The NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL 80cmTY APRIL, 1949 The American Horticultural Society PRESENT ROLL OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS April, 1949

OFFICERS President, Mr. H. E. Allanson, Port Republic, Md. First Vice-President, Mr. Frederic P. Lee, Bethesda, Md. Second Vice-President, Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss, Washington. D. C. Secretary, Dr. Conrad B. Link, College Park, Md. Treasurer, Mr. Carl O. Erlanson, Silver Spring, Md. Editor, Mr. B. Y. Morrison, Takoma Park, Md. DIRECTORS L' Terms expiring 1949 Terms expiring 1950 Mrs. Robert Fife, New York, N. Y. Mrs. Walter Douglas, Chauncey, N. Y. Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox, Peekskill, N. Y. Mrs. J. Norman Henry, Gladwyne, Pa. Dr. David V. Lumsden, North Chevy Chase, Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott. Media, Pa. Md. Dr. Freeman Weiss, Washington, D. C. Dr. Vernon T. Stoutemyer, Los Angeles, Calif. Dr. Donald Wyman, Jamaica Plain, Mass. HONORARY---- VICE-PRESIDENTS Mrs. Mary Hazel Drummond, Pres., Mr. Allen W. Davis, Pres., American Begonia Society, American Primrose Society, 1246 No. Kings Road, 3424 S. W. Hurne St., Los Angeles 46, Calif. Portland I, Ore. Dr. H. Harold Hume, .Pres., Mr. Harold Epstein, Pres., . American Camellia Society, '. American 'Rock Garden Society, University of Florida, 5 For~st Court, Gainesville, Fla. Larchmont, N. Y. Mr. Carl Grant Wilson, Pres., Mr. John Henny, Jr., Pres., American Defphipium. . Society, American ,Rhododendron Society, 22150 Euclid Ave., Brooks,' Oregon ·Mr. George A. Sweetser, Pres., Cleveland, Ohio American Rose Society, Dr. Frederick L. Fagley, PrOl., 36 Forest St., American Fern Society, Wellesley Hills, Mass. W Fourth Ave., Mr. Wm. T. Marshall, Pres. Emeritus, New York 10, N. Y. Cactus & Succulent Society of America, Dr. Frahlcl,in Cook, Pres., 228 Security Bldg., Phoenix. ArU. American Iris Society, Mrs. Hollis Webster, Pres., 2747 ,Hurd .Ave., Herb Society of America, Evanston, m. 300 Massachusetts A Teo, Mr. Marvin C. Karrels, Pres., Boston IS, Mass. Ameri~ Peony Society, Mr. Edwin C. Freed, Pres.. 3272 S. 46th St., Midwest Horticultural Society, Milwaukee 14, Wis. R.R. 2, D9wners Grove, Ill. SOOETIES AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1949 Akron Garden Center, . . American Rose Society, Z26 South Main St., Dr. R. C. Allen, Seer.. Akron, Ohio Box 687, Harrilbarc. PL American Begonia Society, Bel-Air Garden Dub, Mrs. Mary Hazel Drummond, Pres., Mrs. Myron E. Etienne, Pres., 1246 No. Kings Road, 2324 Mandeville Canyon Rd., Los Angeles 46, Calif. Los Angeles 24, Calif. American Camellia Society Benson Garden Dub Box 2398 University Station % Mrs. Amelia Doll, Gainesville, Florida 6016 Binney St., Arlington County Garden Dub, Omaha, Nebr. Mr. Wales C. Brewster, Pres., 3015 Second St., N., Bonne Terre Garden Dub, .. Arlington, Va. . Mrs. R. L. Fowler. Pres., American Fuchsia Society,· ; .' ' .. Bonne Terre. ~o. Headquarters: Calif. Acad. of Sdenc:es, Bristow Garden Dub. Golden Gate Park, , Mn. R. L Jones. Pres., San Francisco. Calif. . .. Box 660, Bristow, Olda. American Primrose Society, Cactus & Succulent Society of America, Mr. Carl Maskey, Secy., Mr. Carl F. Brassfield, Pres., 2125 5th Ave., 8060 Lankershire Blvd., Milwaukie, Ore. No. Hollywood, Calif.

Publication Otllce. 82nd St. and Elm Ave .• Baltimore, Md. Entered BS second·elall matter Janu&r7 27, 1982, at the Post Otllee at Baltimore, Md., under the Act ot Auplt 24, 1912. California Garden Clubs, Inc., Hawthorne Flower & Garden Club, Mrs. Wm. D. Shearer, Pres., Mr. L. C. Zimmerll1an, 533 South Walton Place, 7912 Cermak I~d. & 48th St., Los Angeles 5, Calif. Chicago 23. Ill. California Horticultural Society, Holly Society of America, Miss Cora R. Brandt, Secretary, Mr. Clarence R. Wolf, Pres., 300 !vlontgomery St., Millville, N. J. San Francisco, Calif. Home Garden Club of Denver, Chestnut Hill Garden Club, Miss Lula Morse, Pres., Mrs. Bryan S. Permar, Treas., 3768 Perry St., 41 Crafts Rd., Denver 12. Colo. Chestnut Hill, Mass. Howard Park Garden Club, Chevy Chase (D. C.) Garden Club, Mrs. C. F. Morrison, Jr., Secy., Mrs. Lewis S. Pendleton, Pres., 601 Chapelgate Rd., 3418 Quesada N. W., Baltill10re 29, Md. Washington, D. C. Iowa Rose Society, Garden Club, Chevy Chase, Md. State House, Mrs. Robert Ash, Pres., Des Moines 19, Iowa 8921 Bradley Blvd., Kendall Garden Club, Bethesda, Md. :Miss Edith M. Edgerton, Secy.-Treas Chico Horticultural Society, 8537 S. E. Gray St., 1144 W. 3rd St., . Portland 6. Ore. Chico, Calif. Men's Garden Club of Rockford, Ill., Community Garden Club of Bethesda. Mr. R. Hallett Shumway, :Mrs. L. W. I'ugue, Pres., 115 So. First St., 11 6 Chevy Chase Drive Rockford, Ill. Chevy Chase. :-{d. Michigan Horticul tural Society, Fauquier & Loudoun Garden Club, Mr. Earl Bailey, Exec. Sec'y, Mrs. W nl. F. Rust, Pres., 2201 E. Jefferson Ave., Leesburg, Va. Detroit 7, 1lich. Federated G.c. of Cincinnati and Vicinity, Midwest Horticultural Society, Mrs. W. R. Grace, Sr., Pres., 100 North Central Park Blvd., 7911 Hall1ilton Ave., Chicago 24, Illinois 11t. Healthy 31, Ohio. Mission Garden Club, Forest Hills Garden Club, Mrs. George Boyle, Mrs. H. Norair, Pres., 1201 Conway, 2936 Alberll1arle St., N. W., ?-.Ii " ion. Texas \l\1 ashington, D. C. National Capital Dahlia Society, Garden Center of Greater Cincinnati. Mr. George R. Hitchcock, Pres., Walnut and Central Parkway. Washington, D. C. Cincinnati 10. Ohio Northern Nut (,n),vers' Assn.:­ Garden Center of Greater Cleveland, Mr. John Davidson, Pres., East Boulevard at Eudid Ave .. 234 E. Second St., Cleveland 6. Ohio Xenia, Ohio Garden Center Institute of Buffalo. Omaha Botany Cl ub.

1500 Elmwood Ave., 4937 Maple St.J Buffalo 7, N. Y. Omaha 4. Nehr. Garden Center, Pittshurgh Garden Center, Youngstown Public Lihrary Schenley Park, YOl1ngstown 3. Ohio Pittsburgh 13. Pa. Garden Club of Alexandria. Plainfield Garden Club. Mrs. Malcolm Matheson. Jr .. % Miss Harriett Halloway, Ferry Point, 804 Central Ave., Alexandria. Va. Plainfield. New Jersey Garden Cll1b of Danville. Potomac Rose Sc)ciety. Danville. Va. Mr. R. E. Scammell. Treas. Garden Club of Fairfax, 2810 Bladensburg Rc! .. Mrs. Edward Howrey, Pres .. Washington. D. C. Burke, Va. Rock Garden Society of Ohio, Garden Cll1b of Virg-inia. Mrs. H . O. Wenda!' Treas., Mrs. C. James Andrews, Pres., 2811 Shaffer Ave., 929 Graydon Ave., Westwood, Cincinnati, 01"" Norfolk 7. Va. Rush Garden Club, Georgetown Garden Club, Rush. N. Y. Mrs. R. H. A. Carter, San Franci ~co Branch, 3231 Re,ervoir Rd .. N. W., American Begonia Society, Vla,hing-ton, D. C. 2390 18th Ave., Greeley Garden Club, San Francisco 16, Calif. \1 r ..T. E. T.nonev. Sacramento Garden Center, Ch. of H()rtirl1lture, 3301 H Street. Greeley, Colo. Sacramento, Calif.

(C03ltill1ted OIl inside back cover) The National Horticultural Magazine

Vol. 28 Copyright, 1949; by THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY No.2

APRIL, 1949

CONTENTS

The Forsythias. DONALD \i\1YMAN ...... 51

Collecting Plants Beyond the Frontier in Northern British Columbia. MARY GIBSON HENRY-· VII ...... 65

Philadelphus Notes- Species of Merit. JOHN L. CREECH ...... 84

The Gardeners Pocketbook: Flavor in Tomatoes. F. E. McILVAINE...... 88 African Violet, Pink Beauty ...... 90 A Native Prairie Anemone. MRS. H. P. MAGERS ...... 90 Lady of the Night. H. F. LOOMIS ...... 92 More About Peonies. ALIDA LIVINGSTON ...... 93 Nandina domestica. GEORGE B. FURNISS ...... 94

Nandina in Connecticut. RUTH A. ~TEPHENSON ...... 95 Stachyurus praecox at Gladwyne. MARY G. HENRy ...... 96 From the Midwest Horticultural Society: Andorra Juniper. ELDRED GREEN ...... 9·6 Some Notes on Dwarf Vegetables. ELDRED GREEN ...... 96 Double Trilliums. DREW SHERRARD ...... 98 Crocus, Vanguard. ALFRED BATE ...... 101 Dianthus, Old Spice. AFLRED BATE...... I02

Published quarterl, b, The American Horticultural Soriet,. Publica tion office. 32nd St. and Elm A ve .. Baltimore. lId. Editorial orn c'e. Room 821. \\ a~ hington Loan anu Trust Building. Washington. D. C. ContributioD5 from ail memoers. are cordially in,iteri ana snould be sent to the Editorial office. A st1h~(' ri pt io n to the mae-azine is induded in tD.S- 8nDt.;,ai au as to ail membeys : to non·members thE price is fi ve dollars a year·. ii LiliU11If, auratu'J1If, pictu11~

