Vegetation and vegetational history 21 Chapter 2: The documentary evidence 32 The sources 36 The Welsh material 36 Cumbria and the British North h2 Cumbria and the Anglo-Saxons ^9 Christianity and the Church 56 Chapter 3: The place-name evidence 82 Chapter h: Post-Roman settlement sites 119 - iii - Page Chapter 5°« Pagan Anglo-Saxon burials 169 Chapter 6: The Early Christian evidence 196 I St. Ninian and St. Kentigern; the archaeological evidence: 199 Old Church, Brampton 200 Ninekirks, Brougham 203 Sites connected with St. Kentigern 2lh II The Addingham cross-slab 219 III Early Christian burials and _ cemeteries 223 IV Curvilinear churchyards 2^1 V Holy wells 253 Chapter 7- The evidence of Anglo-Saxon sculpture 273 Distribution and location 277 Form and function 279 The context of the sculpture 291 Connections and some implications 303 The significance of some other sites with Viking period sculpture 310 Chapter 8: The evidence of stray finds 320 The numismatic evidence 321 Non-numismatic evidence 328 Conclusion 3^3 - iv - Appendices: 1 British habitational names, and other names which indicate British settlements 2 British non-habitational names 3 English habitational names 1 h- English habitational names 2 5a ?Anglo-Saxon burials described by Greenwell and others 5b Burials for which an Anglo-Saxon date has been suggested, but where there is little or no evidence in support of this; or otherwise dubious Anglo-Saxon burials 6 Evidencefor Christianity in Roman Cumbria 7 Early Christian burial sites in Cumbria 8a Complete, or almost complete, curvilinear churchyards 8b Partially curvilinear churchyards 8c Doubtfully partially curvilinear churchyards 9a Holy wells 9b Rejected holy wells 10a Coin hoards and stray coin finds 10b Stray finds Bibliography List of abbreviations used in bibliography List of other abbreviations - V - List of Figures Figure 1.1 Graph of C.Ik determinations for 'Brigantian' clearance in Cumbria !+.l Settlement at Ewe Close, Crosby Ravensworth (after R.C.H.M.) *+.2 Settlement at Cow Green, Crosby Ravensworth (after R.C.H.M.) Site in Glencoyndale, Patterdale (after R.C.H.M.) if A Site in Troutbeck Park (after R.C.H.M.) h.5 Garranes, Co. Cork (after S.P.C'R.) and Castlest.eads Yanwath Wood (after R.C.H.M.) 5.1 The finds from Crosby Garrett and Kirkby Stephen 6.1 Location map of Old Church, Brampton 6.2 Location map-of Ninekirks, Brougham 6.3 The cropmarks at Ninekirks, Brougham 6.h Complete curvilinear churchyards - Barton, Beckermet, Clifton, Crosthwaite 6.5 Complete curvilinear churchyards - Distington, Dufton, Ireby, Kentmere 6.6 Complete curvilinear churchyards - Loweswater, Ormside, Pennington, Skelton 6.7 Complete curvilinear churchards - Warwick 6.8 Partially curvilinear churchyards - Alston, Ambleside, Appleby Bongate, Cliburn 6.9 Partially curvilinear churchyards - Crosby-on- Eden, Dacre, Dalston, Dent - vi - Figure 6.10 Partially curvilinear churchyards - Embleton, Grinsdale, Harrington, Langwathby 6.11 Partially curvilinear churchyards - Lorton, Stapleton, Thursby, Troutbeck 6.12 Partially curvilinear churchyards • Watermillock, Westward, Winster 6.13 Doubtfully curvilinear churchyards - Crosby Garrett, Heversham, Kirkcambeck, Kirklinton 6.lh Doubtfully curvilinear churchyards - Matterdale, Melmerby, Waberthwaite 7-1 Dacre: drain in churchyard (after F. Hudleston) 7.2 Heversham. Location of early foundations 7 = 3 Bewcastle: plan of fort showing areas excavated (after C. M. Daniels) - vii - List of Plates Plate ^-.1 Brough-under-Stainmore: The Roman fort and churchyard (photo. J.K. St. J.) k.2 The Roman fort at Brougham (photo. D.U.A.D.) if.3 The hillfort on Carrock Fell (photo. D.U.A.D.) k.h The enclosures on Aughertree Fell (photo. D.U.A.D.) k.5 Severals settlement, Crosby Garrett (photo. D.U.A.D.) 6.1 The Kirkby Stephen cist (photo. Cumberland and Westmorland Herald) 6.2 Ninekirks from the air (photo. J.K. St. J.) 