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OLD TESTAMENT, ARABIC VERSIONS of THE. the Earliest Arabic Translations of Books of the Old Testament Date to the Middle Ages

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OLD TESTAMENT, ARABIC VERSIONS of THE. the Earliest Arabic Translations of Books of the Old Testament Date to the Middle Ages (CE:1827b-1836a) OLD TESTAMENT, ARABIC VERSIONS OF THE. The earliest Arabic translations of books of the Old Testament date to the Middle Ages. There are extant medieval manuscripts of the books of Chronicles, Ezra, Joshua, Judges, Nehemiah, the Pentabeuch, and Ruth. Books of Chronicles The Arabic versions of the two books of Chronicles have not been the object of special study. G. Graf does not give a list of the manuscripts, but simply mentions some of them in passing when speaking of the books of Kings. At the present stage of research, classification is provisional. In the sixth chapter of the Lamp of the Darkness, composed by Abu al-Barakat IBN KABAR between 1300 and 1320, there are two mentions of these books. They are called Kitab Fadalat al-Muluk, which renders the Greek paralipomena well, and they are divided into two books. The brief descriptions given in the manuscript catalogs suggest that the Copts were acquainted with at least six different Arabic versions of Chronicles. Version of the Polyglot Bibles. The oldest manuscript of this version (National Library, Paris, Arabe 23) was copied in Egypt at the beginning of the fourteenth century. Folios 168v-87v give the text of 1 Chronicles and 2 Chronicles 1:1-35:11. The end of the manuscript—2 Chronicles 35:12-36:23—was found at Copenhagen (Arabic 76, fols. 3r-4r). Three other manuscripts appear to contain this same version. In chronological order, they are: (1) National Library, Paris, Arabe 1 (A.D. 1585), fols. 168v-195v; (2) Coptic Patriarchate, Cairo, Bible 38 (fols. 168r-218v, Graf, no. 244; Simaykah, no. 49). In this manuscript, 1 Chronicles is entitled "Sixth Book of Kings," and is divided into six chapters; 2 Chronicles is entitled "Book of Solomon, Son of David, drawn from the Books of Kings," and is not divided into chapters; and (3) Bodleian Library, Oxford, 270, (fols. 183v-end; Nicoll, Christian Arabic 2, end of seventeenth century); the manuscript is mutilated and stops at 2 Chronicles 17:17; 1 Chronicles in this manuscript is entitled "Sixth Book of Kings." Version Prior to the Fourteenth Century (perhaps from the Syriac). The oldest known manuscript of this version is Bodleian 493 (fols. 200r-62v; Nicoll, Christian Arabic 5, A.D. 1321; mutilated text). The superscription to the first book reads: "First book of the Sifr d [sic] Yumin [Debr yaman], which being translated is the son of the right hand, and it is the fifth part of the books of Kings." Two other manuscripts of the Coptic Patriarchate of Cairo probably belong to this version: (1) Coptic Patriarchate, Cairo, Bible 32 (fols. 100-125; Graf, no. 235; Simaykah, no. 23, A.D. 1585), called "Book of Bar Yumin"; and (2) Coptic Patriarchate, Cairo, Bible 37 (fols. 215v-86v; Graf, no. 236; Simaykah, no. 94, A.D. 1760); the first book in this manuscript is entitled "First part of the book of Debr Yamin, which means the son of the right hand, which is the relics of the Kings, which is the Chronicles which is the fifth book of the books of Kings." None of the catalogs gives an incipit, and identification is therefore hypothetical, being based on certain common elements. These manuscripts give the Hebrew title (dibre hayyamin), along with a wrong but identical translation of the title, "the son of the right hand," which must have its origin in the Syriac sfar dbar yomin. Reworked Version of Version Prior to the Fourteenth Century. A recast version appears to be close to the pre-fourteenth- century version. It gives the Syriac title dbr yamin with the translation "the son of the right hand." However, here the division is different. The two books of Chronicles are considered as constituting the third part of the books of Kings, but the first book contains 1 Chronicles and chapters 1-5 of 2 Chronicles. The second book begins at chapter 6 of 2 Chronicles. Nevertheless, the text of this version might be identical to the foregoing, for about a manuscript in the Coptic Patriarchate (Bible 44), Graf writes (1934, p. 96): "The same books of the Old Testament as in 236 [Bible 37] with the same text, but a different division." Unfortunately, no catalog gives an incipit. Three manuscripts give this version: (1) Vatican Library, Arabic 399 (fols. 181r-240v; fifteenth century according to Assemani; 1523 according to Graf); the last six chapters of 2 Chronicles are lacking through mutilation of the manuscript; (2) Coptic Museum, Cairo, Bible 102 (fols. 156v-209v; seventeenth century; Graf, no. 674; Simaykah, no. 29); the last folio, containing 2 Chronicles 36:9-23, is lacking; and (3) Coptic Patriarchate, Cairo, Bible 44 (fols. 