Seedling 3 ~ years j1'O'J1lf, sowing. Oyster Bay, Long Island. The Forsythias

DONALD VVYMA~ Ar'Nold A rb01'etu111

The Forsythias are among the most tlIey can be distinguished one from the popular of garden shrubs. used chi efly other, by the amateur when they are in those regions of the country where not in flower. The fruits are merely their early spring "flowers lend conspic­ dry capsules with no ornamental value. uous color to gardens which have been One of the most disturbing things apparently life less alld dreary through­ about these plants, to those of us who out the entire winter. Most ot them appreciate plants growing in their nor­ are natives of the Orient, although a mal habit, is the way that these are few have recently been developed in sometimes mutilated by improper prun­ this country. The oriental species ,first ing. Because they withstand city con­ came to this country about a hundred ditions and are easy to grow, they are years ago, and since that time have frequently used in public plantings, proved as popular as almost any other where uninformed maintenance men woody plant for garden use, because merely cut off the stems at an even five their conspicuous co lor; and the ease feet or so from the ground. This may with which they can be grown. make be classified under the heading of so­ them adaptable to many soils and many called "formal" pruning, but forsythias situations. are not the plants for this treatment. In the North, the bright yell ow, They should be used only where suffi­ scentless flowers appear before the cient space is available for them to leaves, usually in March and April, de­ grow and expand naturally. Sometimes pending on locations, although in the in planting a bank, it is advisable to Arnold Arboretum in 1944, due to an plant the trailing types closely together unusually late spring, Fonythia i11ter­ in order to obtain proper ground cov­ media varieties were in full bloom dur­ erage, but normally they should have ing mid-May when lilacs were also at plenty of room. A si ngle plant needs their best. Ot;le of their int.eresting (and at least 8 to 10' in order to grow prop­ useful) qualities is the ability to grow erly. Too often we see forsythia plant­ in city gardens, where atmospheric con­ ed a mere 3' from a walk and then ditions, a'nd frequently moi sture condi­ mercilessly hacked for the rest of its tions, are not to the liking ot many life in order to properly "restrain" it. other plants, They are practically free In 1844, Robert Fortune brought the from insect and disease pests, Some are first forsythias to Europe from the Ori­ valued for their arching or trai ling ent. The manner in which this was habit and only one (F. viridissilllG) is done he has described in a most inter­ graced with conspicuous autumn color esting way, for, in those days, the trip -a purplish red. Since this is one ot to England from the Orient was a long the parents of F. inter111,edia, this qual­ and tedious one. The old sailing ships ity of autumn color sometimes crops had to go around "The Horn" and in up to some extent in some of the clones doing so the trip took four to five in this hybrid species. The leaves ot all months. It was most difficult to keep forsythias are opposite, and in most seeds in a viable condition without species are sufficiently distinct so that modern refrigeration methods, and [51] 52 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE April,1949 plants were a serious problem indeed. them to within six inches of the ground. They had to be protected from salt wa­ This can be done and they will recover ter spray, they had to have fresh water, quickly. V! e had a bank planting of which was of course at a premium, and forsythias in the Arnold Arboretum a they had to have sunlight. few years ago that had become too tall Wardian cases were used by the and overgrown so that with heavy snOw early plant explorer to overcome these the breakage was very heavy. The difficulties. (They are now commonly cheapest (and easiest) way to bring called solariums.) Sheets of glass were the planting back into good appearance, sealed together with sufficient soil in was to 'cut all plants right to the ground: the bottom that that rooted cuttings or This was done in the very early spring, very small plants could be grown in and within two short years the entire them. Prior to the sailing of the ship planting was again blooming beautiful­ they were watered and sealed, and serv­ ly. Lilacs, privets and many other iced occasionally when the ship touched shrubs can be treated this vigorously port. According to Fortune, "large -on occasion-and be expected to re­ vessels with poops" were preferred for cover. The ·first year after such heavy the trip from the Orient, for on such pruning the plants are not much to look vessels the cases could usually be car­ at, hence in the small garden, whenever ried out of range of the salt spray. possible, it would seem best to prune The pruning of forsythias is not diffi­ by thinning only, leaving most of the cult, but thei r general appearance is de­ younger and better branches to contin­ pendent on proper pruning at the prop­ ue bearing flowers. A heavy pruning er time. Since all forsythias have flow­ should not be done in the summer, or er buds formed the previous year, they too late in the spring, for, if a pro­ should best be pruned after they bloom, longed dry spell follows, the plants may since pruning in the early spring before become too weakened to go through the they flower merely reduces the number first winter successfully. A renewal of flowers produced that year. As far pruning each year or two, is certainly as the vigor of the plants themselves is the best way (and the least conspicu­ concerned, the pruning can be done ous way) of keeping individual plants either before or after the blooming peri­ in good condition. od. The arching branches, and in some As a group the forsythias are hardy cases, the trailing branches, are essen­ in the northern United States, but the tial to good form, and so, any pruning flower buds of the species are frequent­ is usually a thinning out of the older ly killed in severe winters, cause enough and overgrown branches, rather than a why such plants are not used where "heading back" of all branches on the winter temperatures normally go con­ entire plant. Forsythia s$£spensa sie­ siderably below zero. The species with boldi is trailing in habit, while the the flower buds that have proved to be clones of F. inter11'Ledia are upright. the most hardy is F. ovata. It is de­ Forsythia vi1'idissinw and ovata are in­ cidedly inferior to most of the others termediate between the two, while there in flower, size and color, blooms about are several clones that are actually ten days before most, but where a for­ dwarf, and should receive little or no sythia is wanted in areas where most prunmg. suffer winter injury, this might be On occasion, it may be necessary to tried. If this does not bloom properly prune forsythias heavily - even cut (because of wif)ter killed flow er buds) April,1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE S3 certainly no other forsythia will suc- has no peer in respect to deep yellow ceed. c.olor. At least five are very light yel. The habit of the forsythia is one of low (Empire yellow according to the the two principal reasons why it is Royal Horticultural Society's Colour grown. All species and varieties are Chart). Of these, four could be recom­ dense, well covered with foliage. The mended, F. ovata-chiefly for its hardi­ lowest is probably "Arnold Dwarf," a ness and where this is not a factor it recent hybrid grown .at the Arnold Ar- might be discarded; F. inter111,edia vars. boretum. The original plant was only densifiom and pri111ulina and F. sus· about 2' tall after six years of growth, pensa paltida. The last named variety yet it had increased to 7' in diameter, is recommended chiefly for its grace· for it roots readily from the tips of the fully arching habit. Fonythia inter· branches. It makes an excellent ground 111,edia spectabil'is and F. interm.edia cover but seven-year-old plants have densifiom produce more flowers than yet to produce their first flowers. An· any other variety. The other forsythias other dwarf type, originating at the are distributed between these color ex­ New York Botanical Gardens, has been tremes as is shown in the table. A few named F. viridissima bronxensis, and years ago a " new" variety appeared in it does flower. Still another, in the the trade catalogues-F. suspensa "for­ trade for several years and termed F. t~mei aurea." After several years' trial suspe11sa "f01'tunei nan a,," is a dense at the Arnold Arboretum, the plant dwarf but in six years at the Arnold which we obtained in all good faith un­ Arboretum has failed to bloom. der this name appeared to be identical The chief trailing forsythia is F. sus- with F. suspensa fortunei. pensa sieboldi, often with long branches All characteristics considered, eleven pmstfate on the ground. Planted at the.' forsythias might be valuable enough for top of a· bank or at the edge of a wall, . one reason' or another to warrant grow· trailing shoots 6' long overhanz grace- ing in our gardens. Thirteen might be fully. . overlooked entirely. It is always diffi· Forsythia ovata is rounded in habit, cult (and dangerous!) to make such growing about 6' tall. Most of the re- eliminations, but that is just what I mainder of the forsythias are dense propose here, for reasons already men­ shrubs, eventually growing about 9' tall tioned and apparent if one pursues the and often having gracefully arching comparisons in the following table. branches.' When properly pruned and The records noted in the following grown with plenty of room, these plants table are suggestive only. It should be have a pleasingly graceful habit that obvious to anyone familiar with plants lends beauty to them even when they' that flower sizes vary on the same plant are not in flower. and even on the same branch. Also the The chief value of forsythias is of flower color varies similarly, aging course their flowers. Twenty.four spe· flowers being lighter colored, younger cies and varieties have been grown in· flowers being more deeply colored. the Arnold Arboretum over a period of These records were taken two different years, but even with the most careful year~ and a conscious effort was made scrutiny they can be divided into only to take specimens of comparable parts five color groups (and possibly this is of the plants. Sometimes a forsythia stretching it a bit!) The darkest is of with small flowers and very wide petals course F. i'l1termedia spectabilis, which will make a better display than a plant 54 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE April, 1949 which has larger flowers but very nar­ Their continued listil1g often ·fills us row petals. The table is offered merely with renewed anticipation each time we as a basis on which comparisons can be order a plant with a "different name" based. For those who will not agree only to wind up severely disappointed with such records, I would like to point when we learn, after several years of out the fact that these 24 species and growing, that the "new ,name" plant varieties are similar in many respects, gives a landscape effect which is identi­ and some method should be found by cal with a type that has been in this which a number of them can be elimi­ country a century. nated from our nursery catalogues.

FORSYTHIAS

Results of Colo·r C0111Pa1'is01'~S of Forsythia FlowelJ's 1945-1947 Width of Diameter of Colour Chart Colour Chart petal flowers number name europaea .7 4.1 3/1 aureolin giraldiana .5 3.0 603 empire yellow intermedia .7 3.2 4/1 lemon yellow * densiflora .6 3.8 603 empire yellow * primulina .8 4.4 603 empire yellow * spectabilis .9 : 4.5 4 lemon yellow vitellina .6 3.6 3 aureolin japonica saxatilis .5 3.2 3/1 aureolin *ovata .5 2.6 603 empire yellow ovata X europaea .6 3.5 3/ aureolin suspensa atrocaulis .5 3.4 3/1 aureolin decipiens .8 4.0 4/1 lemon yellow * fortunei .8 3.9 . 3 aureolin * pallida .9 4.0 603 empire yellow pubescens * sieboldi .9 3.0 3 aureolin variegata viridissima * bronxensis * koreana .5 2.9 4/ 1 lemon yellow *"Arnold Dwarf" "Arnold Giant" 1.1 4.8 .:j. lemon yellow *"Spring Glory" 3/ 1 aureolin Arnold Arboretum- Sdlg. No. 22716 1.1 4.0 3/ 1 aureolin

* Recommended for one purpose or a noth er. (1·27·49) April,19-t9 THE );rATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 55

Forsythia viridissi1na; F. suspensa sieboldii; F. europea; F. ovata 56 THE NATIOI AL HORTI CULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr il, 1949

Forsythia europea April, 1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 57

Robel't L. Taylol' Forsythia inter111edia (n.aftwal size) 58 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE April, 1949

Forsythia. suspenso. fortunei F. 'interm.edia densiflom April,1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 59

Forsyth-i(J japonica saxatilis F. intermedia spectabilis; F. ovata 60 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE April, 1949

Forsythia ovata April, 1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 61

Forsythia suspensa sieboldii

If 62 THE NATIO AL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE April,1949

F O1'S')ithia viridissi1'I'Ui b'ron,'l:el'lsis

The following key may be of assist­ Notes Concern.ing the Species and ance to some who wish to tell the spe­ Their Varieties cies apart when flowers have passed, eU1'opaea : Flowers usually borne sin­ but leaves are fully developed :- gly, hence not as conspicuous in flow­ L eaf Key to Forsythias er as some of the others. The flowers and flower buds are almost as hardy l. Leaves often deeply lobed or divid­ as those of F. ovata. ed into three parts, twigs hollow but giraldiana: No better than F. -i1'lter­ solid where leaves are attached. media varieties. -F. suspensa intennedia: A cross of vir'idissima and 2. Leaves not divided into three parts. suspensa, hence it has some charac­ 3. Leaves entire. teristics of both parents-occasional­ -F. europaea ly some autumn color but not pro­ 4. Leaves mostly with teeth, only a nounced and the habit of F. susp.ensa few entire. fortwne·i with upright arching 5. Leaves broad ovate , mature branches. The varieties densiftora branches yellowish. and spectabilis have the most flowers -F. ovata, of any of the forsythias, with specta­ 6. Leaves narrow and mature branches b·ilis having the largest and darkest greenish or brownish. yellow flowers. The variety p 'rim~b­ lina is valued for its light colored 7. Pith usually solid where leaves oc­ flowers and viteUina is more or less cur, leaves sometimes divided into of botanical interest only. three parts, especially on vigorous japonica: Both the species and its Ko­ shoots. rean variety saxatilis, bear flowers -F. intermedia singly, hence these do not make or­ 8. Pith usually 111 partitions. namental plants comparable with the -F. viridissima better species listed here. April, 1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 63

