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La RDA En Egypte, 1969-1989 : La Construction D’Une Politique Étrangère

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La RDA En Egypte, 1969-1989 : La Construction D’Une Politique Étrangère UNIVERSITÉ PARIS I PANTHÉON-SORBONNE ECOLE DOCTORALE : ED 113 IRICE (UMR 8138) Doctorat d’histoire et civilisations Discipline : Histoire contemporaine AMÉLIE REGNAULD La RDA en Egypte, 1969-1989 : la construction d’une politique étrangère De la « solidarité anti-impérialiste » aux « avantages réciproques » Thèse dirigée par Robert Frank Date de soutenance : le 10 juin 2015 JURY : M. Tewfik ACLIMANDOS, chargé de cours à l’Université du Caire et à l’Université française du Caire, chercheur associé au Collège de France (rapporteur) M. Robert FRANK, professeur émérite, Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne M. Henry LAURENS, professeur, Collège de France (codirecteur) Mme Chantal METZGER, professeur émérite, Université de Lorraine (Nancy) (rapporteur) M. Pierre VERMEREN, professeur, Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne 2 Résumé Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du double renouvellement historiographique des études sur la politique étrangère des démocraties populaires et des recherches transnationales sur le bloc de l’Est. Elle montre comment la RDA construit en Egypte une politique extérieure souveraine, qui passe progressivement d’un impératif dominant, la « solidarité anti-impérialiste », à un autre, l’ « avantage réciproque ». La thèse analyse le processus de déplacement des objectifs politico-idéologiques aux priorités économiques de la RDA, de la mise en place de ses relations diplomatiques avec le Caire, en juillet 1969, aux prémices de sa disparition, en 1989. Après un prologue qui présente les structures et les fondements de l’activité est-allemande en Egypte, la thèse s’organise autour de trois grands axes. Le premier reconstitue le cadre chronologique et politique de la relation bilatérale et met en lumière le passage progressif de l’euphorie révolutionnaire au pragmatisme économique. Le second montre que la coopération militaro-économique et culturelle devient le champ privilégié de l’autonomie est-allemande en Egypte : la prise en compte croissante des intérêts nationaux de Berlin-Est invite à nuancer le primat de l’idéologie dans la mise en œuvre de sa politique étrangère. Le dernier axe s’intéresse aux interlocuteurs de la RDA en Egypte. Si l’influence de l’idéologie décline à l’échelle étatique, cette dernière se redéploie aux échelons local et régional, Berlin-Est identifiant de nouveaux partenaires anti-impérialistes. Ce travail inclut l’examen des modes de réception, d’appropriation et d’instrumentalisation de la phraséologie socialiste en vigueur chez les acteurs égyptiens. Mots-clefs : histoire, relations internationales, RDA, Egypte, politique étrangère, anti-impérialisme, idéologie, économie, culture, gauche, communisme. In a context of historiographical reassessment both in the field of people’s democracies foreign policy studies and transnational research on the Eastern bloc, this thesis explores how the GDR built a two-phase sovereign foreign policy in Egypt, with an overarching motive gradually shifting from the concept of « anti-imperialistic solidarity» to that of « reciprocal advantage ». The present work analyses this shift in agenda from political- ideological to economic priorities, beginning with the GDR’s establishment of diplomatic relationship with Cairo in 1969, and ending in 1989 with the early signs of its demise. After an introduction on the funding and structures of East-German activities in Egypt, the study proceeds along three major lines. The first aims at reconstructing the bilateral relationship along a timeline – from revolutionary euphoria to economic pragmatism. The second shows how military-economic-cultural cooperation proves to be a perfect terrain of autonomy in Egypt for the GDR : in this perspective, East-Berlin’s gradual taking into account of its own national interests forces to downplay ideological motives as a key to its foreign policy. The third and last part focuses on the GDR’s network of partners in Egypt. While ideology declines at state level, it gains momentum at regional level as East Berlin spots new anti-imperialist supporters at local scale. Finally, this work analyses how the Egyptians receive, take possession and eventually advantage of, socialist phraseology. Keywords : history, international relationships, GDR, Egypt, foreign policy, anti-imperialism, ideology, economy, culture, left, communism. 