Ancient Coins Represent a Maundy Thursday Tradition
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Crown Agents Bank's Currency Capabilities
Crown Agents Bank’s Currency Capabilities August 2020 Country Currency Code Foreign Exchange RTGS ACH Mobile Payments E/M/F Majors Australia Australian Dollar AUD ✓ ✓ - - M Canada Canadian Dollar CAD ✓ ✓ - - M Denmark Danish Krone DKK ✓ ✓ - - M Europe European Euro EUR ✓ ✓ - - M Japan Japanese Yen JPY ✓ ✓ - - M New Zealand New Zealand Dollar NZD ✓ ✓ - - M Norway Norwegian Krone NOK ✓ ✓ - - M Singapore Singapore Dollar SGD ✓ ✓ - - E Sweden Swedish Krona SEK ✓ ✓ - - M Switzerland Swiss Franc CHF ✓ ✓ - - M United Kingdom British Pound GBP ✓ ✓ - - M United States United States Dollar USD ✓ ✓ - - M Africa Angola Angolan Kwanza AOA ✓* - - - F Benin West African Franc XOF ✓ ✓ ✓ - F Botswana Botswana Pula BWP ✓ ✓ ✓ - F Burkina Faso West African Franc XOF ✓ ✓ ✓ - F Cameroon Central African Franc XAF ✓ ✓ ✓ - F C.A.R. Central African Franc XAF ✓ ✓ ✓ - F Chad Central African Franc XAF ✓ ✓ ✓ - F Cote D’Ivoire West African Franc XOF ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ F DR Congo Congolese Franc CDF ✓ - - ✓ F Congo (Republic) Central African Franc XAF ✓ ✓ ✓ - F Egypt Egyptian Pound EGP ✓ ✓ - - F Equatorial Guinea Central African Franc XAF ✓ ✓ ✓ - F Eswatini Swazi Lilangeni SZL ✓ ✓ - - F Ethiopia Ethiopian Birr ETB ✓ ✓ N/A - F 1 Country Currency Code Foreign Exchange RTGS ACH Mobile Payments E/M/F Africa Gabon Central African Franc XAF ✓ ✓ ✓ - F Gambia Gambian Dalasi GMD ✓ - - - F Ghana Ghanaian Cedi GHS ✓ ✓ - ✓ F Guinea Guinean Franc GNF ✓ - ✓ - F Guinea-Bissau West African Franc XOF ✓ ✓ - - F Kenya Kenyan Shilling KES ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ F Lesotho Lesotho Loti LSL ✓ ✓ - - E Liberia Liberian -
Gold, Silver and the Double-Florin
GOLD, SILVER AND THE DOUBLE-FLORIN G.P. DYER 'THERE can be no more perplexing coin than the 4s. piece . .'. It is difficult, perhaps, not to feel sympathy for the disgruntled Member of Parliament who in July 1891 expressed his unhappiness with the double-florin.1 Not only had it been an unprecedented addition to the range of silver currency when it made its appearance among the Jubilee coins in the summer of 1887, but its introduction had also coincided with the revival after an interval of some forty years of the historic crown piece. With the two coins being inconveniently close in size, weight and value (Figure 1), confusion and collision were inevitable and cries of disbelief greeted the Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Goschen, when he claimed in the House of Commons that 'there can hardly be said to be any similarity between the double florin and the crown'.2 Complaints were widespread and minting of the double-florin ceased in August 1890 after scarcely more than three years. Its fate was effectively sealed shortly afterwards when an official committee on the design of coins, appointed by Goschen, agreed at its first meeting in February 1891 that it was undesirable to retain in circulation two large coins so nearly similar in size and value and decided unanimously to recommend the withdrawal of the double- florin.3 Its demise passed without regret, The Daily Telegraph recalling a year or two later that it had been universally disliked, blessing neither him who gave nor him who took.4 As for the Fig. -
A REVIE\I\T of the COINAGE of CHARLE II
A REVIE\i\T OF THE COINAGE OF CHARLE II. By LIEUT.-COLONEL H. W. MORRIESON, F.s.A. PART I.--THE HAMMERED COINAGE . HARLES II ascended the throne on Maj 29th, I660, although his regnal years are reckoned from the death of • his father on January 30th, r648-9. On June 27th, r660, an' order was issued for the preparation of dies, puncheons, etc., for the making of gold and" silver coins, and on July 20th an indenture was entered into with Sir Ralph Freeman, Master of the Mint, which provided for the coinage of the same pieces and of the same value as those which had been coined in the time of his father. 1 The mint authorities were slow in getting to work, and on August roth an order was sent to the vVardens of the Mint directing the engraver, Thomas Simon, to prepare the dies. The King was in a hurry to get the money bearing his effigy issued, and reminders were sent to the Wardens on August r8th and September 2rst directing them to hasten the issue. This must have taken place before the end of the year, because the mint returns between July 20th and December 31st, r660,2 showed that 543 lbs. of silver, £r683 6s. in value, had been coined. These coins were considered by many to be amongst the finest of the English series. They fittingly represent the swan song of the Hammered Coinage, as the hammer was finally superseded by the mill and screw a short two years later. The denominations coined were the unite of twenty shillings, the double crown of ten shillings, and the crown of five shillings, in gold; and the half-crown, shilling, sixpence, half-groat, penny, 1 Ruding, II, p" 2. -