Robert L. Taylor Forsythia Vi1-idissirn,a

(nat~wal size) 64 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE April, 1949

ovaJa: .-\lthough this, too, bears only named at the New York Botanical solitary fl owers, the plant is valued Garden, having grown there for for its fl ower buds which are hardier nearly ten years. This low dwarf than those of the other forsythi a spe­ does flow er and has merit for this cies. It blooms about ten days in ad­ reason. vance of most types. H orticul t ural varieties : " A rnold ovata. X europa,ea : A cross made at Dwarf" is a cross between F. inter- the Arnold Arboretum before 1935, 1nedia and F. japonica saxatilis and but resulting in plants that were not developed by the Arnold Arboretum uperior ornamentally in any way to in 1942. It may prove of value as a the parents. ground cover for it roots readily, six­ suspensa: If we are to take Alfred year-old plants are not over 2' tall, Rehder's listing literall y, there is no but are 7' across. The drooping such thing as F. s~(,SpeJ1Sa since the branches strike root readily and form variety s'ieboldi is taken to be "the a mat of foliage. Howevel-, it has type of the species." The variety not yet fl owered. sieboldi has long drooping or pros­ "Arnold Giant" is a tetraploid trate stems, is excell ent for bank fo rsythia origi nated at the Arnold planting or for overhanging walls A rboretum. Although the flowers and has even been used as a well are large and very dark yellow, it plant and trained on a trellis; pal­ proved difficult to propagate from lido, has the lightest fl owers of the cuttings. Because of this difficulty, suspensa varieties and both pallida and due to the fact that some of the and fortunei are vigorous upright triploids obtained by crossing the shrubs yet with excellent arching tetraploid with diploid forms seemed and spreading branches that give a to be superior in many respects, the graceful appearance. The variety "Arnold Giant" is not recommended decipiens is not as good an ornamen­ fo r further distribution. tal because the fl owers are solitary "Spring Glory" originated about and not frequently in threes as is the 1935 as ~ bud sport of F. i11>termedia case with the other vari eties, and the p7'i11'I,ulina in the experimental gar­ twigs of atrocaul-is and p1>tbescens den of the late M. H. Horvath of are not sufficiently colorful to war­ Cleveland, Ohio. He claimed that rant their being grown in place of this sport was distinct from the va­ the others. The form with variegated riety because it produced a larger foliage I have never seen, but plants fl ower and 30 to 50 ro more blos­ with variegated foliage are none too soms, It has been propagated and ornamental in most situations. widely advertised for these qualities_ viridissi1N.a : This species is the least The last-mentioned in the table, hardy of the group, not hardy at the Arnold Arboretum Seedling No. Arnold Arboretum, but its Korean 22716, is merely mentioned for its. variety l?Oreana is, and is just as or­ very wide fl ower petaL This seedling namental. Both have a rich purplish­ was discontinued when "Arnold red autumn color, making them valu­ Giant" appeared, but may have in­ able in the fall. Comparatively re­ terest after all since it can be propa­ cently the vari ety bronxensis was gated as easil y as other forsythias_ Collecting Plants Beyond the Frontier in Northern British Columbia PART VII 1933 EXPEDITION*

MARY GIBSON HENRY

Spring of 1933 came and again I lis­ solid prickly sheets, 10-15 feet across, tened as the silent "Call" to the wilder­ not rising more than 4 inches from the ness drifted to me from the Northland ground. The comparatively small, al­ 3,000 mi les away. Thoughts crowded most spherical joints were only about into my mind of that magnificent coun­ an inch in diameter and covered with try where the boundary lines stretch ferocious spines, but I gathered a few beyond the farthest frontier, where the of the prickly tufts and planted some in sky is the only ceiling and the floor is a tin can, their home for weeks ahead. a grassy carpet strewn with fl owers. Then, although they were mighty poor "V,There, too, the rising sun covers the objects to put in the plant press, I world in great golden silence and fa ll­ placed several carefully in it and tight­ ing snowflakes often make an August ened the straps as best I could. Near­ day white. by the pretty pale blue flax, Li11UI1L On J une 28th, 1933, I stood once L ewislii, swayed side by side with the more on the north side of the Peace delightful pale yellow forget-me-not­ River and my daughter Josephine was like Lithospe1'1WU1n i11Cisu1n. This latter again beside me. We were near Mc­ is a most attractive wild ling. Allium Knight's tiny inn at Taylor Flats, after cel'nUU1n carried its gracefully droop­ ferrying across the river. There would ing pale pink flowers, Oxyt1'opis saxi- be a short wait for lunch, so we climbed 11W'/'1,tana, good enough to keep company the steep, sandy bank that skirts the with the best, reminded me of a large river for miles, and so began my third flowered tufted clover. It was a fine plant collecting trip into the uncharted pale yellow and delightfully fragant. mountaino'us region of Northern Brit­ The attractive and dainty little ever­ ish Columbia. Part way up the dry, green ground covers, Antenna1'ia rosea sunny slope, to our amazement, there and A. call1,pestris, helped to clothe tl1(' was a strikingly handsome cactus plant, bank. That strange little parasite, Oro­ Opuntia f1'agilis, in fu ll bloom! Salmon banche fasciculata, quaint and attrac­ pink buds opened to 3 inches wide tive, subsisted contentedly on its prettv butter-yellow fl owers. I t looked as if si lvery host plant, A1'temisia frigida. it would be far more at home in a The harebell, Call1f,pamda 1'otundifolia, southern clime than in a region where grew in countless numbers in the dry the winter temperature hovers around grassy meadows just above the river, 500 -60 0 F. below zero, for weeks at a making a pretty picture. Mostly, there time! T he plant crept closely and com­ were rich deep purple blues but a few pactly over the ground forming great were pale lavender. At 5 P.M. a little inboard motorboat >The first part of this series appeared in THE NATIONAL HORII'IC1\JLTURAL MAGAZINE, in 1934. was ready to carry us farther up the [65] 66 THE NATIONAL HORTlCULTURAL MAGAZINE April, 1949 rIver. It was slow going. against the fresh as daisies, and soon boarded our fa t current. boat and were off again. The little en­ On many of the steep, bare hillsides gine began to slow up and limp badly that rise from the ri ver, on the north­ but the men coaxed it along until we ern side, there are deeply indented reached the small town of Hudson trails in the shale. These were made Hope wh ere our outfit of 5 men and 24 by Wood Buffalo, now extinct, as they horses was awaiting us. The horses descended to the river to drink. They had been turned loose to graze the are still plainly visible, particularly at previous afternoon, as is the custom on this time of day when the deep slanting the trail and they had wandered far to shadows showed them clearly. Alas, find enough to eat. We carried no horse the Indians who inhabited these regions feed. As a rule a few of the "lead" killed the last of these noble animals horses are "hobbled," and these wear years ago for food. In a much more bells around their necks. The "wran­ wanton manner, further south, the glers" start out early, often at 3 or 4 white man destroyed the P lains Buffalo. A.M., to hunt the horses. As some of Juniperus horizontalis draped many our horses could not be found we lay of the dry clay and shale banks com­ over here a day. pletely with great prostrate mantles of N ext morning, July 1st, we started green that were often 30 feet across. north on our journey into uncharted Usually these were a dark olive, but territory. McCusker again was head sometimes they were of a delightful guide. Jack the cook, Smoky, Tony silvery bluish shade and the contrast­ and Ben, an Indian, also accompanied ing colors made a most ornamental us. Except those that we rode, the carpet. horses were packed with pro"hsions W e stopped on an island for supper. and equipment. A huge northern bald eagle was soar­ T he natives warned us that the wa­ ing overhead in ci rcl es. After tramping ter in the rivers was very high this sea­ through the forest for a whil e we found son, the highest it had been for years its nest high up in a dead tree. In a and that crossing them was very haz­ short time we embarked again and con­ ardous. We did not reali ze the full sig­ tinued on up the ri ver. The northern ni·ficance of this warning for several days are very long at thi s time of year, days. so long in fact that the ni ght never E lated and tingling with excitement, does get completely dark. but gradual­ we rode up the long hill above Hudson ly the pale blue sky of daytim e changed Hope. My horse this season was Belle, into many gorgeous hues. At last the a big strong bay. As we rode along the darkening shadow came. At midnight trail through a fo rest, the exquisite on ly a few bright stars shone in the Cle1114tis ve'rticillGJris colu1nbiana deco­ dusky sky. We tied up our li ttle boat rated an old log with its startlingly to a convenient tree and unrolled our lovely clear blue flowers that were 4 sleeping bags nearby, without troubling inches across. Near a tiny creek Mirn-­ to pitch our tent. Mosqui toes descend­ ulus guttatus, with handsome yellow ed in unbelievable myriads and though flowers, rose from a moist mossy couch we lay there for fi ve hours battling that was dotted over with that dainty them, it was impossible to sleep. N ever­ little purple insectiverous plant, Pingui­ theless, th rilled at the prospect of the cula vulgaris. Smilacina racemosa, ap­ trip ahead, J 0 and I arose about 5, parently ~ ];lfg-e and glorified variety of April,1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 67

J osephine H enry Opuntia fragilis. Sal11lwn pink buds open to three-inch butte?' yellow flowers. A cactus that thrives with winter te11~peratures of 50 0 -60 0 below zero Fahrenheit. 68 THE NATIOr AL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE April, 1949

JosephiJ/e H enry Mrs. H em-y has a snake ! Snakes up north? Yes) we usually find a few each summer. This was a water snake found nea·r the edge of the Peace River at Hudson Hope. B eing fond or snakes, we played with it a whtile and th e'/'! let it go! April, 1949 TH E NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 69

M ary G. H en1'Y (See page 73)

They flo ated it O%t into the fast c ~~1Ten t , S111;oky calling ou t he w as sony he had forgo tten his sailor sw:t ! the eastern plant, waved its fragrant Next day we walked up to where white plumes in the forest. Three or­ the river suddenly contracted before it chids, Orchis Totundifolia, H abenaria poured through the mighty walls of orbiculata and C orallon hiza 11WC%lata rock. We slid down on to a narrow grew in drier soil. Lonicera involu­ shelf, scarcely a foot wide, at the very crata, C orn%s stolonije1'a, Prunus de­ edge of the turbulent torrent. Even missa, fOl'med much of the undergrowth when we shouted as loud as we could in the forest of tall spruce and poplar. our voices failed to rise above the tu­ We camped at the far end of the multuous sound of the water, and we Peace Ri ver Canyon that night and could not hear the slightest sound of slept on the hard, stony ground and each others voices. Enormous chunks were thoroughly at home. The alti­ of rock, the size of houses, were strewn tude here is 1600 feet. J 0 and I had all about. It was truly a wild and deso­ decided, years ago, that mattresses were late spot, but very beautiful withal. a useless luxury for after the long stren­ We climbed up above the canyon uous days on the trail, the hardest wall where the huge rocks, laying about ground was comfortable. It was pleas­ in chaotic fashion, were densely cov­ ant to be lulled to sleep by the sound ered with dark green moss a full foot of the torrential river roaring through thick. No particle of stone was visible the great rock walls, "The Gates of the anywhere. Here and there a beautiful Peace," about a quarter of a mile away. fern, Dryopteris fragmns dangled into 70 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE April,1949 the air gracefully like a small and airy in the water and "muskeg," as the deep fountain. Thelypteris Robe1,tiana and blackish northern bogs are called. That Polypodiu11IL virginia11'u11'l. found a home evening we reached Aylard Summit, here, too. In places Ribes oxyacam­ alt. 3800 ft. It was the coldest night so thoides draped its pretty lacy greenery far, the temperature was 35 °. The over the rocks. horses and the men were all very tired. Hurrying back to camp, in a short Next morning Viola renifolia Brai­ time we mounted our horses and soon nerd'ii, growing near our tent, cheered were on our way agall1. We rode us with its radiant little white faces through miles of the enchantingly love­ and Viola adu.nw, an attractive minia­ ly and delightfully fragrant pink rose, ture purple violet grew in dry sunny Rosa acicularis. O n dry hills facing meadows nearby. It took several hours south P e11s te11l!.On procerus was in to transfer the pressed specimens to bloom. The tidy little clumps were fresh dry blotters and several more composed of a neat rosette of green hours, with J o's help, to build a fire leaves and many stems each about 6 and dry and clean the wet ones. It inches high, surmounted by short com­ was about 11 P.M. when we got to pact spikes of fl owers of a dark but bed but when morning came we were brilliant blue, like midnight sapphires. up about 5 as usual. Then came two days of riding through July 4th brought us to the Graham dark forest. I was sim ply amazed to River, near a place where we hoped to fi nd the beautiful Cle711Gtis v er t1:cillGiris ford the next day. The river, always cohmbbian

Josephill e H el1r3' Cypress CTee !? I usu.ally fished in the rive1's or the creeks afte1' th e day's ride. It took ont)1 a short time to catch th ese beauties. April, 1949 ,2 THE :.JA TIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAG AZII E

i osepl,illc l-/ellr), Ralilll/rilfus prdalijldlls rardioph:y11115, a lWl/dso l/ lr buttrrcll p, gr07('5 ill a llIrado71' Il eal' Cr)'il/(J Girl Prairie, a favort'[r Indial/ calllp ground, ~Vea r Graham River, April, 1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 73

