Department of Education and Science of Ukraine National University of Food Technologies

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FOOD TECHNOLOGIES

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______A.I. Ukrainets (signature) «_____» ______2016 y.

V.N. ISCHENKO М.S. SОVКО N.V. ISCHENKO

EQUIPMENT AND SAFETY IN CHEMICAL LABORATORY

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59. 04 – 07. 06. 2016

KIEV NUFT 2016

UDC 542.07 Recommended by the Academic Council of the National University of Food Technologies as learner’s guide for students of higher educational establishments (Minutes № 13 from 31.05. 2016)

Reviewers: V.I Maksin – Dr. of Chemistry, Professor of the Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Water Quality NUBaN Ukraine O.O. Tkachuck – Ph.D. in Chemistry, the head of the laboratory ofnational anti-doping center of Ukraine O.V. Berezovska – senior lecturer of the Department of Business Foreign Language and International Communication NUFT

IschenkoV.N. Equipment and safety in chemical laboratory [Electronic resourse]:learner’s guide /V.N. Ischenko, М.S. Sоvко, N.V. Ischenko. – K.: NUFT, 2016. –27 р.

The learner’s guide provides information about modern chemical laboratory equipment. Chemical laboratory ware and equipment necessary for conducting laboratory work are described. The guide provides the rules of behavior and safety in chemical laboratory, rules of work with chemicals Learner’s guide is recommended for students of academic level of bachelor, who study Chemistry in English.

Authors: V.N. ISCHENKO, PhD М.S. SОVКО, N.V. ISCHENKO, PhD

Introduced in author’s edition

Introduction

Chemistry is a major subject for the university students of technological universities. Conducting laboratory works which let experimentally proves theoretical rules and regularities of chemical processes is very important. In order to conduct laboratory work and experiments correctly, it is necessary not only to understand the task, but to know the technology of laboratory works. According to D. Mendeleev, the technology of laboratory work is subject mastery. It includes safety rules, ability to deal with laboratory equipment, ability to conduct chemical experiments correctly and rules of behavior in chemical laboratory. The learner’s guide provides information about modern chemical laboratory equipment. Chemical laboratory ware and equipment are described: glassware for general and special purposes, volumetric and pottery equipment, other tools, instruments and equipment necessary for conducting laboratory work. The guide provides the rules of behavior and safety in chemical laboratory, rules of work with chemicals and guidance to record a laboratory notebook. Information in Appendix is also useful: the scheme of simple distillation with the names of all its parts and the table with possible tolerance for volumetric glassware. Learner’s guide is aimed at students of academic level of bachelor, whostudyСhemistry in English, to prepare for laboratory and practical works.

1. Laboratory glassware and other equipment

1.1. Tubes 1 Test tubes are widely used by chemists to hold, mix, or heat small quantities of solid or liquid chemicals, especially for qualitative experiments and assays. Their round bottom and straight sides Test tube minimize mass loss when pouring, make them easier to clean, and allow convenient monitoring of the contents. The long, narrow neck slows down the spreading of vapours and gases to the environment. 2 Centrifuge tubes are precision-made, high-strength tubes of glass or plastic made to fit exactly in rotor cavities. Centrifuge They may vary in capacity tube from 50 mL down to much smaller capacities used in microcentrifuges used extensively in molecular biology laboratories.

1.2. Filtering equipment 3 The Buchner is used exclusively for vacuum filtrations. The adaptor forms Buchner a snug seal so that when funnel reduced pressure is applied to the vacuum flask, liquid poured into the Buchner is sucked into the flask quickly.

4 A Buchner flask can be used with a Buchner funnel for separating solids and liquids. Water is poured into the Buchner Buchner funnel and the liquid flask passes through filter paper (vacuum and is sucked up by a vacuum flask) attached to the side of the Buchner flask, while the solid stays behind in the Buchner funnel. 5

Stemmed funnels are used for gravity filtration. They are Long-stem also used for miscellaneous funnel tasks such as filling round bottom flasks with liquids.

Powder funnels have a small Powder and wide neck for fast pouring funnel of powders.

7 Filter papers are widely used in laboratory experiments across many different fields. In most condition, filter Filter paper papers work with other laboratory technique such as gravity filtration, vacuum filtration.