175v- 237v; A.D. 1782; Graf, no. 237; Simaykah, no. 107). Three Fifteenth-Century Manuscripts Not Identified as to Their Versions. A manuscript in the National Library, Paris (Arabe 24, copied in Egypt in the fifteenth century), is a small manuscript of 68 folios that contains only the two books of Chronicles. However, between folios 38 and 39 there is a lacuna corresponding to 1 Chronicles 29:3 to 2 Chronicles 16:2. We calculate that this corresponds to two quinions (twenty folios). This manuscript is not mentioned by Graf. A manuscript in Florence (Palatina Mediceae Orientalium 9 [olim 4], copied in Egypt in A.D. 1496) contains the two books of Chronicles, but the folios have been shuffled and should be reordered as follows: 93r-101v (1 Chronicles), 65v-79r (2 Chronicles 1-9), and 102r-109v (2 Chronicles 10-36). No incipit is given. In a manuscript in the Coptic Patriarchate, Cairo (Bible 50; Graf, no. 257; Simaykah, no. 44; fifteenth-century Egyptian) folios 252r- 83r contain 1 and 2 Chronicles. The former is divided into five chapters, while the latter is not divided. The 1671 Propaganda Edition. From the second half of the eighteenth century onward, probably under the influence of the European missionaries, the 1671 Roman translation became diffused within the Coptic church. We know of seven manuscripts kept at the Coptic Patriarchate of Cairo, and an eighth at the Coptic Museum. In chronological order, the manuscripts are: (1) Coptic Museum, Cairo, Bible 87 (fols. 157v-200v [mutilated manuscript]; eighteenth century; Graf, no. 670; Simaykah, no. 41); the text ends at 2 Chronicles 29:1; (2) Coptic Patriarchate, Cairo, Bible 31 (fols. 289v- 335v; 1778; Graf, no. 254; Simaykah, no. 101); (3) Coptic Patriarchate, Cairo, Bible 35 (fols. 123v-72v; 1779; Graf, no. 231; Simaykah, no. 103); (4) Coptic Patriarchate, Cairo, Bible 42 (fols. 177r-233v; 1782; Graf, no. 221; Simaykah, no. 106); (5) Coptic Patriarchate, Cairo, Bible 48 (fols. 303v-47v; 1784; Graf, no. 218; Simaykah, no. 115); (6) Coptic Patriarchate, Cairo, Bible 43 (fols. 183r-252r; 1786; Graf, no. 215; Simaykah, no. 117); (7) Coptic Patriarchate, Cairo, Bible 33 (fols. 136r-201v; 1833; Graf, no. 223; Simaykah, no. 186); and (8) Coptic Patriarchate, Cairo, Bible 36 (fols. 134v-93v; nineteenth century; Graf, no. 224; Simaykah, no. 167); Graf states (1934, p. 92), "following the text of the Roman edition [of 1671], but with several stylistic modifications." Raphael Tukhi's Edition (1752). In 1752, Rufa’il al-Tukhi, a Coptic Catholic who had settled in Rome, published an Arabic Bible which was influenced by the Latin Vulgate. It is not known to what extent his version made its way into the Coptic Church of Egypt. Ezra Ezra among the Copts, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. In the Copts' Arabic manuscript tradition, the book of Ezra is always called the "Second Book of Esdras," as in the Septuagint. Most frequently, it also includes the book of Nehemiah, as in Hebrew. The "First Book of Esdras" is, depending on the manuscripts, one of two apocrypha, either 3 Esdras of the Vulgate or 4 Esdras (Apocalypse of Esdras). These two apocrypha are studied in the context of the Old Testament apocrypha. Canon 55 of the 56 Canons of the Apostles, the Arabic version of which could be from the tenth century, mentions "the first and second book of Esdras, which form a single book," after the book of Ruth the Moabite. This might correspond to Ezra and Nehemiah, or else to one of the apocrypha followed by Ezra-Nehemiah. Around 1320, Abu al-Barakat Ibn Kabar completed the redaction of his religious encyclopedia, Misbah al-Zulmah (Lamp of Darkness). In chapter 6 he deals with Holy Scripture, and mentions Esdras twice. The first time is in the list of the books of the Old Testament (inspired by Canon 55). At no. 17 he writes: "The book of Esdras: two books" (cf. Samir, 1971, p. 210). The second time, in his analysis of the work, he mentions at no. 14 only the canonical book of 2 Esdras of the Septuagint or 1 Esdras of the Vulgate (Samir, 1971, p. 225). He does not mention Nehemiah, which is probably included in Esdras. An echo of the debate surrounding the canonical status of the two books of Esdras appears in a manuscript in the Coptic Patriarchate, Cairo (Theology 286; Graf, no. 338; Simaykah, no. 366). This theological manuscript is concluded by the Apocalypse of Esdras (fols. 286r-321v), here called the "book of the scribe of the law ‘Azra the prophet, called al-‘Uzayr . ; this is the first book." This is followed by the canonical book of Ezra (fols. 322r-54r), which begins with the following note: "Translation of the book of ‘Azrah, the scribe of the law, [written] after the return from the captivity of Babylon, as is the belief of the Christians. However, according to the opinion of the Jews, this book was not written by him, as he is not mentioned in any way in the first book.
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