Mary C. Hem':,'

sub-alpine regions. Lupinus arctic~ts and the Indian boarded it. They fl oat­ grew among them, a common occur­ ed out quickly into the fa st current, rence, the brilliant blue making a showy Smoky in hi s usua l good humor call ­ and startling combination with the ing out he was sorry he had fo rgotten magenta. hi s sailor sui t ! N ext day the men loaded the raft The men had failed to reckon with with approximately four hundred and the unruly force of the turbulent Gra­ fifty pounds of food. McCusker, Smoky ham R iver. J 0 and I and Jack th--= 74 T H E NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAG AZINE April,1949

cook watched them and as we watched J could not bear to shorten my trip our hea rts sank. T hey tried as best by returning fo r more foo d. Jack . they coul d to gui de the "ship" to the thought by careful rationing we could opposite shore but it stuck stubbornly go on our way, i E we would be satis­ to its course on down the river. '0.7 e fi.ed with a very frugal diet fo r the aw them pass the gravelly point upon weeks ahead. Supper that evening was wh ich they had plan ned and hoped to a solemn affai r and everyone was al­ land. After that loomed a perpendicu­ most afraid to eat anything at all, but lar bank that somehow or other would afterward we gathered a round the have to be negotiated. We followed camp fi re che.e rfully, as music from the down our si de of the river keeping Victrola, o ur one lu x ury. fl oated them in view and stood aghast at the through the deepeni ng shadows. iVlay be prospect, fo r it seemed an impossible the men fo und the several plant presses place at which to land. T hey swerved rather a nuisance. Perhaps, too, some­ toward the steep bank, then the Indian ti mes they fo und our photographi c grabbed a rope, jumped into the water equi pment rather a nuisal1ce because we up to his chi n and sc rambled part way insisted on putting it on a "good" pack up the bank. The other then jumped horse. But no one ever fo und the V ic­ and we saw them struggle. Unfortu­ trola in the way. It was always packed nately they could not swim . For a f.ew with tencle r care and given a choice moments their li ves hung by a thread. place on one of the best horses ! Smoky cl utched a will ow on the bank L ife on the trail is in variably a hap­ but it pulled right out of the loose soil, py life fo r those who like it, and so throwin g him into the ri ver. The In­ next morning our spirits rose wi th the dian, unable to hold the heavy raft by sun and we went on our way. joyous hi mself, let go the rope that held the as usual. Go ing further up the ri ver heavy cl umsy craft, and after frantic, we found a hetter, though not by all Y almost superhuman efforts, pull ed the means a safe crossing. other two men to safety. They were on Continuous wet and cloudy weather, shore. J a and I were very thankful that together with the frequent ll ecessary all were saved. Nothing els·e was of fordings of rivers, were extremely hard any importance. No matter now that on our ri fl es, whi ch we always carried our log ship with its fo ur hund red and in scabbards fastened to our saddles. Ii fty poun ds of food fl oated unmolested T hey required our continued care with fa r beyond reach on its mad co urse. cleaning and oiling. J 0 and I attended down the ri ver ! Alas, I learned with to thi s important duty every afternoon. distress one of our men, sin ce then, lost O ur shoes suffered from the moisture. his li fe near here. These swift fl owing too. For days and days they never had northern rivers yearly take heavy toll. a chance to dry out and as tempera­ Vve had a wise cook. Jack had placed tmes we re below 32° F . at night, they all the things he called lux uri.es on the fr oze qui te stiff. In the mornings we raft, butter, canned meats, vegetables, tha wed them out and put them on wet. fruit and jams. Most people woul d not Fine cl umps of Castilleja f~tlva. with call these luxuries but just necessary pale yellow fl owers grew in burned foods. \lYe still had fl our, dri ed beans, over pine woods above the Graham some evaporated frui t, rice, limi ted R iver and Ra-nunculus pedatifid,us CQ,1'­ amount of canned meat and bacon and diophyll-us, a stunning giant buttercup, a few sundries. grew in a sunny meaclow. April, 1949' THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 7S

K, F. M cens/ler H O'l1ie 76 THE NATIONAL H ORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE April. 1949

We crossed the Graham River sev­ age to the saddles and harness. eral times again but it was narrower One morning J 0 asked me how I had now. Each day brought an excitement slept. "Fine," was my reply. "Was of some sort, as we wended our way your bed comfortable?" "Sure," I an­ northward over the mountains. But swered quickly. "Well, I just won­ always the magnificence of the scenery, dered, because you slept right on top the beauty of the flowers and the inter­ of your rifle!" As a matter of fact, est of the wildlife, with now and then there usually was a bump or two in an Indian thrown in, made the time the shape of a rock or stump and the pass quickly, all too quickly! ground was rarely level, but after the At 5 :30 A.M. McCusker usually first few days when night came, we built a ·fire in front of our tent. Excep ~ learned to close our eyes and sleep. that it was a polite way of saying it Every now and then we had a terri­ was time to get up, it was of practically ble muskeg to get through. The men no use, for since our tent caught fire dreaded these seemingly bottomless the year before, he made it so far away northern bogs almost m'ore than any­ it gave us little or no heat. Jack al­ thing else, and I always said a prayer ways had a good breakfast of flap­ of thanks when the crossing was over. jacks, beans and bacon. J 0 and I drank I hated to see the horses struggle and cocoa, the men preferred coffee. Our often, too, get hurt. I thought of those mid-day meal was a sandwich, half a we lost completely, in horrible mires. one was enough for me, and a choco­ during our 30-day trip in 1931. late bar, often eaten on horseback. For The days were now perceptibly short­ supper we usually had meat of some er. This meant I was not able to write ~o rt. canned or ~ l110ked, and sometimes in my diary so late at night. As the fresh game or trout, rice or potatoes nights lengthened they, of course, be­ and a vegetable, either dried or canned. came colder. especially as we were now Fruit formed our dessert. This year, riding at hi gher altitudes over the however . our meals were very, very mountains. \Vith the longer evenings slim. we had bigger camp fires. Sometimes The horses, as usual, were turned we had the curious sensation of having loose at night so they might forage for our faces too hot and our backs too food and were "wrangled" before cold. We carried no very heavy cloth­ breakfast. ing. 'vVe found it too cumbersome.' So The cold northern nights refreshed mornings and evenings and during us after the long strenuous days and in stormy days we merely added to the the evenings the li ttle Victrola gave us number of shirts we wore. Usually a music. How I enj oyed it all ! cotton shirt with a flannel one on top The Victrola, too, had its ups and would suffice, over thin summer under­ downs like the rest of us. One night we wear. Our breeches were whipcord. heard a gnawing sound. I jumped out By 3 :30 we usually started on the of bed and there was a large "Snow­ day's trek. No matter where we went shoe Rabbit" chewing it. Thick frost. or which way we turned, always the like snow, was sparkling on the ground scenery was magnificent. I t still rained and burned my bare feet as I ran out almost daily and the water in the riv­ and brought the precious victrola into ers seemed hi gher than ever. Finding our already overcrowded tent. Some­ a place to ford was often difficult. The times the rabbits c1irl cOn'iiderable c1am- horses hJd a hard time to keep their April, 1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 77

Josephill e H ellry jlJrs. T-Jf'lIr." collectillg Oxytropis saxi711olltal1a 78 THE 1 ATIONAL HORTICULTURAL NIAGAZINE April,1949

Josephine Hellr), Crossing Graha.11't Rive1'. We all go t wet this time. It w as often d-ifjicult for th e horses to keep the·ir foo ting alld uSllall'Jl one 1nare fell at every dee p c1'ossing. footing as the smooth and roundish potentillas, Thalictrum occidentalis, stones roUed when they were touched, with red tassels and deep r·eddish fo­ and usuall y one or two of the horses li age g rew in moist soil. fe ll at every deep crossi ng. These were The men disliked taking down the exciting times. tents and packing up in the rain. Han­ July 10th was an eventful day. We dling a lot of wet and near fr eezing were encamped on Boulder Creek, and ropes is hard on hands, and wet tents, it was a rainy morning with the tem­ etc., make much heavier loads than dry perature not much above freezing, 38° ones. to be exact, at 5 :30. J o and I often So if it was raining early in the rode independently of the pack train, morning we almos t always waited a but this time we decided to ride with while until conditions improved. Show-' it. As the horses would not be ready ers came frequently but did not often for some time. we hurriedly packed up last very long. and climbed a nearby mountain on foot. After we were once in the saddJ.e, no for a few hours. The loyely pale yell ow one cared how much or how long it Oxytropis sa:rimolltama was abloom in rained. al l its fresh and fragrant beauty. The The sun came out about 10 A.M. delightful Forget-me-n ot M yosotis al­ and as the horses were now ready we pestris was nearly everywhere. as we re all started out together. We ate our al so numerous pretty saxi fragas and sl im lunch in the saddle. When we April, 1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL :MAGAZI I E 79

Mary G. Hellry Repacking after a rough 1,ide. 80 T H E 1 ATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE April,1949 came to an exceptionally bad piece of the soaked blotters out of my plant muskeg we jumped off our horses to press I made a ·fire in order to dry take some movies of the poor things them. Owing to our camping so early struggling in the deep mire. Soon we in the day and the general chaotic con­ descended a long slope through pine dition of affairs, supper was called forest, when we came again to the up­ early, S :45. I just put on my clothes per Graham River. It was still a rush­ on top of my bathing suit, so when bed­ ing torrent. vVe plunged in, the water time came I was ready for my swim. almost reaching our saddles. It was The water, of course, was cold and the hard for the horses to keep their bal­ temperature of the air was just 30°. ance. McCusker, J0 and I got safely We took a swim nearly every day over but we waved to the others to go and enjoyed the water immensely, al ­ up river to a broader, shallower place. though frequently the temperature was Some of the horses were already in the below freezing. \Vhen our provisions river and being washed down stream. got wet it was always a problem to dry Several were swimming with their them. As for my precious plants, the packs under water. Ben, the Indian, living ones were grateful for a soaking was with them. Suddenly his horse but the pressed ones fared badly. fell. Ben disappeared entirely and only On July 11 th we were approaching the horse's forehead and ears were vis­ Laurier Pass. Rhododendron albifior­ ible. The horse struggled violently and ~tm , with its curious drooping, bell­ we feared for Ben. They seemed to shaped flowers, grew on a shady hill­ have a battle, but in a few seconds Ben side, alt. 4,500 feet. There were many emergeg.. safely but he was hurt and interesting willows, often with hand­ shaking with cold. Some of the other some catkins. I was not the only one horses had great difficulty, too, as they who enjoyed the willows. We all knew were swept down the river. With con­ that they made excellent feed for the siderable anxiety I watched the horse horses. All willows are shrubby in that was carrying my botanical speci­ northern British Columbia. Viola orbi­ mens. He, too, lost his balance and was cutaIa, yellow, and Viola renifolia carried dowstream backwards quite a Brainerdii, white, helped to carpet distance before he recovered his equi- . the woods. Lupimus arcticus was librium. plentiful. its magnificent deep blue­ Smoky had already joined us on the purple spikes of flowers were frequent­ far bank. Seeing the predicament of ly tinged with crimson. Cassiope mer­ the horses but with no thought at all tensiana made great mats with its for his own safety and entirely unper­ dainty evergreen foliage all hung with turbed, he and his horse took a fl ying little white bells on crimson pedicels. leap from the high embankment right This is one of the most wholly delight­ into the river below. With dexterous ful of all dwarf shrubs. Castilleja mini.­ . ~kill he landed squarely and in a short ata, magnificent with its salmon pink time succeeded in mustering in the flowers decorated a moist gravel bar other horses and driving them to dry in the, now much diminished, Graham land. As the men and horses had had River. C(J)Stiileja fulva, light yellow, al­ enough and so many packs were soak­ so grew plentifully nearby. ing wet, we stopped for the night. That night we camped in Laurier Luckily the sun shone so J a and I Pass. N ext morning was cold and put on our bathing suits. After taking sparkling, frost was on everything and, April. 1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICU LTU RAL :'1AGAZI NE 81