1.3. Laboratory funnels 8 A separatory funnel, is a piece of laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to Separatory separate (partition) the funnel components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of different densities

9 Dropping funnels are useful for adding reagents slowly, i.e. drop-wise. This may be Droppingfun desirable when the quick nel addition of the reagent may result in side reactions, or if the reaction is too vigorous.

1.4. Distilling equipment 10 The Claisen adaptor is a multi-purpose item of standard taper glassware. It is used in situations which require more than one outlet from a round-bottom flask. For instance, in a reflux of a Claisen reaction mixture, sometimes it adapter is necessary to condense the rising vapors and add reactants to the mixture at the same time. In this situation, one of the upper joints of the Claisen adaptor would go to a condenser and one to a dropping or separatory funnel.

11 The three-way adapter is used in a distillation set-up. The lower joint attaches to the distillation flask or Three-way fractionating column, the adapter upper joint attaches to the thermometer adapter, and the side joint connects to the condenser. 12 The vacuum adaptor (shown on the right) is used in a distillation set-up: it connects Vacuum to the lower end of the adapter condenser and serves to direct the distilled liquid into the receiving flask.

A laboratory fractionation column is a piece of glassware Fractionation used to separate vaporized column mixtures of liquid compounds with close volatility.

14 The condensersare used in both reflux and distillation procedures as to cool and condense vapors. In simplest Liebig form, a condenser can consist condenser of a single tube of glass or metal, where the flow of outside air produces the cooling. In a further simple

15 form, condensers consist of concentric glass tubes, with the tube through which the hot gases begin to pass running the length of the apparatus. The second tube defines an outer chamber through which air, water, or other cooling fluids can pass to reduce the temperature of the gasses to afford the condensation; hence, the outer tube (or, as designs become more Allihn complex, outer cooling condenser chamber) has an inlet and an outlet to allow the cooling fluid to enter and exit. The Allihn condenser consists of a long glass tube with a water jacket. A series of bulbs on the tube increases the surface area upon which the vapor constituents may condense. Ideally suited for laboratory-scale refluxing.

Simple distillation setup is shown at Appendix I. 16 Round-bottom flasks are used in a variety of applications where the contents are heated or boiled. Round-bottom Round- flasks are usually used in bottom flask distillation as distilling flasks and receiving flasks for the distillate. This flask shape is also more resistant to

17 fracturing under vacuum, as a sphere more evenly distributes stress across its surface. Round-bottom flasks are often used to contain chemical reactions, especially for reflux set-ups and laboratory-scale synthesis.

Three-neck round- bottom flask

1.5. Volumetric equipment 19

Erlenmeyer flask Erlenmeyer flasks and beakers are used for mixing, transporting, and reacting, but not for accurate 20 measurements. The volumes stamped on the sides are approximate and accurate to within about 5%. Laboratory beaker

21 Volumetric flasks (are manufactured with capacities ranging from 5 mL to 5 L and are usually calibrated to contain (TC) a specified Volumetric volume when filled to a line flask etched on the neck. They are used for the preparation of standard solutions and for the dilution of samples to a fixed volume prior to taking aliquots with a pipet. 22 Pipettes permit the transfer of accurately known volumes Volumetric from one container to another. pipette A volumetric, or transfer, (single- pipette delivers a single, fixed volume volume between 0,5 and 200 pipette) mL. Many such pipettes are color coded by volume for convenience in identification 23 and sorting. Graduated measuring pipettes are calibrated in convenient units to permit delivery of any volume up to a maximum capacity ranging Graduated from 0,1 to 25 mL. measuring Because most liquids are pipette attracted to glass, a small amount of liquid tends to remain in the tip after the pipette is emptied. This residual liquid is never blown out of a volumetric pipette.

24 Eppendorf micropipettes deliver adjustable microliter volumes of liquid. With these pipets, a known and adjustable volume of air is displaced from the plastic Piston pipete disposable tip by depressing (Eppendorf the pushbutton on the top of micropipette the pipet to a first stop. s) The accuracy and precision of automatic pipets depend somewhat on the skill and experience of the operators and thus should be calibrated for critical work. 25 Burettes, like measuring pipettes, make it possible to deliver any volume up to the maximum capacity of the device. The precision attainable with a burette is substantially greater than the precision with a pipette. A burette consists of a Burette calibrated tube to hold titrant (or solution) plus a valve arrangement by which the flow of titrant is controlled. The simplest pinchcock valve consists of a close-fitting glass bead inside a short length of rubber tubing that connects the buret and its tip. 26 Graduated cylinders and pipettes are used to measure and transfer volumes between 2 and 2000 ml. Since the area Graduated of the surface of the liquid is measuring much greater than in cylinder volumetric flask, the accuracy