7.1 The drain in Dacre churchyard (photo. F. Hudleston) 7.2 Bewcastle from the air (photo. J.K. St. J.) 8.1 Gilt bronze pin from Birdoswald a.) face b) reverse c) detail of headplate 8.2 Buckle from Brough-under-Stainmore a) face b) reverse 8.3 Sword handle from Cumberland (photo. British Museum) 8.k Gilt bronze head from Furness (photo. British Museum) 8.5 The 3 bead types from Haverbrack (photo. Lancaster Museum) a) opaque blue glass bead b) translucent blue glass bead c) segmented yellow glass bead 8.6 Gold runic ring from Kingsmoor (photo. British Museum) - viii - Plate 8.7 Silver trefoil ornament from Kirkoswald (photo. British Museum) 8.8 Small bronze pennannular brooch from Meolsgate a.) face b) reverse 8.9 Glass spindle-whorl from Moresby (photo. British Museum) 8.10 Proto hand-pin from Moresby (photo. British Museum) 8.11 Gilt (?) bronze mount from Ninekirks (from an engraving by L. Jewitt) 8.12 The Ormside Bowl a) interior b) exterior (photo. British Museum) 8.13 Gilt-bronze mount from the Crosthwaite Museum, Kesv/ick a) face b) reverse 8.1*+ Enamelled escutcheon from the Crosthwaite Museum, Keswick • a) face b) reverse - ix - List of Maps Map I The post-Roman environment: sites of pollen diagrams II Roman Cumbria III North Britain IV British habitational names, and other names which indicate British settlements V British non-habitationa.l names VI English habitational names 1 VII English habitational names 2 VIII Settlement sites, 1000 B.C.-A.D. (based on data compiled for Clark & Gosling, 1976) IX ? Pagan Anglo-Saxon burials X Early Christian burial sites XI Curvilinear churchyards XII Holy wells XIII Anglo-Saxon sculpture (after R. N. Bailey) XIV Viking sculpture (after R. N. Bailey) XV Stray finds and coin hoards - 1 - INTRODUCTION This thesis is an attempt to explore events, material culture and settlement in Cumbria in the centuries between the end of Roman rule and the Viking settlement in the north-west. The period was selected because it is of interest to the writer; the area, because it has been largely neglected by archaeologists in practical terms until recently, and also because it is an area of considerable interest, though not perhaps of political importance, in the post-Roman centuries.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Additions to CASCAT from Carlisle Archives
    Cumbria Archive Service CATALOGUE: new additions August 2021 Carlisle Archive Centre The list below comprises additions to CASCAT from Carlisle Archives from 1 January - 31 July 2021. Ref_No Title Description Date BRA British Records Association Nicholas Whitfield of Alston Moor, yeoman to Ranald Whitfield the son and heir of John Conveyance of messuage and Whitfield of Standerholm, Alston BRA/1/2/1 tenement at Clargill, Alston 7 Feb 1579 Moor, gent. Consideration £21 for Moor a messuage and tenement at Clargill currently in the holding of Thomas Archer Thomas Archer of Alston Moor, yeoman to Nicholas Whitfield of Clargill, Alston Moor, consideration £36 13s 4d for a 20 June BRA/1/2/2 Conveyance of a lease messuage and tenement at 1580 Clargill, rent 10s, which Thomas Archer lately had of the grant of Cuthbert Baynbrigg by a deed dated 22 May 1556 Ranold Whitfield son and heir of John Whitfield of Ranaldholme, Cumberland to William Moore of Heshewell, Northumberland, yeoman. Recites obligation Conveyance of messuage and between John Whitfield and one 16 June BRA/1/2/3 tenement at Clargill, customary William Whitfield of the City of 1587 rent 10s Durham, draper unto the said William Moore dated 13 Feb 1579 for his messuage and tenement, yearly rent 10s at Clargill late in the occupation of Nicholas Whitfield Thomas Moore of Clargill, Alston Moor, yeoman to Thomas Stevenson and John Stevenson of Corby Gates, yeoman. Recites Feb 1578 Nicholas Whitfield of Alston Conveyance of messuage and BRA/1/2/4 Moor, yeoman bargained and sold 1 Jun 1616 tenement at Clargill to Raynold Whitfield son of John Whitfield of Randelholme, gent.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthuret and Kirkandrews on Esk Community Plans