Josephille Hellr3' Mrs. H ell'ry at C(}Jribou Pass, 'With plant pl'ess. Call1 era. is in saddle bags; fi eld glasses hang froln PM/lm-leZ; rifle and fishing l'od are in scabbard on horse's 1'ight s1:de. 82 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL :MAGAZ INE April, 1949

Josephine Hellr3'

Kallllia polifo lia, aN exquisite little shntb a11d here only five 01' six i1'bches tall. April,1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 83 of course, our bathing sui ~s were frozen lw/'nb ia,na was just opening its fl owers. stiff, so w'ere our wash rags, towel , It is the loveliest of the red columbines. tooth brushes and shoes, a common oc­ The color is a better red in so me locali­ currence. The horses needed a well­ ties than others. The Ii ttle cyclamen­ earned rest so that day McCusker and like Dodecatheon frigid~flN ', that we saw I climbed a mountain. The snow lay in fo rmer years, was not yet in bloom. deep in the hollows, and in so me places The pretty little Potentilla dissecta was we waded through 4 and 5 ft. drifts, decked wi th its soft yell ow blossoms. slow, tough work. The superb north­ p, nivalis is even more attractive, ern balsam tree, Abies las-iocarpa , cov­ dwarfer and with snow white under­ ered the s l ope~ and their sublime fra­ sides to the leaves, and p, unijfo'ra, is grance will linger long in my memory. the dwarfest and most lovely of the ' .\T hen we reached the top, as always in fami ly that I ever came across. Its the mountains, a glorious panorama lay silken velvety little leaves. pink at ·first, before us, a magnificent chaos of snow­ make this plant a precious gem. Rho­ topped peaks. The icy wind blew with dodendron lapponicu/'ll, made mounds of such terrific force it seemed to cut my bloom 1 to 2 ft. across and but 6 in. face. YIy hands were numb from cold high. Andromeda polifolia, with rose and I found it hard to keep my balance pink bells, is surely one of the most against the freezing blast. Afterward, entrancing of all tiny shrub s. Perhaps, in order to reach the river to take a fo r sheer beauty, it stands at the very swim , I walked over tiny, entrancingly top. This exquisite jewel is only a few lovely Pri7nula egalikensis. Their mi­ inches tall. KaI711/.ia polifolia is a worthy nute pure white or lavender faces were companion. DTaba in,certa bloomed in only about y,!. inch in diameter and the crannies of rock. along with Saxifraga little leaves were often scarcely 0 inch cernua and S, triotsp'idata. M ertensia long. Although so small in size they pal1licu,lata, less t han one-fourth the size rated high in their jewel-like beauty. at this hi gher altitude, bore fl owers of Truly, they made my swim a joyous a bright blue and nearly twice as big one. as those in the meadows. Pedic~dGJris \lve camped at our "Northern Lights lanata's pretty lavender flowers were Camp" of 1931 , where the Northern plentiful and so were those of the frag­ Lights, with their shattering rays of ile and graceful little Erige'l'on C0771 - undreamed 'of glory, had emblazoned posittts t:rifid~ts, Dwarfed by the alti­ the midnight sky. We crossed over the tude, 0 xytrop'is splel1dens and O. hu,d­ Caribou Pass on July 14th, alt. 6,000 soniw made delightful little tufts of ft. In places the trail was covered with bloom, The adorable little 3 in, heli o­ the beautiful northern A 'I'l,e7nO'l7 e 71a,/' ­ trope-colored C o7"ydalis pauciflora was cissijfora, in full bloom. Its huge cream­ hung with its unusual and charming colored fl owers with clark centers were flowers. In mighty contrast to such very showy. the most beautiful ane­ gems, a stalwart buck caribO l1 trotted mone I have ever seen, Aq~(i l egia co- over the matchless turf. (To be cO l/til/lied) Philadelphus Notes SPECIES OF MERIT

JOHN L. CRE ECH *

The many Philadelphus hybrids cre­ with us, about May 15. It is a striking ated by Lemoine (see N. H. M. July, plant, and the British state that it is 1948) do much to enliven our late­ the best of the genus. It is true that the spring or early-summer ga·rdens. While very dark handsome foliage brings out we are inclined now to think in terms an extreme whiteness 'in the flowers. of VIRGINAL or ATLAS, there are nu­ These, like many of the species, are no merous species that were garden fa­ more than one inch in size but remain vorites years before Lemoine began hi s cup-shaped and, as the name would in­ work. dicate, are scentless. It has the added We must remember that while the feature of arching branches which are Lemoine hybrids have most of the vir­ rather willowy, bringing the flowers tues and few of the faults of other spe­ down into full view. The plant I ob­ cies they do fl ower over a rather short served at the Arnold Arboretum is an period, two weeks at most. In fact, the excellent example of this habit. It was bri·ef fl owering period is one of the ar­ completely covered with plump buds guments against the genus. Actually, about to open in mid-June. This spe­ this is due to our unfamiliarity with cies, which can be found in the better species that 'flower earlier or later than nurseries, would be an excellent addi­ the more popular varieties. It seems tion to the garden. advisable, therefore, to bring to the Philadelphus pubescens was men­ readers' attention the horticultural pos­ tioned by the late J. Horace MacFar­ sibilities of such species. By including land as the potential source of a yellow them in a coll ection, the season can be Philadelphus ( an intriguing thought, increased to almost six weeks. In indeed). O ur plant, which has creamy­ Maryland, the earliest of fl owering is yellow flowers, does indicate the possi­ May 5 and the last species to bloom ap­ bility of producing yellow flowers. The pear after June first. fl owers, not quite two inches across, There is a good choice of early blos­ are in leafy racemes so that they are so ming Philadelphus. The fi rst to ap­ partially hidden. They are quite nu­ pear in the '\Vashington area is P. merous, appearing before May 20. It schrC I1 !?ii which has bloomed as early seems to be a hardy and vigorous spe­ a :\iay 3. It is an upright shrub with ci es and forms a large, spreading shrub. mall fl owers, sin gle but fragrant. The There are others which fl ower about point of in terest in thi s particular spe­ the same time, but they are only men­ cie i its early fl owering. Ph iladel­ tioned here-P. sMsumanus, P. grandi­ phlls hirS ll tlls is to be fo und in fl ower floru s, and X P. magnificus. These at the same time, but it produces only would not be too easy to find, although a few fl owers. Philadelphus il1odo rus, they are in the commercial trade. a natiye of the so uth, al 0 blo0 111 s early The late flowering species are lim­

. '- Di \' i ~ ion of Plant Exploration ~l nd Introduc­ ited to two, P. incanrus and X P . insig­ tlOIl . BUl'eau . or 1?lant Indu tr:\r, Soi ls, and Agri­ nis. They both flower about June 10. ( · u.lt~lral ,Engmeel"lng, Agricultul'al Research Ad. mlnl ~ tl' a flon fT. .. Dcpn "tm ent of Agri(' lll tul'p.. X P . il1 S(q 171'S wi ll be found under tIle [, -I] April,1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZlNE

IohnL. Creech Philadelphus subcanus This species displays the graceful, arching habit that is so t,:/ pical of 1'nany of our mockoranges 86 T H E NATIONAL HORTICULTU RAL MAGAZI NE April, 1949

garden name SOUVEN IR DE BILLIARD, jlo'rus , dianthijlonts plen.us, deu.tziae­ especiaJl y in British horticulture. It jl01'US, J.nultijlorus plenus and fl ore has been in E ngli sh gardens sin ce 1880. pleno. There is a wide range of dou­ A garden form, H YBRID US, came to us bleness; the most fl oriferous seem from Germany and is quite similar but to have the fe wer petals. A form wi th the name is not too well known. The yellow foliage is fo und here and, if we fl owers are in large panicles; I have remember, this character appears some­ counted as many as twenty-five fl owers what in the Lemoine, I NNOCENCE, in a cluster which are quite fragrant. which of course can be traced to P. As with many others, the fl owers are coronarius. As with the off spring, P. small and tend to remain cup-shaped. co ro'nwius a ure'~ts loses this coloring as P hiladelphus inwnus will be fo und the season progresses. O ne will occa­ in fl ower at the same time, but there sionall y see the dwarf fo rms, such as are fe wer flowers in the racemes and nanus, but our plant has not been sat­ the shrub tends toward spreading rath­ isfactory and is not inclined to fl ower. er than erect habit. The fl owers, al­ Recently, a number of cor011arius se­ though described as scentless, seem lecti ons have begun to appear from sta­ quite fragrant and have been so report­ tions in Manitoba that should be ex­ ed by other horticulturists. A very tremely hardy, W e have one called M r. close relati ve, P. SU.bWl% /S, differs from Thompson, which is a very fine exam­ P. inca.·nus (from our viewpoint) only ple of these selections. The fl owers are in that it fl owers two weeks earlier. cream-colored and profuse ill number. O ur plant is an excell ent fo rm. Al­ H ardiness is no probl em and the plant though a tall shrub, the branches spread is quite vigorous. and arch so that the Howers are well A lthough most of the species of P hil­ displayed. A second close relative, P. adelphus are upright and inclined to magdalenae, has met with approval in spread, one in particular, X P. penduli­ the southeast where it is reported to foli'us, is very low and compact. An in­ fl ower in early May with fragrant, dividual plant, now ten years old, has pendent fl owers. All three of these spe­ not exceeded three feet and is just as cies need sufficient room to allow the broad; that is, it is not a weak plant branches to spread freely. One mi ght wi th few stems, but definitely vigorous. add that when seen from a di stance, It is spheroid in shape and the large these three species look like large-flow­ pendent leaves aid in this aspect. One ered Deutzias because of the compact­ cann ot see any stems. It conceivably ness of the fl ower clusters. could be used as a low hedge or where Philadelphus C01'OIW1' ius is the most a compact plant is needed. The plant in frequently grown species and there are the collection at .t he A rnold A rboretum, more forms of it than in any other spe­ although still broader than high, was a cies. It is in flower by May 20. It was much larger plant. The limited num­ known in the time of the herbali st ber of fl owers last until June 1. Gerard, who fo und that the pe n et r at i n~ T here are undoubtedly ma ny other fragrance was pleasantly sweet but species that could be discussed, but "molesting and troublesome to the there is such confusion in the group, head. " Except for the Lemoine group, and so many species di ffe r in minute only in P . co1'ol7 arius have I seen dou­ detail s that there would be little value bl e forms. These can be found in the in discussing them here. trade under such names as pri111~da e - On delving in to the genus, P hiladel- April,1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 87 phus, we frequently see the cOlllmon May Jllne After name "Syringa," particularly in E ng­ 5 10 IS 2025]une l li sh works. This is rather confusing P . SUbCG11LtS x but it dates back to the time of Gerard (the sixteenth century) when plants Albatre x Amalthee x were classi·fied by their use and other Dresden x non-botanical means. The lilac and the Fimbriatus P hiladelphus were used to make pipes x or flutes because the pith could easil y Gi randole x Mont Blanc x be removed from the stems. Hence. Opheli a Phil adelphus was the " white pipe" and x Yokohama x lilac, the "blew (blue) pipe." The Greek for "pipe" is syringa, thus the P . 1'nagdalenae x P . pek-inensis x confusion. \Vhen Linnaeus classified A rgentine x hi s plants, Syringa was retained as the generic name for the lilac and the Atlas x Belle Etoil e x " white pipe" became the genus, P hila­ Boule d'Argent delphus. Even so, one still finds "syr­ x Boule de N eige x inga" in the E nglish or French cata­ Burfordiensis x logs, referring to P hiladelphus, but we Candelabre x prefer to use either P hiladelphus or Coquette mockorange. x Coup d' Argent x

RELATIVE FLOWERING DATES OF PHILADEL­ Dame Blanche x PHUS (at the U. S. Plant Introduction Enchantment x Ga rden, Glenn Dale, Md.) Enchantress x 111/ay JlIl1e Erectus x After Fleur de N eige x 5 10 15 2025 ]une l Gerbe de N eige x P. hirsutus x Glacier x P. sch re11kii x Innocence x P. tenuifolius x Mme. Lemoine x Gracili s x Mer de Glace x P. gral1diftorus x Monster x P. sptsuma17lus x Norma x Speciosissil11us x N uage Rose x P. to'l1wntosus x N uee Blanche x P. vern/cosus x Perl e Blanche x X P. cO I ~gestus x Pyramidal x P. cordifolius x Rosace x P. inodorus x Savilos x XP. nivalis x Splendens x P. pubescens x Sybille x Banniere x Velleda x P. corona1'ius x Virginal x P. g01'doniG1~us x Voie Lactee x P.laxus x P. incanu.s x P.lewisii x Favorite x X P. 111.axi1nu s x Hybridus x X P. 'N1onst1'osUS x Sir de Billard x P.lIepalensis x Souvenir de X P. pe ll du lifolius x Bi lli ard x Gardener's Pocketbook