is not very high. Graduated cylinders cannot therefore be employed for work demanding even a moderate

degree of accuracy. They are, however, useful where only rough measurements are required. Note.Glassware types include Class A and Class B. Class A glassware is manufactured to thehighest tolerances from Pyrex,borosilicate, or Kimax glass. ClassB (economy ware) tolerances areabout twice those of Class A. Tolerances for volumetric glassware are shown at Appendix II. 1.6. Heating and drying equipment 27 A Bunsen burner is a gas- fueled device used for heating or burning materials in Bunsen laboratories. It produces an burner open flame which can be very hot. Bunsen burners provide safe, efficient heat when used properly

28 An alcohol burner is a piece of laboratory equipment used to produce an open flame. Alcohol burners are preferred Alcohol for some uses over Bunsen burner burners for safety purposes, as their flame is limited to approximately two inches in height, with a comparatively lower temperature. 29 Laboratory oven is electrically heated and capable of maintaining a constant temperature to within 1°C (or better). The maximum attainable temperature ranges Laboratory from 140°C to 260°C, oven depending on make and model. Caution: Hot glass and cold glass look the same—the container fromthe drying oven is hot and should be handled carefully

A crucible is a cup-shaped Porcelain piece of laboratory equipment crucible and used to contain chemical cover compounds when heated to extremely high temperatures.

31 Desiccators are sealable enclosures containing desiccants used for preserving moisture-sensitive items such as cobalt chloride paper for Dessicator another use. A common use for desiccators is to protect chemicals which are hygroscopic or which react with water from humidity.

1.7. Miscellaneous equipment 32 Reagent bottles, also known as media bottles or graduated bottles, are containers made of glass, plastic, borosilicate or Reagent related substances, and topped bottle by special caps or stoppers and are intended to contain chemicals in liquid or powder form. 33

Watch glasses are small, flat, round pieces of glassware. Watch glass They are mainly used to dry and weigh solid compounds and to cover beakers.

34 An evaporating dish is a piece of laboratory glassware used for the evaporation of solutions and supernatant liquids, and sometimes to Evaporating their melting point. dish Evaporating dishes are used to evaporate excess solvents - most commonly water - to produce a concentrated solution or a solid precipitate of the dissolved substance. 35 A mortar and pestle is used to grind up solid chemicals into fine powder and crush solids into smaller pieces. In solid Mortar and state chemistry a mortar and Pestle pestle is often used to prepare reactants for a solid state synthesis (the ceramic method). 36

Glass stoppers

Rubber or glass stoppers are used to plug a flask or test 37 tube for safe keeping.

Rubber stoppers

38 Spatulas are used for transferring solids: to a weigh paper for weighing, to a Spatula coverslip for melting point, scraping out of a flask or beaker to a watch glass, etc.

A test tube holder can be made from wood or metal. It Test Tube is used for holding a test tube Holder in place when the tube is hot or should not be touched.

A wash bottle is used to rinse various pieces of laboratory Wash bottle glassware, such as test tubes and round bottom flasks.

41 A test tube brush is a brush used for cleaning test tubes and narrow mouth laboratory glassware, such as beakers test tube and flasks. It is composed of brush nylon, synthetic, or animal fur bristles of various diameters lined against a rather sturdy wire handle with a looped end for hanging.

Laboratory Laboratory stands are used to stand (ring hold glassware in place during stand) an experimental procedure.

Three-finger Three-finger clamps are used clamp to clamp glassware and apparatus to a ring stand. They are suitable for different shapes and most of sizes of glassware and they can be 44 turned to any direction. However, they cannot be attached to the ring stands on Clamp their own; a clamp holder is holder required needed.

45 Ring clamps connect to a ring stand. They come in several sizes and have a multitude of uses: holding a separatory Support funnel during an extraction, Ring with Clamp support for a heating mantle, or supporting a glass funnel in gravity filtration..