    Arthuret and Kirkandrews on Esk Community Plans 1 2 Contents Page 2 Chairman’s Introduction Page 3 Arthuret Community Plan Introduction Page 4 Kirkandrews-on-Esk Plan Introduction Page 5 Arthuret Parish background and History Page 7 Brief outline of Kirkandrews on Esk Parish and History Page 9 Arthuret Parish Process Page 12 Kirkandrews on Esk Parish Process Page 18 The Action Plan 3 Chairman’s Introduction Welcome to the Arthuret and Kirkandrews on Esk Community Plan – a joint Community Action Plan for the parishes of Arthuret and Kirkandrews on Esk. The aim is to encourage local people to become involved in ensuring that what matters to them – their ideas and priorities – are identified and can be acted upon. The Arthuret and Kirkandrews on Esk Community Plan is based upon finding out what you value in your community. Then, based upon the process of consultation, debate and dialogue, producing an Action Plan to achieve the aspirations of local people for the community you live and work in. The consultation process took several forms including open days, questionnaires, workshops, focus group meetings, even a business speed dating event. The process was interesting, lively and passionate, but extremely important and valuable in determining the vision that you have for your community. The information gathered was then collated and produced in the following Arthuret and Kirkandrews on Esk Community Plan. The Action Plan aims to show a balanced view point by addressing the issues that you want to be resolved and celebrating the successes we have achieved. It contains a range of priorities from those which are aspirational to those that can be delivered with a few practical steps which will improve life in our community.
    [Show full text]
  • Complete 230 Fellranger Tick List A
    THE LAKE DISTRICT FELLS – PAGE 1 A-F CICERONE Fell name Height Volume Date completed Fell name Height Volume Date completed Allen Crags 784m/2572ft Borrowdale Brock Crags 561m/1841ft Mardale and the Far East Angletarn Pikes 567m/1860ft Mardale and the Far East Broom Fell 511m/1676ft Keswick and the North Ard Crags 581m/1906ft Buttermere Buckbarrow (Corney Fell) 549m/1801ft Coniston Armboth Fell 479m/1572ft Borrowdale Buckbarrow (Wast Water) 430m/1411ft Wasdale Arnison Crag 434m/1424ft Patterdale Calf Crag 537m/1762ft Langdale Arthur’s Pike 533m/1749ft Mardale and the Far East Carl Side 746m/2448ft Keswick and the North Bakestall 673m/2208ft Keswick and the North Carrock Fell 662m/2172ft Keswick and the North Bannerdale Crags 683m/2241ft Keswick and the North Castle Crag 290m/951ft Borrowdale Barf 468m/1535ft Keswick and the North Catbells 451m/1480ft Borrowdale Barrow 456m/1496ft Buttermere Catstycam 890m/2920ft Patterdale Base Brown 646m/2119ft Borrowdale Caudale Moor 764m/2507ft Mardale and the Far East Beda Fell 509m/1670ft Mardale and the Far East Causey Pike 637m/2090ft Buttermere Bell Crags 558m/1831ft Borrowdale Caw 529m/1736ft Coniston Binsey 447m/1467ft Keswick and the North Caw Fell 697m/2287ft Wasdale Birkhouse Moor 718m/2356ft Patterdale Clough Head 726m/2386ft Patterdale Birks 622m/2241ft Patterdale Cold Pike 701m/2300ft Langdale Black Combe 600m/1969ft Coniston Coniston Old Man 803m/2635ft Coniston Black Fell 323m/1060ft Coniston Crag Fell 523m/1716ft Wasdale Blake Fell 573m/1880ft Buttermere Crag Hill 839m/2753ft Buttermere
    [Show full text]
  • Kirkandrews on Esk: Introduction1