Flavor in T O1'natoes indeed, but stick to my guns that there is something in it. Having grown tomatoes fmm ~eed Burpee's Customer Service Depart­ for a number of years I have notlCed ment, in the person of Miss Helaine that the flavor of the old time t~m~to L intelman wrote me twice about it and has vanished fmm the modern vanetJes. it seems that others had written or she The old Ponderosa, also called Beef­ had heard them make the some com­ steak, was the variety that my gra.nd­ ment. She took it up with their Direc­ father always had in his garden as dId a tor of Vegetable Research, Dr. Oved neighbor across the way. So I bought Shifriss, and he agreed that the flavor it a O"ain from Burpee and from Dreer, had changed in American varieties and but plants I raised did not have the ~he gave some very logical reasons for the same old taste, a delicious rich one, that change, increase in size of fruit and signified to us , "the tomato season has yield rather than in quality, demands arrived again." of the commercial growers, etc. Green The Stone was also a good kind, but fruit shipped, weather, etc. Said it was it too has altered. In THE NATIONAL not entirely correct to say that they had HORT;CULTURAL MAGAZINE for April lost flavor but that it had changed. 1945 I saw an article by A. F. Yeager Then suddenly out of the blue, a of the Department of Horticult~re of friend said, "I had the most delicious the University of New HampshIre on tomatoes last summer speaking of fla­ breeding tomatoes, so wrote him this vor, just like the old kinds!" "But winter on the subject of flavor for as where ?" sai.d I . "They came from many other persons to whom I had put State College and a friend in Bellefofl­ the question agreed that "they were not taine, Pa., bought plants from them." what they used to be. " Of course there The friend has since written me they are people who do not notice taste, the were the Stone. So now I have an idea quick lunch people care not :vhat they that it may be the soil, though have not eat! There are still a few epICures left tried Stone of late years. Will now and it seemed to me it would be inter­ buy plants from State College if they esting to band a few together and de­ will ship, and also seeds! Louis Brom­ mand a return of flavor! I had not field wrote somewhere he thought they thought until now of writing to Crosby were different and needed boron in the Gaige who writes so entertainingly for soil to bring it back. Miss Helene Lin­ the Atlantic Monthly when that august telman, referred to above, said boron monthly started a recipe column as it was not as necessary for tomatoes as were, on a more lofty plane than the for radishes and cabbage and that a lit­ home-making magazines such as Good tle goes a long way. I should have soil Housekeeping or the Ladies Home treated if I felt that it needed this trace Journal. element. Something more to do, in Mr. Yeager wrote me a very inter­ these difficult days but that flavor esti ng letter and said they were trying should be recaptured for my own de­ panels of "tasters" as many people dif­ light. Will others take up this discus­ fered in this respect. He also pointed sion and give light on the subject? out that children have keener tastes, F. E. McILVAINE. and at this juncture I felt very ancient Downington, Pa. 88 ApT ii , 1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZ I NE 89

Robert L. T03dor (See page 90 ) Afl'ican Violet, Pink Bcaut'y 90 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE April, 1949

Afrimn Violet. PiJlk Beauty section of all the Triandrus hybrids. When the notes on African Violets One will recall that pollen from the were published it'! the October 1948 triandrus narcissus, whatever the form issue of the Magazine, there was no is highly potent and that the progenies wide discussion of named clones. This raised when it is applied to trumpet was deliberate in that there are already narcissus give flowers that are approxi­ published lists under quite official mately of trumpet dimensions and dis­ auspices, each -o ne correct for the date tinguished chiefly by . the back flaring of its issue and almost immediately out­ perianth segments. Pollen applied to of-date thereafter. because of the rapid garden hybrids with shorter cups, will appearance of new names. produce hybrids with shorter cups, but Thr-ough i nad vertence, however, no with the same back flare in the peri­ picture was shown of any clone of other anth. The intriguing thing about these than vi-olet and purple colors and the plants, a matter to which most persons allied hues. pay no attention at all, is the character The picture that accompanies this to the cup. In some it is wide-mouthed, brief apology is of the now old and in others quite straight and clipped off familiar "Pink Beauty". It shows as if with shears. The same thing is clearly enough the general style of the important in all garden forms of nar­ flowers with their not too wide corolla cissus since the width and character of lobes, the faintly deeper hue in the the cup has much to do with the type center of the bloom. the characteristics of shadow that is thrown, and shadows of the curious hard stamens and the intensify the colors, always. pistil exserted at a rakish angle. It does not suggest clearly the general A N Mive P'rairie Ane11wne lack of red pigmen.tation in the leaf \i\Then I first knew the Kansas petioles and the reverse of the leaf prairie, over forty years ago, the pas­ blades, a lack that is even more con­ tures and roadsides were beautiful with spi·cuous in the white clone, " White the native prairie wind flower, (Ane­ Lady" and less notable in the clone ?none dempetala), or " daisies" as they "Blushing Maid" in which only a faint were locally known. I believe it to be flush of pink shows over the white one of the 1110st captivating of all wild fl owers. Personally, if I could have fl owers, for, even though fresh from but one of this trio, it would be the the glories of California flowers, still, last, for the fl owers are larger and I thought a tight handful of the lovely, better shaped than those of the other delicately fragrant blossoms. brought two and the color is extremely deli­ me fo r my ,first view of them, the most cate. delightful flower I had ever seen. Since BYM then the grading of the roads, breaking out of the sod of the wild prairie and Tr-ia'ndrus N a.1'cissHs over-pasturing of the small amount left ' The section on Narcissus Notes has has almost made a ra rity of that beau­ been omitted from this issue, but it is tiful fl ower which used to make a car­ difficult to reconcile myself to letting pet of magic for miles about one. pass the opportunity to remind lovers A ll of which adds up to a plea for of the daffodil or narcissus that one of the domesticating of our choicest of the section 1110st neglected in the gar­ wildlings to save them for ourselves dens and show of our country is the and those who follow. This can be April,1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 91 done with careful attention to their about four on bright days or when the special requirements of soil, exposure, sun becomes dim, on ly to open again elevation, drainage and all of their little the next day, which it continues fo r personal preferences. weeks, while new blooms come from But to get back to my " daisies" that the same tiny tuber. are not daisies at all. They grow from This anemone is one fl ower that the tiniest dahlia-like tubers, which in does not appreciate either cultivation the wild are often fo ur or more inches or fe rtilizing, requiring only to have below the tough sod of wild grasses. its own type of soil , good drainage and Here, in the garden, half that depth full sun in as sod-like ground as pos­ seems .to suit them best. It used to be sible, then let alone to gloriously attend disappointing when they did not bloom to its own display, which wiU amply in the early spring. Later I learned repay anyone. Provided, always, that that when there were no early fall rains it has that one thorough soaking which the Easter daisies failed, this because I spoke of earlier. That does not mean the tuber must put up its fa ll leaves to repeated waterings, either, for one make the blooms fo r next spring. This good soaking is an it asks for, remem­ can always be controlled in the garden bering, as it must, its gratitude fo r that by a copious fa ll watering. Earl y in one in its wild Kansas prairie. September is the preferable time. then VI/hen we bought our little Ozark their wide, finely divided leaves soon farm that was one of the flowers we show up to stand crisp and fresh all thought impossible to do without, but through the worst of winter weather. it was only after years of trying that They will thank you for no mulching it ,finally became reconciled to its new nor coddling, for they are used to open. home. The bed was dug out about a snowless, windswept prairies, with bit­ foot deep and a layer of fo ur inches of ter cold, coming through in the early small rocks placed in the bottom to spring with a multitude of their bright make the perfect drainage it needs. daisies on three inch stems which grow The soil replaced after addition of lime as the season advances until the fluffy to try to duplicate the sweet prairie seed-puff is often topping a ten inch sod they revel in, then firmed. Our stem. soil is decidedly acid so knew it must The fl owers are either a pure whi.te be sweetened, but still they just man­ wi:h buff rev~rse to the petals or a deep, aged to live, putting up a few pale, (anCl I really mean de ep) shining blue, sickly bloom, which was worse than with no least shading of purple. It is nothing. Finally in desperation, the a gorgeous shade seldom, if ever, found li ttle plateau was covered with fine in any other fl ower. Occasionally one chick oystershell in the late fall. \Vhat finds a rather good pink and a few, a glorious return they made the follow­ but never many, paler shades of blue. ing spring with their dozens of b;-ight HQwever, they seldom revert in the blue blooms. Now they have taken to seedlings to either white or the lighter sending Oll t their thick, white under­ blue, so that a colony of carefully se­ groun d runners which push up in the lected deep blue can be depended upon spring with a tuft of leaves, making to reproduce their own shining color. a new li ttle tuber to increase their The relatively large blossom opens beauty another year. T hi s is a sure wide its upward turning face each sign of their contentment. morning when the sun is bright dosing III their native prairie the e "daisies" 92 THE NATIONAL HORTI CU LTURAL MAGAZINE April, 1949 grow equally well in the heavy black pseudobul b bears a single leaf 10 to 20 ground and almost pure sa nd but not cm. long. In the wild these leaves are where thei r resting place has been dis­ greatly thi ckened and are linear-Ianc­ turbed by plow or grader. The nearer eolate but under domestication a more undisturbed, sod-like conditions with constant moi sture supply and possibly full sun can be reproduced the better increased shade, cause thell1 to expand they like it, and the finer your reward and attain a breadth of 3 cm. although will be. Try some of these "wind remaining quite thick and succulent. flowers" in your rock gardens for a U p to five fl owers are produced on the rare treat, if you can find them. spike that develops at the end of the Mrs. H. P. Magers pseudo bulb, and reaches above the leaf. Mountain Home, Ark. T hese fl owers have the slender sepals and petals of equal length, to 6 e111. , Lad)1 of the Night (See page 93) with the petals sli ghtly exceeding the From southern Mexico, throughout sepals in width; their color is creamy Central A merica into northern South white, sometimes with a faint greenish America, and in Jamaica as well, the tinge. The labellum is 6 to 7 cm. long, orchid, Brassavola nodosa, is native pure white, except inside the throat at where it has been known to botanists base where a few dark reddish-brown fo r well over a century. It is classed spots usuall y are present, and the ex­ as an epiphyte and often may be found panded heart-shaped lip is crossed by growing on trees but frequently its rather evident veins and ends in a most vigorous development seems to short decurved point. Here the fl owers be made on bare rocks, exposed to full last two or three weeks unless polli­ sun, occasionally in locations where nated, either intentionally or by natural salt sea spray may drench the plants means, probably the ants that overrUll at times. In such places the plants form the plants during the blooming season. dense mats covering the rock surfaces This species is of no direct com­ and at blooming make a striking show. mercial importance, although it has In the O rchid Review, p. 355, Dec. been hybridized with a few commercial 1928 is an illustration of this orchid, species, mainly of the genus Cattleya, on rocks, with hundreds of fl owers. to produce saleable flowers, but it Since the flowers give off a delightful, should be in the collection of every ci trus-li ke scent from dusk till well into orchid lover. The plants are of easy the night, such a bank of fl owers per­ growth in pots or baskets in green­ fumes the country-side where they are. house, slathouse, or out of doors, and In the morning and during the day no do best with little or no shade. In this trace of the nocturnal fragrance is evi­ region the principal fl owering season dent, but it returns with the coming is from mid-May through June but of each evening, as long as the flowers since the plants produce one growth last. So highly thought of is this fra­ after another all summer, each growth grant orchid that the Spanish people usuall y sending up a fl ower spike, ten of its home have given it the poetical or a dozen plants assure one of at name "Dama de la Noche", in transla­ least a few fl owers from the ,first of tion the title of this article. May until near the end of the year. The plants are of compact habit, The plants are dormant for several of sending up slender, cyli ndrical pseudo­ the winter months when they need bulbs from a creeping rhizome. Eaeh little water, but leaf-buds begin to swell April,1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 93