1.8. Cleaning of glassware Glassware should be clean before you begin an experiment and should be cleaned again immediately after completing the experiment. Clean all glassware with a soap or detergent solution using tap water. Use a laboratory sponge or a test tube, 16 pipet, or buret brush as appropriate. Once the glassware is thoroughly cleaned, first rinse several times with tap water and then once or twice with small amounts of distilled water. Roll each rinse around the entire inner surface of the glass wall for a complete rinse. Discard each rinse through the delivery point of the vessel (i.e., buret tip, pipet tip, beaker spout). For conservation purposes, distilled water should never be used for washing glassware, but should be reserved for final rinsing only. Do not dry any glassware over a direct flame. The glassware is clean if, following the final rinse with distilled water, no water droplets adhere to the clean part of the glassware.

2. Safety rules 2.1. Self-Protection 1. Approved safety goggles or eye shields must be worn at all times to guard against the laboratory accidents of others as well as your own. Contact lenses should be replaced with prescription glasses. Where contact lenses must be worn, eye protection (safety goggles) is absolutely necessary. A person wearing prescription glasses must also wear safety goggles or an eye shield. Discuss any interpretations of this with your laboratory instructor. 2. Shoes must be worn. Wear only shoes that shed liquids. High-heeled shoes, opentoed shoes, sandals, or shoe tops of canvas, leather or fabric straps, or other woven material are not permitted. 3. Clothing should be only nonsynthetic (cotton). Shirts and blouses should not be torn, frilled, frayed, or flared. Sleeves should be close-fit. Clothing should cover the skin from “neck to below the knee (preferable to the ankle) and at least to the wrist.” Long pants that cover the tops of the shoes are preferred. 4. Wearclothingwhichyoudon'tcaretoomuchabout. Tiny splatters or droplets of chemical are very likely to get on your clothing. You might not even know that the droplets are there. But the chemical can stain your clothes or weaken the fibers of the clothing so that the next time you do the laundry your clothes will come out of the dryer with little, fuzzy holes in them. 5. Come prepared to change clothes. If you do not want to spend the entire day dressed in your lab clothes, then put your lab clothes in your book bag. Before lab class begins, you can go to a nearby rest room and change from your regular clothes to your lab clothes. It is also a good idea to have some spare clothes in case of an emergency. 6. Laboratory aprons or coats (nonflammable, nonporous, and with snap fasteners) are highly recommended to protect outer clothing. 7. Gloves are to be worn to protect the hand when transferring corrosive liquids. If you are known to be allergic to latex gloves, consult with your instructor. 8. Jewelry should be removed. Chemicals can cause a severe irritation, if concentrated, under a ring, wristwatch, or bracelet; chemicals on fingers or gloves can cause irritation around earrings, necklaces, etc. It is just a good practice of laboratory safety to remove jewelry. 9. Secure long hair and remove (or secure) neckties and scarves. 10. Cosmetics, antibiotics, or moisturizers are not to be applied in the laboratory.

11. Never taste, smell, or touch a chemical or solution unless specifically directed to do so. Individual allergic or sensitivity responses to chemicals cannot be anticipated. Poisonous substances are not always labeled. 12. Wash your hands often during the laboratory, but always wash your hands with soap and water before leaving the laboratory! Thereafter, wash your hands and face in the washroom. Toxic or otherwise dangerous chemicals may be inadvertently transferred to the skin and from the skin to the mouth

Proper eye protection must be worn at all times in the laboratory. Safety goggles are the most effective PPE for protecting the eyes in the laboratory. Goggles are the most effective protection for the eyes from splashed chemicals. Unlike safety glasses, goggles cover, and enclose the eyes completely thus giving the maximum Goggles protection from splashed chemicals. Prescription normal everyday eye glasses from the eye doctor are not considered proper eye protection. They are not of sufficient strength to protect the eye from a hard contact such as from flying debris

Safety glasses Proper laboratory coats should be worn at all times in the laboratory. The laboratory coat is very important to protect against chemical spills, chemical splashes, chemical vapors, cold, heat, and moisture. The coat protects both you and your cloths helping to minimize the contamination of clothes worn by laboratory workers. Laboratory coat Laboratory coats must be worn and stored in the laboratory to prevent spreading chemicals outside the laboratory such as wearing the laboratory coat home or in the car. This can possibly contaminate the car or 18

home with whatever chemicals are on the coat. If corrosive or toxic chemicals contaminate the laboratory coats, the coat should be removed and disposed as a hazardous chemical waste.