    Victoria County History of Cumbria Project: Work in Progress Interim Draft [Note: This is an incomplete, interim draft and should not be cited without first consulting the VCH Cumbria project: for contact details, see http://www.cumbriacountyhistory.org.uk/] Parish/township: KIRKANDREWS ON ESK Author: Fay V. Winkworth Date of draft: January 2013 KIRKANDREWS ON ESK: INTRODUCTION1 1. Description and location Kirkandrews on Esk is a large rural, sparsely populated parish in the north west of Cumbria bordering on Scotland. It extends nearly 10 miles in a north-east direction from the Solway Firth, with an average breadth of 3 miles. It comprised 10,891 acres (4,407 ha) in 1864 2 and 11,124 acres (4,502 ha) in 1938. 3 Originally part of the barony of Liddel, its history is closely linked with the neighbouring parish of Arthuret. The nearest town is Longtown (just across the River Esk in Arthuret parish). Kirkandrews on Esk, named after the church of St. Andrews 4, lies about 11 miles north of Carlisle. This parish is separated from Scotland by the rivers Sark and Liddel as well as the Scotsdike, a mound of earth erected in 1552 to divide the English Debatable lands from the Scottish. It is bounded on the south and east by Arthuret and Rockcliffe parishes and on the north east by Nicholforest, formerly a chapelry within Kirkandrews which became a separate ecclesiastical parish in 1744. The border with Arthuret is marked by the River Esk and the Carwinley burn. 1 The author thanks the following for their assistance during the preparation of this article: Ian Winkworth, Richard Brockington, William Bundred, Chairman of Kirkandrews Parish Council, Gillian Massiah, publicity officer Kirkandrews on Esk church, Ivor Gray and local residents of Kirkandrews on Esk, David Grisenthwaite for his detailed information on buses in this parish; David Bowcock, Tom Robson and the staff of Cumbria Archive Centre, Carlisle; Stephen White at Carlisle Central Library.
    [Show full text]
  • Der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Nr
    26 . 3 . 84 Amtsblatt der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Nr . L 82 / 67 RICHTLINIE DES RATES vom 28 . Februar 1984 betreffend das Gemeinschaftsverzeichnis der benachteiligten landwirtschaftlichen Gebiete im Sinne der Richtlinie 75 /268 / EWG ( Vereinigtes Königreich ) ( 84 / 169 / EWG ) DER RAT DER EUROPAISCHEN GEMEINSCHAFTEN — Folgende Indexzahlen über schwach ertragsfähige Böden gemäß Artikel 3 Absatz 4 Buchstabe a ) der Richtlinie 75 / 268 / EWG wurden bei der Bestimmung gestützt auf den Vertrag zur Gründung der Euro­ jeder der betreffenden Zonen zugrunde gelegt : über päischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft , 70 % liegender Anteil des Grünlandes an der landwirt­ schaftlichen Nutzfläche , Besatzdichte unter 1 Groß­ vieheinheit ( GVE ) je Hektar Futterfläche und nicht über gestützt auf die Richtlinie 75 / 268 / EWG des Rates vom 65 % des nationalen Durchschnitts liegende Pachten . 28 . April 1975 über die Landwirtschaft in Berggebieten und in bestimmten benachteiligten Gebieten ( J ), zuletzt geändert durch die Richtlinie 82 / 786 / EWG ( 2 ), insbe­ Die deutlich hinter dem Durchschnitt zurückbleibenden sondere auf Artikel 2 Absatz 2 , Wirtschaftsergebnisse der Betriebe im Sinne von Arti­ kel 3 Absatz 4 Buchstabe b ) der Richtlinie 75 / 268 / EWG wurden durch die Tatsache belegt , daß das auf Vorschlag der Kommission , Arbeitseinkommen 80 % des nationalen Durchschnitts nicht übersteigt . nach Stellungnahme des Europäischen Parlaments ( 3 ), Zur Feststellung der in Artikel 3 Absatz 4 Buchstabe c ) der Richtlinie 75 / 268 / EWG genannten geringen Bevöl­ in Erwägung nachstehender Gründe : kerungsdichte wurde die Tatsache zugrunde gelegt, daß die Bevölkerungsdichte unter Ausschluß der Bevölke­ In der Richtlinie 75 / 276 / EWG ( 4 ) werden die Gebiete rung von Städten und Industriegebieten nicht über 55 Einwohner je qkm liegt ; die entsprechenden Durch­ des Vereinigten Königreichs bezeichnet , die in dem schnittszahlen für das Vereinigte Königreich und die Gemeinschaftsverzeichnis der benachteiligten Gebiete Gemeinschaft liegen bei 229 beziehungsweise 163 .