H. F. Loomis Bmssavola nodosa, in 4 -inch pot with second lot of fio we1's borne in 1947.

111 March and from then on water re­ problems as blooming dates, heights quirements increase. The plants in­ and color combinations; s·ome of these sist on sending their roots outside the vary gr,eatly in size and the colors of container and overpotting should be some are very brilliant indeed. avoided. Division and repotting is best Here is the result. done at the end of the dormant season. The sensational bed has "Postilion" Coconut Grove, Florida (albifiom x 0 fjicinalis) at the back. H. F. Loomis This is a coJ.ossalplant, already some five feet across with four foot stems More abou.t Peonies erect under their enormous dark crim­ After reading Miss Averett's notes son semi-double flowers. In the middle on Professor Saunder's peony hybrids are "Ludovica" (albifiora x lobata) de­ I visited Professor Saunder's garden scribed as rose pink, a brighter color wjth really d~sastrous resul,ts for I than those words suggest to my mind, really wanted everything. Having set­ and "Janice" of the same parentage, a tled, however, on Janice of the albifio-ra shining true salmon pink. These two x lobata group and the lilac albifiora x are high plants but not as huge as cor-iacea hybrid as the two absolutely "Postilion". To the front are the essential, . we concentrated on giving shorter "Julia Grant" and "Sophie", these two congenial companions. sisters of "Janice", both semi-double, With patience and skill Professor Julia pink and Sophie cherry red, and Saunders worked out planting plans "Victoria Lincoln" (albifiora x Otto for two triangular beds, solving such Froebel) my favorite among all herha- 94 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE April,1949

ceol.l s peonies. The flow er is very large, cept for "Fantasia" all have established not fully double, the broad petals taper­ easily and increased quickly. Alas their ing to a point; in the catalogue the blooming season is short and I could color is described as clear pink, but it look at .them the whole year round and has a lustre like rubies. never tire. The subtle bed has "Horizon" I have "Windflowers" too, the early (parentage uncertain) at the back, a one as well as the late, which makes giant of a plant like " Postilion" with for a very long season, as well as one very large single, shell pink flowers. of the parents P . Emodi which blooms In the middle "Spring Song (a,lbifiora between its offspring. I echo all of x Otto Frobel) a single pale salmon, Miss Averett's praise of these. and "Balrerina" (albiftora x Wittman­ I cannot close without saying that niana) a very large white globe with these beautiful herbaceous peonies are delicate green and yellow reflections. as nothing compared with Professor To the front is "Camellia" the little Saunder's yellow tree peonies but sister of Miss Averett's "Silver Swan" theirs is a whole other story. (albiftora x decora alba) . With me Alida Livingston "Camellia" has full double fl owers, not Oyster Bay, N. Y. very large, white with a pink heart, the form perfect more like a rose than . NOtndina D0111,est'ica a camellia. Less aspiring than "Silver Mr. Alfred Bate asks in the Jan­ Swan", "Camellia" manages to keep uary Magazine why a certain Nandina her stems erect and her fl owers fresh in a garden near Mendham, N. J. (40° for a relatively long time. On either 45" N . Latitude) doesn't bear fruit. side she has one of the albiftora x The plant has survived five winters at coriacea hybrids, small low plants with the base of a stone wall, open to north stiff almost gray foliage and wide open and west winds, has killed back a third single flow ers rosy purple at first several times, duly blossoms but no changing to silvery lilac. berries. This is a problem which dis­ Off by themselves I had "Chalice" turbs many others. There is so much and " Fantasia" both albifio·ra x macro­ to commend this plant, even aside phylla hybrids. They are magnificent from berries, that a review of causes plants, very large and very early bloom­ may serve other localities. ing. "Chalice" thrives. and increases The Nandina is catalogued as re­ prodigiously. The ten inch fl ower is quiring warmth for fruiting which is single and pure white, the foliage strik­ a half statement. The need is for real in g. "Fantasia" is shell pink, as strik­ heat in summer to set and mature the ing as " Chalice" but twice I have failed fruit and then dormancy in winter to to establi sh it. This must be my own stop growth. fau lt as none of the others has ever The writer has a group planting for given trouble. Unfortunately I do not a screen along a winding path entering know what I have done wrong. a patio. The plants stand some six All of the Saunder's hyb rids that I feet tall , evergreen, with foliage in have possess strong stems, decorative green, red, and yellow varigations and varied foliage and the beauty of changing in intensity according to the the fl owers is greatly enhanced by season. They bloom profusely, the showers of golden stamens and an al­ flowers do not open, but drop off in mo t metalli c sheen on the petals. Ex- the bud stage and even at that, the • April,1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 9S

buds are .temporarily decorative. This and stands up under the severe winters bud dropping 'Occurs in all gardens on of Japan, is perplexing in deed. In M r. and about the slopes facing San Fran­ Bate's instance, the blossems perhaps <::isce Bay. The climate is mild and did not get beyond the bud stage. The a ny extremes of celd or heat are in flowers are perfect and self pollinate, short duration. not dioecious to require poll en from However, .passing over some low anether plant. If nights are net coel ridges and inte the interior, no more during summer such may be a factor. than 2S mil es away, the winters are T he plant had the extremes of seasons aold at night, frequ~ntly so during to develop fruit. Just how far nerth days, with heavy frests at times, per­ is the berder line fo r fruiti ng and haps 18 degrees F, and occasionally, secondly, fer growing we ll , and thirdly. thin ice forms. In summer months the fer survival, wo uld be interesting data heat ranges from 80 te 120 degrees fo r readers t'0 report their experi ences. days and nights coel. The Nandina In growing the Nandina, the old fruits prefusely. canes are net cut 'Off at the ground. In contrast with Japan, its adepted but are cut 'Off just above a li ve shoot home, we saw the Nandina used in all or branch se as te make a spreading sorts of locatiens in the Tokye-Kyeto­ top. Also heavy watering at blooming N ara districts, su<::h as areund shrines, time is often an aid in setting berries. aleng open walks and abeut pools. The seed germinates in about 30 days Our visit was toe early fer fruit so I when fresh and will normall y preduce have consulted Mr. Samuel Newsome, fruit in 3 years. The seedlings make the well known Californian artist and beautiful tropical-like pot plants with landscape architect. He spent several abundance of graceful fo li age fer about years in Japan studying art and land­ five years 'Or until the canes drop the scape design and is well informed lewer feliage. thereby. He s.tates that the winters George B. F urniss in Japan are considerably brightened Oakland, Cali fernia by the large clusters of Nandina ber­ ries. They are especially beautiful N and-ina ·in C own ec ticu.t with the snow clinging to them so he T wo plants of N an,di'lI a dO'11'Iest£ca is of the opinion that it takes a climate were given me to try. They were or s.i tuation ~xposed te decided sea­ treated as house plants the first winter, sonal changes to make .t hem do well. then set in the garden in practically They grew 8 te 10 feet in height and full sun. They do get a li·ttle shade have bunches up to a pound in weight. late in the afternoen. As to situati·on, I know of 'O ne gar­ In the wi nter they are well covered den over the ridge from us where there with salt hay and spring ·finds them are scattered plantings in full sun , also without leaves. However, this year 'O ut of full sun and part day sun. In one plant kept its leaves. some parts of this garden the plants They have not grown very much in de not fruit so there may be some the four years. Their height is about pecu Iiari ti es of si tua tion as M r. New­ ten inches, tee small to bear fruit. sem mentiens. One plant might be I have been told that they will only sterile but unlikely for a greup. live a few years in this climate. A The Nandina is li sted as tender yet neighber of mi ne had one which came the way it withstands frost hearabouts through fin v,,'inters on ly to be dug THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE April,1949

up and thrown away by a nursery man are those from foreign lands, and even who was cleaning up the garden this more beautiful. sprIng. Of course there always will be, how­ Ruth A. Stephenson ever, certain shrubs, etc., from overseas that we have been growing since our Tydeas et a.l country was founded, and that are so For the fi rst time it has been possi­ well loved we cannot bear to call them ble to find roots of Tydeas offered in foreigners. I am thinking especially of our trade, so the editor has laid in a the Lilac, and while it is in bloom small supply and has had photographs there is nothing more precious in our taken of their strange roots, as well as gardens. At Gladwyne, the common of the roots of Naegelias, their cousins Lilac, Syringa vulgaris, and its numer­ and of an odd species of Achimenes, ous varieties are usuall y in bloom the that does not in the least resemble the first week in May. roots of any of its kin already known. Long before this, we who love flow­ Of course all of this may be 'old stuff' ers a re longing for the "first early" to the readers of this magazine, but it shrubs to come into bloom. The list of is new to the editor and to all of his these is very limited. Perhaps of them friends who saw the even more catkin­ all Stachyu.rus praecox, an Asiatic, is like roots, of the two genera. my favorite. My bush is now 15 ft. tall Apparently one of the difficulties in and 18 ft. in diameter. It has been the whole matter is that the roots are growi ng here for 18 years and since it peri shable and that there is a real dif­ became established has never failed to fi,culty in merchandising. fl ower. Each year it becomes more If any members are already growing lovely and more fairy-like in its un­ either of these genera, the editor would usual beauty. li ke very much to correspond with It bears countless pendulous 30- them on experience and cul tural 40 in. racemes that resemble icicles in methods. the manner in which they hang from the tips of each branchlet. The color Stachyurus praecox at Gladwyne of the fl owers, however, is a wholly At one time there were well over a delightful shade of soft creamy moon­ thousand different trees and shrubs, light-yellow, utterly lovely and utterly mostly all foreigners, growing here. refined, in direct contrast to the fa r Very many of these have been discard­ too often planted, gari sh, deep yellow ed, for one reason or another, and some fl ower Forsythia. few have win ter ki lled. There are still Stachyurus is an excell ent shrub to about the same number of trees and cut for use indoors wh ere its easy grace shrubs growing here, maybe more, but and fresh spring-like beauty is greatly now they are mostly good A merican appreciated. It may be cut early in the natives. year, as it forces well. H aving pent much time " in the While green and growing in the field" in the recent year and having summer time maybe S tachyu.rus prae­ brought in to cultivati on many "new" ( OX does look like .. just another .-\merican plants, I haye come to the shrub." I t saves its beauty for the early conclusion that our native trees and springtil11 e, when we need it most. hrub are usuall y vastly more atis· MAR Y G. H ENRY. fa:::tory to grow in our gardens than Cladwyne', Po.. April,1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 97