2.2. Laboratory Accidents 1. Locate the laboratory safety equipment such as fire extinguishers. Identify their locations on the inside front cover of this manual. 2. Report all accidents or injuries, even if considered minor, immediately to your instructor. A written report of any/all accidents that occur in the laboratory may be required. Consult with your laboratory instructor. 3. If an accident occurs, do not panic! The most important first action after an accident is the care of the individual. Alert your laboratory instructor immediately! If a person is injured, provide or seek aid immediately; clothing and books can be replaced and experiments can be performed again later. Second, take the appropriate action regarding the accident: clean up the chemical, use the fire extinguisher, and so on.

2.3. WhattoDoinCaseofanAccident 1.Broken glass. Do not pick up broken glass with your fingers! Get a broom and dust pan. Sweep the broken glass into the dust pan and dump it into the specially marked containers provided in each lab. 2. Small chemical spill. Wipe up liquid spills with paper towels and dispose of them as your instructor suggests. Solids should be dissolved in water, if possible, and wiped up. Otherwise, sweep them up with a broom and a dust pan and dispose of them as your instructor suggests. In all cases, after the chemical spill has been wiped up, rinse the area with water to make sure that all residual chemicals have been removed. 3. Large chemical spill. Move away from the area of the spill. Warn the people around you LOUDLY. Call your instructor! Let the expert handle the clean-up! 4. Chemical splash in your face, goggles on. If the goggles have protected your eyes, DON’T TAKE YOUR GOGGLES OFF! Yell for help. Go to the eye wash station and rinse your face quickly with the goggles still on. Then remove the goggles and rinse your face again. 5. Chemical splash or broken glass in your face, goggles off. If this sort of accident happens, you may not be able to see well enough to go to the eye wash station on your own. YELL LOUDLY FOR HELP and cooperate with anyone who comes to your aid. 6. Large splash of dangerous chemical on your clothing and/or body. Quickly follow this procedure while continuously YELLING FOR HELP:

A. Move away from the area where the spill occurred (you don't want to get more chemical on you). B. CALL LOUDLY FOR HELP and to warn others to stay away from the spill! C. Remove any contaminated clothing. D. Use the safety shower. (The treatment for chemical exposure is 15 minutes under cold running water, or as long as you can stand it.) 7. Small, confined fire. If you have a small fire in a container, (for instance, a small beaker full of alcohol has caught fire) find something you can use as a lid for the container. When the container is covered, the fire will quickly burn itself out. Call the instructor for help. 8. Small, open fire. If you have a small fire which is not in a container, move away from the fire and SHOUT FOR HELP! You can use a fire extinguisher to put the fire out. If you ever need to use a fire extinguisher, remember the following (A) pull the pin, (B) aim to the side at first, (C) depress the handle, (D) sweep the spray from side to side across the BASE of the fire (where the fire meets the fuel), not just at the flames! When the fire is out, clean up the area! 9. Large fire. SHOUT FOR HELP and leave the area immediately! The fire alarm will probably sound. When it does, evacuate the building and TELL EVERYONE YOU CAN, where the fire is. 10. Your clothing on fire. Don't run! It will only fan the flames and make the fire worse! Instead, you should STOP moving, DROP to the ground (lie down!), and ROLL on the ground to squash out the flames! YELL continuously! Note: If you want to help a person who is in this sort of trouble, don't use a fire extinguisher! You must never use a fire extinguisher on a human being. The chemicals in the extinguisher can be harmful!

2.4. What to Do in Case of an Injury or Illness 1. Small cut. Tell your instructor, and let your instructor look at the injury. Wash the injury thoroughly with water. If the injury is minor, you may use the first aid kit in the laboratory. (The first aid kit contains triple antibiotic ointment and adhesive bandages.) If your injury still hurts so badly that you can't finish the experiment, then you may be escorted to the Medical Office so the cut can be treated. 2.Large cut. Tell your instructor, and let your instructor look at the injury. To stop or slow down bleeding, apply pressure to the wound. If the wound is very large or there is glass or other foreign matter in the wound, then apply pressure around the arm or leg (between the body's torso and the injury) to slow the bleeding. In all cases, a large cut must be attended to by medical professionals! 3.Small burn.