    [Show full text]
  • Index to Gallery Geograph
    INDEX TO GALLERY GEOGRAPH IMAGES These images are taken from the Geograph website under the Creative Commons Licence. They have all been incorporated into the appropriate township entry in the Images of (this township) entry on the Right-hand side. [1343 images as at 1st March 2019] IMAGES FROM HISTORIC PUBLICATIONS From W G Collingwood, The Lake Counties 1932; paintings by A Reginald Smith, Titles 01 Windermere above Skelwith 03 The Langdales from Loughrigg 02 Grasmere Church Bridge Tarn 04 Snow-capped Wetherlam 05 Winter, near Skelwith Bridge 06 Showery Weather, Coniston 07 In the Duddon Valley 08 The Honister Pass 09 Buttermere 10 Crummock-water 11 Derwentwater 12 Borrowdale 13 Old Cottage, Stonethwaite 14 Thirlmere, 15 Ullswater, 16 Mardale (Evening), Engravings Thomas Pennant Alston Moor 1801 Appleby Castle Naworth castle Pendragon castle Margaret Countess of Kirkby Lonsdale bridge Lanercost Priory Cumberland Anne Clifford's Column Images from Hutchinson's History of Cumberland 1794 Vol 1 Title page Lanercost Priory Lanercost Priory Bewcastle Cross Walton House, Walton Naworth Castle Warwick Hall Wetheral Cells Wetheral Priory Wetheral Church Giant's Cave Brougham Giant's Cave Interior Brougham Hall Penrith Castle Blencow Hall, Greystoke Dacre Castle Millom Castle Vol 2 Carlisle Castle Whitehaven Whitehaven St Nicholas Whitehaven St James Whitehaven Castle Cockermouth Bridge Keswick Pocklington's Island Castlerigg Stone Circle Grange in Borrowdale Bowder Stone Bassenthwaite lake Roman Altars, Maryport Aqua-tints and engravings from
    [Show full text]
  • The Cammocks
    1 THE CAMMOCKS by Victor S. Cammock 2 “Honour and shame from no condition rise; Act well your part, there all the honour lies. Fortune in men has some small difference made, One flaunts in rags, one flutters in brocade.” From Memoirs of the Camocks of Co. Down by F. O. Fisher. (FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION) BOOK NUMBER CD Version Digitally printed by Computer Print & Design Onekawa, Napier, New Zealand. Binding by New Life Bookbindings Greenmeadows, Napier, New Zealand. July 1999 3 The CAMMOCK FAMILY HISTORY 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents 4 Preface 6 1610 Map of Carlisle & Cambeck 8 The English/Scottish Border 9 Camboglana, The Romans and the Invading Hordes 9 William the Conqueror, and Scotland is Born 10 The Border, Half-English Half-Scottish 13 Alfred Cammock - Askerton Castle 13 England v. Scotland 14 Carlisle Castle 17 Bannockburn - Scotland’s High Point 18 Feuding on the Border 19 Map - Carlisle, Kirkcambeck, Askerton Castle, etc. 21 Naworth Castle, Cumberland 23 Dual Personality of the Reiver 24 Summary 28 The Parish of Kirkcambeck 29 Askerton Castle 31 Lanercost Priory 33 Border Families Dispersed 35 Memoirs of the Camocks. Volume I by F. O. Fisher 37 Principal Abbreviations 38 F. O. Fisher’s Preface 39 Pedigree I. 42 Chapter I. 43 List of Lands held by Robert Camock 45 Robert Cammock’s House 47 Layer Marney Tower and Church 49 The Cammock Monument in All Saint’s Church, Maldon 51 Cammock Coat of Arms 53 Pedigree II. 54 Chapter II. 55 Table A Showing Connections between Families 56 Table B 58 Pedigree III.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Christian' Archaeology of Cumbria
    Durham E-Theses A reassessment of the early Christian' archaeology of Cumbria O'Sullivan, Deirdre M. How to cite: O'Sullivan, Deirdre M. (1980) A reassessment of the early Christian' archaeology of Cumbria, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7869/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Deirdre M. O'Sullivan A reassessment of the Early Christian.' Archaeology of Cumbria ABSTRACT This thesis consists of a survey of events and materia culture in Cumbria for the period-between the withdrawal of Roman troops from Britain circa AD ^10, and the Viking settlement in Cumbria in the tenth century. An attempt has been made to view the archaeological data within the broad framework provided by environmental, historical and onomastic studies. Chapters 1-3 assess the current state of knowledge in these fields in Cumbria, and provide an introduction to the archaeological evidence, presented and discussed in Chapters ^--8, and set out in Appendices 5-10.