From The Midwest to the home garden. The stalks grow Horticultural Society about knee high with the tassels reach­ ing. up to the waist. These diminutive Andorra juniper plants have ·one or two, usually two, Although the evergreen craze devel­ ears of golden corn about 4 inches in oped into large proportions in the en­ length. The small size of the plant tire country, the lack of Andorra juni­ and the abse nce of shading of other pers is noticeable in the Middle West. crops makes it possible to grow this This evergreen is much more suited variety in the same area as you would to low plantings or for edging off larg­ a crop of beans and still enjoy the su­ er material than the widely used Pfitz­ perlative flavor of home grown corn. er. It is naturally a compact grower This corn has one of the finest ' flavors and the pleasing winter color of a plum of any sweet corn on the market. It shade is decidedly a contrast to the takes about two months to mature dark greens or grays' of other species. which gives it an added advantage for Like all junipers this variety is the home garden as a crop is obtained adaptable to a wide range of soils and in less time and several crops can be exposure. It forms a compact circular grown during the season. Late crops clump less than eighteen inches tall can be planted after the family vacation and spreads close to the ground. As a and harvested before frost. Gold Mid­ transition plant or for a low border it get has all the advantages of the fa­ is ideal. A good use may be found in mous Golden Bantam, plus earlier ma­ low evergreen covers for graves, mon­ turity and dwarf size. White Midget uments, and similar areas. is a miniature Country Gentlemen in Certainly anyone who is contemplat­ flavor but approximates Golden Midget ing an evergreen planting for any pur­ in size and maturity. These two should pose should look into the merits of the prove valuable to any home gardener Andorra] uniper for any low use. who like corn. Mincu Cucumber is a small cucum­ Some Noles on Dwarf Vegetables. ber about the size of a large dill pickle. During the victory garden era, home As such it may be used for pickling or gardeners were advised to stay away for slicing. The vines do not run ex­ from melons, cucumbers, corn, pota­ tensively and bear heavily. Hills can toes,. pumpkins, and squash of the run­ be placed as close as two feet and an ning type. This admonition was made abundance of fruit harvested. This too on the basis of the types and varieties is an early maturing variety that short­ then available. Since then a number of ens the time needed in the home gar­ new varieties have appeared on the den. The fruits are well flavored and market that make most of these plants ideal for slicing. Three or four hills desirable in the small backyard garden. will furnish an abundance of salad fruit At the present time dwarf varieties while a dozen will give plenty for of corn, melons, pumpkins, cucumbers, pickling. and squash have enlarged the variety New Hampshire Midget is a wate r­ of plants that require little space and melon that is early maturing and id eal that pay a dividend in real eating for the small garden. There are several pleasure. other varieties li sted that show much Golden Midget Sweet Corn is one of promise such as Icebox, Earl y Kansas. the new kinds that is es pecially suited and Yankee ~ i d get bu t thi one ha 98 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE April,1949 the value of personal observation. The space and provide an abundance of fruit is about the size of a large musk­ fruit. melon. It is a ni.ce green color with A new bush squash of the acorn type a remarkably thin rind and a medium is now being introduced and may ex­ red, very sweet flesh. One fruit makes tend the winter type of squash into the a good individual serving. While it is homegarden. The summer squash al­ questionable if this is any better than though growing into sizable plants have the best of the southern melons it is not taken near the space of the winter certainly far superior to the varieties kinds and have provided ·an abundance used for shipping to the northern mar­ of fruit over a long season. The de­ kets. The vines will run to about three velopment of this bush acorn may add feet in length and bear several fruits. another worthwhile vegetable to the They take but little more room than a small garden. hill of cucumbers and are early enough Certainly with the development of for a crop in most places. these new dwarf vegetables the home Minnesota 356 is a midget musk­ garden has been Qenefitted by having melon with a thin rind and 6ch golden maturity time shortened and the space fragrant flesh. The fruit is about the requirements reduced so that more size of a large orange and very thin plants may be grown in the garden. in the rind. Vines do not run much ELDRED E. GREEN. and the fruit is matured early. This, too, is a fine melon for individual serv­ Double T1'1:tliu11'1,s ing and a space and time saver in the The best-loved wildflower of the Pa- home garden. 6fic Northwest is surely the western Another midget that may prove of trillium or wakerobin, T1~iUi~t1'1'/' ovatu'Wb. value in some gardens is the Cheyenne Though Peck's Manual of the Higher Bush Pumpkin. This is sugar type Plants of Oregon lists three other tril­ pumpkin which is just about right for liUll1s native to the region, this is the several pies. The vine is only about 3 one most people know. Its appearance feet across which fits it to the larger in the woods of Oregon and Washing­ home garden. However, the advent of ton each year is the assurance that canned pumpkin has so reduced the spring has come again. work of preparing pie filling that it is Each year the Portland Oregonian doubtful if this variety will be very receives letters from a good many peo­ widely grown except in areas where ple, claiming to have found the ·first canned pumpkin is not used. trillium of the season. The one with the A Midget tomato, called Tiny Tim earliest date is published, and this in­ is being widely suggested for home gar­ formal record shows that March is the dens. Inasmuch as the fruits are of the month, though trilliums have been miniature type that have been on the found in bloom as early as February, market for years it is doubtful if the and in 1948 a freakish plant bloomed in public will be any more enthusiastic N ovem ber. than they have been in the past for the It is hard to persuade the admirers cherry, plums, and pear varieties. Good of the trillium to leave it alone. They varieties for the home garden are refuse to believe what the botanists and Bounty and Victor. These have good garden clubs tell them, that picking it size fruit and bushy plants that do not in blo0111 destroys seed and leaves as run. They are excellent for limited well as the flower, and weakens and April,1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 99

Ca/f,rtesy, Port/Gild Oregonian Double Trillium ovatu71~

finally destroys the plant. So each year One flow er in ten milli on does not seem the trillium frontier gets pushed back too extravagant an estimate, consider­ a li ttle farther. ing the acres of white-starred woodland Trilliums transplant satisfactorily, if one can walk over without ever seeing a lifted with care in the summer, after double, A thousand shall bloom at thy the tops have died down, Early sum­ right hand and ten thousand at thy left, mer is the time to gather seed, too, and but the double shall not come nigh this may be wwn at once or saved till thee, till one day, suddenly - fall. In either case it will be up the A double may have four, five , six, following spring , as small si ngle-leaved ten, fift een or more petals. Those with plants. It takes about four years to get a small number of petals usually have flowers from seed. stamens and pistil ; the completely dou­ The trillium hunter so metimes finds ble have no reproductive parts, and of a double fl ower and that is really news. course can be increased only by divi- 100 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE April, 1949

Eight new eyes jonned 0 11 Trilli~~111 ova,tum dO 'L~ble, a,fter '/'Iwle dmnages. Two eyes are 017 th e oth.er side. sian. The right time to divide is i'1 size and vigor of the rootstock. I had summer. when the plant has ripened simply divided the natural shoots that seed and its top has died down. P lants came, a slow method. But last year a that are well situated, with good leaf­ mole got into the bed and settled the mold soil, and sufficient moisture and matter for me. By the time the damage shade, will make annual increase, and was discovered, a fine large rootstock can be divided every year, but the had been scooped out on the under side, clumps are more attractive if left to and had reacted to this treatment by spread out. making eight new eyes 'on different Carl Purdy of Ukiah, California. de­ parts of the rootstock. It was li fted scribed his method of increasing tril­ and planted in a pot in the fall of 1948. liums by cutting the thick fleshy root­ and I hope to separate these eyes next stock with a knife, as hyacinth growers summer, and grow them on. The main do the hyacinth bulb. I have lacked shoot was reduced to about half its courage to try this on my treasured usual size. Whether it will bloom thi double trillium, which has from twen ty season is doubtful. to thirty-three petals. depending on the Oswego, Oregon. DREW SHERRARD. April,1949 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 101

Trilliwm ovatu/1'l in th e garde'N.

Crocus "Vanguard" which may be admitted to this exclu­ When one has grown even a few of sive group which to my species inclined the spring blooming crocus species, the eye stand at the head of all garden fat hybrids of commerce take a second hybrids, or third place in one's regard-always "Vanguard" was fir st advertised. at excepting the jolly, laughing " Mam­ least to my know ledge, by \ iV m, N, moth Yell ow" or " Dutch Yell ow." or Craig in the autumn of 1945 when we whatever other name a particular cata­ could agai n obtain Dutch bulbs. Had log gives it, for all hybrids are the same it not been listed among species I am in form, color. siz,e and charm; the sare I never would have bought it and soft lavender' '':VIargot'' whi'ch is 0 like woul d thereby have lost a very desi r­ a large T011Wsi11'l;O,11t1S; the soft li ght abl e pleasure. It is a ve ry early fl ow­ bluish-I will not say blu e- " ~l1axi ­ ering variety coming into bloo111 just milian" and that grand and glori ous before the well-known garden hybrids regal purple "Purpureus Grandi:1oi"ll s" and be:ning brge. hut finely haped which so proudly. and falsely, bears a bl os~o lll s wit:l pale lavender or soft Latinized name a though it were natu­ near-ageratum blne interiors while the ral specie in stead of a man-made hy­ outsides of th e thr2e e x ~ er i() r petals brid. ::-\ow there is anoth?r hybrid are of French grey . This grey exteri or 102 THE NATION AL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE April,1949 makes the buds almost unnoticeable a larger one. Both of these points the but when the fl owers are half open the catalogs failed to mention. It lived but grey charmingly sets off the lavender. did not improve and become a pink This variety was a Van Tubergen cre­ colored "Mrs. Sinkins" or "White Re­ ation and is now li sted in several bulb serve" much as I had hoped for. Sev­ li sts and is not expensive. That it is a eral years later in a new garden three vernus hybrid there is no doubt but plants of it were gotten in the hope which other species gave it its grey ex­ that a small group would make a better terior I do not know. From its form, showing which they did not. So it was it could have had C. TO'/'/'l.asinianus or with much misgiving that sixty cents C. Im,pemti; and while the former was doled out for another novelty, "Old might have given the grey exterior it Spice." Therefore it was with much seems more probable that the latter delight when it measured up to my species' buff backing really did the fondest expectations even though it trick. Whatever its pedigree it is a suffered much neglect during this past very lovely and desirable plant and, summer. Planted near the group of judging from its behavior during two "Beatrix", now three years old, it has years in the garden, it increases rnost shown itself superior in every way. pleasantly. The fully double flowers are larger, ALFRED BATE. usually three to a stem but opening New Jersey. one at a time and of a clearer rose color than "Beatrix" and are more DUlInth·us "Old Spice" strongly scented, a delightfully spicy Years ago when the hybrid garden­ old-fashion pink fragrance. They are pink "Beatrix" made its bow to the continuously produced on stems from public amid much catalog praise it was twelve to fifteen inches tall above a bought because of its vaunted fragrance bluer green foliage than that of its older and continual bloom. Fragrance it sist~ r. Also it makes a more sturdy had; but its flowering was only a scat­ and compacter growth, not sprawling tered burst every once and a while about as the other does. What it will during the summer and autumn. Then do in its second year remains to be seen its type of fl orescence was not pleasing but I am certain it will not fa ll short to me for it is a cluster-pink and I like of its promise and will predict a happy to see the shape of the individual flow­ future for it both for garden and for ers; and even the cluster is not large cutting. enough for the size of the plant, though ALFRED BATE. heaven knows its stem would not bear New Jersey. SOCIETIES AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY ( C cmlimud from toge i) State Agricultural Society, Victoria Horticultural Society, P. O. Box 2036, Mr. Jack G. Beastall, Sec'y., Sacramento 9, Calif. 255 Battleford Ave., Takoma Horticultural Oub, Victoria, B. c., Canada A. C. Barret, Pres., Vivian Garden Oub 4719 Brandywine St., N. W .. Vivian. La. Washington, D. C. West Hills Horticulture Society, The San Francisco Garden Club, 5420 S. W. Alfred St., 465 Post St., Portland 19, Oregon San Francisco 6, Calif. Welcome Garden Oub Mrs. J. A. Reid, Pres., Trinity County Garden Oub, 400 Speed Drive, Mrs. Rose N. Grigsby, Treas., Monroe, La. Weaverville, Calif. Winnsboro Garden Oub, . Tile Trowel Oub, Winnsboro, La. Mrs. J. Douglas Rollow, Woodridge Garden Oub, 4524 Cathedral St., N. W. Mrs. Alma E. Marshall Washington, D. C. 1326 Allison St., N. E., Tala Garden Qub, Washington, D. C. Mra. Alleu Henry, Pres., Worcester County Horticultural Society, \ . 1301 South Yale, 30 Elm Street, Ta1aa4,Olda. Wa«:atf:I, MuL The American Horticultural Society

I NVITES to membership all persons who are interested in the develop­ ment of a great national society that shall serve as an ever growing center for the dissemination of the common knowledge of the members. There is no requirement for membership other than this and no reward beyond a share in the development of the organization. For its members the society publishes THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE, at the present time a quarterly of increasing importance among the horticultural publications of the day and destined to fill an even larger role as the society grows. It is published during the months of January, April, July and October and is written by and for members. Under the present organization of the society with special committees appointed for the furthering of special plant projects the members will receive advance mate­ rial on narcissus, tulips, lilies, rock garden plants, conifers, nuts, and rhodo­ dendrons. Membership in the society, therefore, brings one the advantages of membership in many societies. In addition to these special projects, the usual garden subjects are covered and particular attention is paid to new or little known plants that are not commonly described elsewhere. The American Horticultural Society invites not only personal member­ ships but affiliations with horticultural societies and clubs. To such it offer. some special inducements in memberships. Memberships are by the calen­ ely year. The Annual Meeting of the Society is held in Washington, D. C., and members are invited to attend the special lectures that are given at that time. These are announced to the membership at the time of balloting. The annual dues are five dollars the year, payable in advance; life membership is one hundred dollars; inquiry as to affiliation should be ad­ dressed to the Secretary, 821 Washington Loan and Trust Building.