Über Die Aussagesicherheit Der Substanzidentifizierung Mittels

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Über Die Aussagesicherheit Der Substanzidentifizierung Mittels Über die Aussagesicherheit der Substanzidentifizierung mittels HPLC-DAD in der Systematischen Toxikologischen Analyse unter Verwendung einer selbsterstellten UV-Spektrenbibliothek mit 2.682 Einträgen D i s s e r t a t i o n zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades d o c t o r r e r u m n a t u r a l i u m (Dr. rer. nat.) im Fach Chemie eingereicht an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät I der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin von Dipl.-Chem. Matthias Herzler geboren am 23. Dezember 1966 in Münster/Westfalen Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Prof. Dr. Jürgen Mlynek Dekan der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät I Prof. Dr. Michael W. Linscheid Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Fritz Pragst 2. Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Michael W. Linscheid 3. PD Dr. rer. nat. habil. Ulrich Demme Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17. März 2003 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 EINLEITUNG ........................................................................................................................1 2 THEORETISCHE GRUNDLAGEN .....................................................................................4 2.1 Die Systematische Toxikologische Analyse .................................................................4 2.1.1 Zum Begriff der STA ..............................................................................................4 2.1.2 Toxikologische Relevanz........................................................................................5 2.1.3 Gesamtstrategie für die STA ...................................................................................7 2.1.4 Literatur zur Probenaufarbeitung für die STA ........................................................8 2.1.5 Literatur zu analytischen Messverfahren in der STA............................................12 2.1.6 Literatur zu Spektrenbibliotheken .........................................................................14 2.1.7 HPLC.....................................................................................................................15 2.1.8 UV-Spektroskopie an organischen Molekülen......................................................15 2.1.9 Der Diodenarraydetektor .......................................................................................18 2.2 Analytisch-chemische Identifizierung mittels HPLC-DAD.....................................19 2.2.1 Ergebnisraum, Dimensionalität, Identifizierung ...................................................19 2.2.2 HPLC: Substanzidentifizierung über die Retentionszeit.......................................20 2.2.3 DAD: Substanzidentifizierung über das UV-Spektrum ........................................23 2.2.4 Vorgehen in der Praxis: Kombination von RRT und Spektrum............................24 2.3 Validierung...................................................................................................................26 2.3.1 Validierung in der forensischen Toxikologie ........................................................26 2.3.2 Genauigkeit: Richtigkeit und Präzision.................................................................27 2.3.3 Selektivität.............................................................................................................28 2.3.4 Spezifität................................................................................................................29 2.3.5 Nachweis- und Bestimmungsgrenzen ...................................................................30 2.4 Vergleich der Leistungsfähigkeit von Analysenverfahren.......................................30 2.4.1 Informationstheorie ...............................................................................................30 2.4.2 Statistische Selektivitätsparameter ........................................................................34 2.5 Multivariate Methoden ...............................................................................................35 2.5.1 Der multivariate Raum ..........................................................................................35 2.5.2 Prinzipien und Ziele multivariater chemometrischer Verfahren ...........................37 2.5.3 Hauptkomponentenanalyse....................................................................................37 2.5.4 Gruppierung: Clusteranalyse .................................................................................39 2.5.5 Klassifizierung: Diskriminanzanalyse...................................................................40 2.5.6 Andere Verfahren ..................................................................................................44 2.5.7 Anwendungsbeispiele aus der Literatur ................................................................45 I 3 MATERIAL UND METHODEN.........................................................................................47 3.1 Das HPLC-DAD-Messverfahren................................................................................47 3.1.1 Verwendete Chemikalien und Lösungen...............................................................47 3.1.2 Geräte für die Probenaufarbeitung ........................................................................47 3.1.3 Vorschriften für die Probenvorbereitung...............................................................48 3.1.4 Geräte für die HPLC-Messungen ..........................................................................48 3.1.5 Probenvorbereitung für die STA ...........................................................................49 3.1.6 Messbedingungen für die STA..............................................................................49 3.2 Messung der Spektrenbibliothek ...............................................................................50 3.2.1 Auswahl der Substanzen........................................................................................50 3.2.2 Datenregistrierung und Kennzeichnung der Wirkstoffe........................................50 3.2.3 Qualitätskontrolle der Geräte.................................................................................51 3.2.4 Durchführung und Auswertung der Messungen für die Spektrenbibliothek.........51 3.2.5 Datenbanken ..........................................................................................................52 3.2.6 Qualitätskontrolle der Messergebnisse..................................................................52 3.3 Wiederfindung, Präzision und Richtigkeit................................................................53 3.3.1 Probenvorbereitung: Wiederfindung .....................................................................53 3.3.2 Probenvorbereitung: Präzision ..............................................................................53 3.3.3 Präzision und Richtigkeit der UV - Spektren ........................................................53 3.3.4 Präzision und Richtigkeit bei der Retentionszeitmessung.....................................54 3.3.5 Präzision und Richtigkeit der Peakflächen............................................................55 3.4 Prüfung neuer Trennsäulen........................................................................................55 3.5 Einfluss von Störungen des Spektrums auf den Similarity Index...........................56 3.6 Berechnung und Auswertung der Ähnlichkeits- bzw. Identifikationsmatrizen....57 3.7 Spektroskopische Variabilität ....................................................................................58 3.8 Durchführung der Clusteranalysen...........................................................................58 3.9 Durchführung der Diskriminanzanalysen ................................................................58 4 ERGEBNISSE UND DISKUSSION ...................................................................................59 4.1 Spektrenbibliothek und Datenbanken.......................................................................59 4.1.1 Auswahl der Substanzen / Toxikologische Relevanz............................................59 4.1.2 Die Spektrenbibliothek..........................................................................................62 4.1.3 Datenbanken ..........................................................................................................64 4.2 Anforderungen an die Validierung von Messverfahren für die STA.....................66 4.2.1 Einführung.............................................................................................................66 4.2.2 Anforderungen an die Substanzidentifizierung im Rahmen der STA...................66 II 4.2.3 Anforderungen an die Quantifizierung im Rahmen der STA................................67 4.3 Matrixeinflüsse.............................................................................................................67 4.4 Genauigkeit bei der Identifizierung...........................................................................68 4.4.1 Genauigkeit der UV-Spektren ...............................................................................68 4.4.2 Genauigkeit der absoluten und relativen Retentionszeiten....................................70 4.4.3 Fehler der RRT ......................................................................................................72 4.5 Selektivität....................................................................................................................73 4.5.1 Verteilung der RRT-Werte auf den Messbereich ..................................................74 4.5.2 Prüfung neuer Trennsäulen....................................................................................75
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