Tell your instructor, and let your instructor look at the injury. Chemical burns and heat burns should both be treated with lots of cold running water. Never put anything but cold water on a burn! Doctors often have to remove ointments because they retard healing! After this treatment, if the burn still hurts badly enough that you cannot complete the experiment then you will be escorted to the Medical Office so the burn can be treated. 4.Large burn. In all cases, a large burn must be attended to by medical professionals! Tell your instructor, and let your instructor look at the injury. Then you may be escorted to the Student Health Services office, or you may wait while an Emergency Medical Service team is called. 5.Fainting. In all cases, an Emergency Medical Services team will be called! If you feel like you might faint, please ask for an escort to the Medical Office before it is too late. You can usually lie down there, and you may avoid the expense of calling for emergency help. 6.Breathing difficulties In all cases, the student will be escorted to the Student Health Services office if the student so chooses. Otherwise an Emergency Medical Service team will be called!

3. Laboratory Rules In addition to the guidelines for self-protection, the following rules must be followed 1. Smoking, drinking, eating, and chewing (including gum and tobacco) are not permitted at any time because chemicals may inadvertently enter the mouth or lungs. Your hands may be contaminated with an “unsafe” chemical. Do not place any objects, including pens or pencils, in your mouth during or after the laboratory period. These objects may have picked up a contaminant from the laboratory bench. 2. Do not work in the laboratory alone. The laboratory instructor must be present. 3. Assemble your laboratory apparatus away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid accidents. 4. Do not leave your experiment unattended during the laboratory period. This isoften a time in which accidents happened. 5. Inquisitiveness and creativeness in the laboratory are encouraged. However, variationsor alterations of the Experimental Procedure are forbidden without priorapproval of the laboratory instructor. If your chemical intuition suggests furtherexperimentation, first consult with your laboratory instructor. 6. Maintain an orderly, clean laboratory desk and drawer. Immediately clean up allchemical spills, paper scraps, and glassware. Discard wastes as directed by yourlaboratory instructor. 7. Keep drawers or cabinets closed and the aisles free of any obstructions. Do notplace book bags, athletic equipment, or other items on the floor near any labbench. 8. At the end of the laboratory period, completely clear the lab bench of equipment,clean it with a damp sponge or paper towel (and properly discard), and clean thesinks of all debris. Also clean all glassware used in the experiment.

3.1.Working in the Laboratory 1. Maintain a wholesome, professional attitude. Horseplay and other careless acts are prohibited. No personal audio or other “entertainment” equipment is allowed in the laboratory. 2. Do not entertain guests in the laboratory. Your total concentration on the experiment is required for a safe, meaningful laboratory experience. You may socialize with others in the lab, but do not have a party! You are expected to maintain a learning, scientific environment. 3. Scientists learn much by discussion with one another. Likewise, you may profit by discussion with your laboratory instructor or classmates, but not by copying from them. 4. Prepare for each experiment. Review the Objectives and Introduction to determine the “chemistry” of the experiment, the chemical system, the stoichiometry of the reactions, the color changes to anticipate, and the calculations that will be required. A thorough knowledge of the experiment will make the laboratory experience more time-efficient and scientifically more meaningful (and result in a better grade!). 5. Review the Experimental Procedure. • Try to understand the purpose of each step. • Determine if any extra equipment is needed and be ready to obtain it all at once from the stockroom. • Determine what data are to be collected and how it is to be analyzed (calculations, graphs, etc.). • Review the Laboratory Techniques and the Cautions, as they are important for conducting a safe and rewarding experiment.

3.2. The Laboratory Notebook A laboratory notebook is needed to record measurements and observations concerning an experiment. The book should be permanently bound with consecutively numbered pages (if necessary, the pages should be hand numbered before any entries are made). Most notebooks have more than ample room, so there is no need to crowd entries. The first few pages should be saved for a table of contents that is updated as entries are made. 1. Record all data and observations directly into the notebook in ink. Neatness is desirable, but you should not achieve neatness by transcribing data from a sheet of paper to the notebook or from one notebook to another. The risk of misplacing—or incorrectly transcribing—crucial data and thereby ruining an experiment is unacceptable. 2. Supply each entry or series of entries with a heading or label. A series of weighing data for a set of empty crucibles, for example, should carry the heading “empty crucible mass” (or something similar), and the mass of each crucible should be identified by the same number or letter used to label the crucible. 3. Date each page of the notebook as it is used.