    [Show full text]
  • Romans in Cumbria
    View across the Solway from Bowness-on-Solway. Cumbria Photo Hadrian’s Wall Country boasts a spectacular ROMANS IN CUMBRIA coastline, stunning rolling countryside, vibrant cities and towns and a wealth of Roman forts, HADRIAN’S WALL AND THE museums and visitor attractions. COASTAL DEFENCES The sites detailed in this booklet are open to the public and are a great way to explore Hadrian’s Wall and the coastal frontier in Cumbria, and to learn how the arrival of the Romans changed life in this part of the Empire forever. Many sites are accessible by public transport, cycleways and footpaths making it the perfect place for an eco-tourism break. For places to stay, downloadable walks and cycle routes, or to find food fit for an Emperor go to: www.visithadrianswall.co.uk If you have enjoyed your visit to Hadrian’s Wall Country and want further information or would like to contribute towards the upkeep of this spectacular landscape, you can make a donation or become a ‘Friend of Hadrian’s Wall’. Go to www.visithadrianswall.co.uk for more information or text WALL22 £2/£5/£10 to 70070 e.g. WALL22 £5 to make a one-off donation. Published with support from DEFRA and RDPE. Information correct at time Produced by Anna Gray (www.annagray.co.uk) of going to press (2013). Designed by Andrew Lathwell (www.lathwell.com) The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development: Europe investing in Rural Areas visithadrianswall.co.uk Hadrian’s Wall and the Coastal Defences Hadrian’s Wall is the most important Emperor in AD 117.
    [Show full text]
  • LD216 Cumbria Historic Landscape Characterisation
    A GUIDE TO USING THE CUMBRIA HISTORIC LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISATION DATABASE FOR CUMBRIA'S PLANNING AUTHORITIES July 2009 Cumbria County Council A Guide to the Cumbria Historic Landscape Characterisation Database Version 1 July 2009 Contents Acknowledgements 1 Glossary of Key Terms 2 1. Introduction 2 2. The purpose and nature of Historic Landscape Characterisation 3 3. Cumbria's landscape and Historic Landscape Characterisation 6 4. The baseline data 7 5. Landscape types 7 6. Character areas 9 7. Spatial planning and Historic Landscape Characterisation in Cumbria 10 8. Applications for development control and land use management 13 9. Querying the database 15 10. Recommended uses 17 11. Guidance for historic landscape priorities 18 Appendix 1: Cumbria HLC table structures 21 Appendix 2: Legend for character area maps 31 Appendix 3: Character area descriptions 33 Appendix 4: Historic environment planning policy and guidance 117 Appendix 5: A guide to landscape legislation and site designations 121 i A Guide to the Cumbria Historic Landscape Characterisation Database Version 1 July 2009 Figures 1 Numbered character areas 34 2 Allithwaite and Witherslack Low Fells character area 37 3 Alston Moor character area 39 4 Arnside and Beetham character area 41 5 Barbon and Middleton Fells character area 42 6 Barrow and Kirkby-in-Furness character area 44 7 Bewcastle and Netherby character area 47 8 Bolton Fell character area 48 9 Caldbeck and Caldew Valleys character area 50 10 Carlisle character area 51 11 Cartmel Peninsula character area 53 12 Cumwhitton
    [Show full text]
  • Cumberland. L"Lpha