3 4 Remerciements A l’issue de mes recherches, je souhaite exprimer ici ma reconnaissance à tous ceux qui, par leurs conseils et leurs encouragements, m’ont aidée à réaliser cette thèse. Je tiens, en premier lieu, à remercier les professeurs Robert Frank et Henry Laurens, qui ont accepté de guider mes recherches et de me soutenir tout au long de mon parcours de doctorante. Je suis très sensible à l’honneur que me font Tewfik Aclimandos, Robert Frank, Henry Laurens, Chantal Metzger et Pierre Vermeren d’avoir accepté d’examiner ce travail et de participer au jury de cette thèse. Je remercie également les chercheurs rencontrés au cours de mes années de thèse et qui ont pris le temps de me conseiller : Tewfik Aclimandos, Antoine Marès, Ulrich Pfeil, Fritz Taubert, Massimiliano Trentin. Ma plus vive gratitude va aussi à Laurence Badel, dont les remarques et indications bibliographiques m’ont été particulièrement utiles. Ma reconnaissance va, plus généralement, à tous ceux qui m’ont permis de bénéficier d’un environnement de travail stimulant et de valoriser mes propres travaux en m’insérant dans des réseaux de recherche interdisciplinaires : Houda Ben Hamouda, Pierre Blanc, Elena Calandri, Laurence Guillon, Augustin Jomier, Michèle Lerclerc-Olive, Simone Paoli, Grazia Scarfo, Katja Schubert. Je remercie tout particulièrement Elise Lanoe, qui a relu avec une grande attention un article en allemand, m’évitant ainsi de commettre bien des erreurs d’orthographe ou de syntaxe. Merci enfin à Inès et Saphia pour leurs relectures d’articles ou d’extraits de la thèse. Ce travail est également l’aboutissement de longues et fructueuses années de formation. Il n’aurait pu être réalisé sans l’aide des institutions suivantes. L’ENS de Lyon m’a aidée à construire un projet de thèse cohérent. L’Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne m’a accordé un contrat doctoral entre 2009 et 2012, ce qui m’a permis de mener mes premières années de recherche dans des conditions optimales. L’UFR d’histoire de Paris I m’a également donné l’occasion de m’initier au professorat. Enfin, j’ai eu la chance de pouvoir financer plusieurs de mes séjours de recherches en Allemagne grâce aux aides à la mobilité proposées par le Centre interdisciplinaire d’études et de recherches sur l’Allemagne (CIERA), dont j’ai bénéficié en novembre 2010 et novembre 2011. 5 Il me faut aussi, bien sûr, adresser toute ma gratitude aux hommes et femmes qui m’ont guidée avec bienveillance au sein des archives à Berlin, Fribourg et Amsterdam. J’aimerais enfin remercier très chaleureusement tous ceux qui, dans mon entourage, m’ont encouragée à mener mon doctorat à son terme. Je leur sais gré de m’avoir toujours incitée à concilier la rédaction de ma thèse et mon investissement dans l’enseignement secondaire, deux tâches exigeantes certes, mais complémentaires et passionnantes. Parmi ces derniers, je remercie tout particulièrement les personnes qui ont relu ma thèse avec soin et qui m’ont fait part de leurs conseils avisés, en particulier dans la phase finale de la rédaction: Anne-Claire, Bettina, Hassan, Sarah, Solenn. Merci aussi à mon frère Irénée et à Jean-Pierre Cerquant pour leur aide précieuse en traduction anglaise. Je souhaite également remercier Bettina, Cosima et Diallo de m’avoir accueillie chez eux avec une extrême générosité lors de mes nombreux passages à Berlin : leur hospitalité a contribué à rendre mes séjours de recherche particulièrement profitables. Merci enfin à Hassan pour son indéfectible soutien et la confiance qu’il m’a toujours témoignée. Je lui dédie cette thèse. 6 Table des matières Résumé ................................................................................................................................... 3 Remerciements ...................................................................................................................... 5 Table des matières ................................................................................................................ 7 Table des illustrations ........................................................................................................ 17 Tableaux ................................................................................................................ 17 Photographies ........................................................................................................ 18 Illustrations ............................................................................................................ 18 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 21 Objet de la recherche .......................................................................................... 21 Etat de la recherche ............................................................................................ 32 Sources et méthode ............................................................................................. 41 Les archives du MfAA (Ministerium für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten) ................................ 43 Les archives du SED et des organisations de masse (SAPMO-Barch) ................................... 45 Les archives de la Stasi ..........................................................................................................
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