4. Never attempt to erase or obliterate an incorrect entry. Instead, cross it out with a single horizontal line and locate the correct entry as nearby as possible. Do not write over incorrect numbers. With time, it may become impossible to distinguish the correct entry from the incorrect one. 5. Never remove a page from the notebook. Draw diagonal lines across any page that is to be disregarded. Provide a brief rationale for disregarding the page.

4. Questions for self-control 1. What is the purpose of chemical laboratories? 2. What are the main requirements for the chemical laboratory premises and equipment? 3. What are the requirements for the working place in the chemical laboratory? 4. Main rules of safety and personal hygiene during the work in chemical laboratory. 5. What are the main kinds of uniform for chemical laboratory? 6. What are rules of behavior in the chemical laboratory? 7. What fire safety equipment has to be in the chemical laboratory? 8. When is it dangerous to use water for fire suppression? 9. How is laboratory premises ventilated? 10. What is the first aid in the case of acid and alkali burns? 11. What groups are heating appliances divided into? 12. What the main safety rules during the work with Bunsen burner? 13. What the main safety rules during the work with alcohol burner? 14. Explain the choice of materials for chemical ware manufacturing. 15. Explain the necessity to divide chemical ware into : glassware for general and special purposes, volumetric and pottery equipment. 16. How to define the purpose of glassware when you know its construction peculiarities? 17. Describe the main rules for work with chemical glassware. 18. What kinds of volumetric equipment do you know? 19. Does graduated measuring cylinder or pipette allow to measure the volume of liquid more precisely? 20. What are main classes of volumetric equipment accuracy and what do they show? 21. Describe the method of test choice and volume determination withthehelpofdifferent kinds of glassware. 22. What are the main mixtures for chemical glassware washing? 23. What should a student know before the beginning of a laboratory work? 24. What are the main requirements for recording a laboratory notebook?

Literature 1. J. A. Beran, Laboratory manual for principles of general chemistry, 8th edition, New York: Wiley, 2009. 2. Frederick A. Bettelheim, Joseph M. Landesberg Laboratory Experiments for Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry © 2010, 2007 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. 3. Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Ninth Edition, Cengage Learning, 2013. 4. James W. Zubrick, The organic chem lab survival manual a student’s guide to techniques, 9th edition, New York: Wiley, 2014. 5. David Harvey, Modern analytical chemistry, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Appendixes Appendix 1.Simple distillation

Appendix 2.Tolerances for volumetric glassware Volumetric Nominal Tolerances, (±ml) glassware value, ml Class A Class B Volumetric pipette 0,5 0,005 0,01 1 0,008 0,015 2 0,01 0,02 5 0,015 0,03 10 0,02 0,04 20 0,03 0,06 25 0,03 0,06 50 0,05 0,10 100 0,08 0,16 Graduated 1 0,006 0,01 measuring pipette 2 0,01 0,02 5 0,03 0,05 10 0,05 0,10 25 0,10 0,20 Burette 1 0,01 0,02 2 0,01 0,02 5 0,01 0,02 10 0,02 0,05 25 0,05 0,1 50 0,05 0,1 Volumetric flask 5 0,025 0,05 10 0,025 0,05 25 0,04 0,08 50 0,06 0,12 100 0,10 0,20 200 0,15 0,30 250 0,15 0,30 500 0,25 0,50 1000 0,40 0,80 Graduated 10 0,10 0,20 measuring cylinder 25 0,25 0,50 50 0,50 0,10 100 0,50 0,10 250 1,0 2,0 500 2,5 5,0 1000 5,0 10

Table of contents

Introduction 3 1. Laboratory glassware and other equipment 4 1.1. Tubes 4 1.2. Filtering equipment 4 1.3. Laboratory funnels 6 1.4. Distilling equipment 6 1.5. Volumetric equipment 9 1.6. Heating and drying equipment 12 1.7. Miscellaneous equipment 13 1.8. Cleaning of glassware 16 2. Safety rules 17 2.1. Self-Protection 17 2.2. Laboratory Accidents 19 2.3. WhattoDoinCaseofanAccident 19 2.4. What to Do in Case of an Injury or Illness 20 3. Laboratory Rules 21 3.1.Working in the Laboratory 22 3.2. The Laboratory Notebook 22 4. Questions for self-control 23 Literature 24 Appendixes 25