    DIRECTORY.] CUMBERLAND. L"LPHA. 261 Flekher Isaac, butcher & fanner 1Blacklock Joseph, grocer &; !mb-post- Clark John, farmer ..HM'kel' Sa.rah J ane (Mrs.), stahoner master Dinwoodie David, farmer, Threapland ~ lIuh-flo1\tu.listl'ess BI,)"V'"n J ames, grocer & tailor Edmonds SI. frmr. Threapland-Lees :Highmoor William, shopkeeper Cape, Joseph, yeoman, Kirkland Ferguson Richard, farmer, Overgates Ismay JamBs, King's Arms P.B. AI; , Dixan Edward, farmer Flemingo Thomas, farmer, Threapland fa.rmer, Low Wood Nook Hanvey William, boot maker Flf'tchE'r Robinson, farmer,Low Fields .Little John, blacksmith Hayton Isaac, farmer Foster William, fanner Little Willi.am, assistant overseer & I Highmoor Sarah (Mrs.), farmer Gilbanks Eleanor (Miss), shopkeeper blacksmith Littleton Thomas, farmer, Fitz farm Graham Richard, farmer, Threapland Rome John James, farmer Mann Thomas, farmer Graham William George, boot maker &ott Thas. & Sons, farmers,Whitrigg -Miller Jane (Mrs.), farmer Graham Wilson, farmer, Threapland Smallwood Geo. farmer,Whitrigg hall Moore Robert, grocer Ha-rryman Jonathan, yeoman ,Wilson Mary (Miss), Sun inn IPattinson John, farmer Henderson Wm. farmer, Threapland Redpath Thos. Smith, market grdnr Hill J oseph, farmer, Bothel BEWALDETH. Robinson Thos. carpenter & joiner Hope George, blacksmith, cycle Letters through Mealsgate 8.0. Robinson William, builder agent &; sub-postmaster -Railton Ernest Hy. e~. Snittlegarth Tiffin Edward, farmer Horn William, farmer, Bothel (postal address,Ireby,Ylealsgate S.O J ohnstone John Wise, grocer COMMERCIAL. BOTHEL. Lowss Hy. Fearon, butcher & farmer Allinson .J~seph, farmer, ~igg- Wood PRIVATE RESIDENTS. MElfston George, farmer, Bothel Bran Wilham, farmer, High Honses i • McGuffie J ames,Greyhound beerhouse l'attinson WiUiam farmer 'Armstrong MIss Maxwell Thos.
    [Show full text]
  • Allerdale Borough Council Rural Settlement List
    ALLERDALE BOROUGH COUNCIL RURAL SETTLEMENT LIST In accordance with Schedule 1 of the Local Government and Rating Act 1997 the following shall be the Rural Settlement List for the Borough of Allerdale. Rural Area Rural Settlement Above Derwent Braithwaite Thornthwaite Portinscale Newlands Stair Aikton Aikton Thornby Wiggonby Allerby & Oughterside Allerby Prospect Oughterside Allhallows Baggrow Fletchertown Allonby Allonby Aspatria Aspatria Bassenthwaite Bassenthwaite Bewaldeth & Snittlegarth Bewaldeth Snittlegarth Blennerhasset & Torpenhow Blennerhasset Torpenhow Blindbothel Blindbothel Mosser Blindcrake Blindcrake Redmain Boltons Boltongate Mealsgate Bolton Low Houses Borrowdale Borrowdale Grange Rosthwaite Bothel & Threapland Bothel Threapland Bowness Anthorn Bowness on Solway Port Carlisle Drumburgh Glasson Bridekirk Bridekirk Dovenby Tallentire Brigham Brigham Broughton Cross Bromfield Blencogo Bromfield Langrigg Broughton Great Broughton Little Broughton Broughton Moor Broughton Moor Buttermere Buttermere Caldbeck Caldbeck Hesket Newmarket Camerton Camerton Crosscanonby Crosscanonby Crosby Birkby Dean Dean Eaglesfield Branthwaite Pardshaw Deanscales Ullock Dearham Dearham Dundraw Dundraw Embleton Embleton Gilcrux Gilcrux Bullgill Great Clifton Great Clifton Greysouthen Greysouthen Hayton & Mealo Hayton Holme Abbey Abbeytown Holme East Waver Newton Arlosh Holme Low Causewayhead Calvo Seaville Holme St Cuthbert Mawbray Newtown Ireby & Uldale Ireby Uldale Aughertree Kirkbampton Kirkbampton Littlebampton Kirkbride Kirkbride Little Clifton
    [Show full text]