A Summary of the Cromwell Coinage
A SUMMARY OF THE CROMWELL COINAGE By MARVIN LESSEN Introduction A number of written works are in existence regarding the Cromwell coinage. These are in the form of BNJ articles, NO articles, and even an entire book on the subject by Henfrey. Unfortunately, the details of this literature are not always compatible with each other, and a considerable air of confusion still remains. This is due to the unusual nature of the coinage, with its various forms of originals and copies. Many numismatists apparently consider the subject requires no further study, but it should be realized that the attribution of certain of the coins has been argued about for many years, with the same coins variously being credited to Simon or to Taimer, or to some unknown Dutchman (or men). The present paper is based upon a careful examination of the literature and of the coins themselves, and is intended to assist in clarifying the situation. Basically, this is done by listing all the known varieties, in catalogue form, and by including a flow chart which traces the coinage through the use of clie-links and punch-links. I do not purport to have generated new theories, nor have I discovered new documentation, but I do hope that I have presented these data in a clearer format than now exists, and that the conclusions were reached in a logical maimer. I am certain more questions have been proposed than have been answered. However, this could prove constructive by stimulating further studies. The farthing patterns by David Ramage will not be discussed, except for a listing in the general catalogue, since they have been well-covered by Mr. -
Notes on British Money of Adam Smith's Time
K.D. Hoover Adam Smith and the System of Natural Liberty Revised, 15 November 2020 Notes on British Money of Adam Smith’s Time The official British monetary unit in Adam Smith’s time, as today, is the pound sterling. As its name implies it was originally a silver currency, but by the 1750s, Britain had adopted the gold standard. Until 1971, the pound was divided into 20 shillings, and each shilling was worth 12 pence, so that the pound was worth 240 pence. The standard symbol for pounds is £, usually written before the numerals (e.g., £130). Frequently, when subparts of pounds are included, pounds/shillings/pence are written l/s/d, usually written after the numerals (e.g., 4 pounds, 7 shillings, and 9 pence is written 4 l. 7s. 9d). While this seems like a complicated system to us who are used to the decimal system, it was a commonplace system in early modern Europe. Decimalization began with the French Revolution. Britain had little use for France, and so resisted longer than most other countries. In fact, the prime factors of 12 and 20 are more numerous than those of 10, so that, once one is used to it, the old system is not so hard for mental arithmetic. th In Smith’s time and through most of the 19 century, the pound sterling was defined by its gold value: 1 Troy ounce of gold = 3 l. 17s 10½d (the most common way of stating it) or, put 1 inversely, £1 = 0.2242 (i.e., 1 pound was worth between /5 and ¼) Troy ounce of gold. -
Kyjac, P.: the Slovak Koruna Will Be Replaced by the Euro. Part 3. Biatec
M ONETARY DEVELOPMENT The Slovak koruna will be replaced by the euro Part 3 Ing. Pavol Kyjac Národná banka Slovenska During the first months after the end of World War II, the monetary situation was quite complicated, because Slovak crowns (Ks), Protectorate crowns (K), Reichsmarks (RM), Hungarian pengős (Pgő), Czechoslovak crown notes of the year 1944, marks of the Allied armies and rarely also Soviet rubles were in circulation in the territory of the then Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak crown currency (Kčs) was restored on 1 November 1945, thereby becoming the legal tender in the entire territory of Czechoslovakia. The exchange of the new currency Kčs for the currency units Kč, K and Ks was set at the rate 1:1. The post-war currency reform took place in a hard economic, currency and financial situation, because it was necessary to face also the existing inflationary tendencies. MONETARY DEVELOPMENTS IN of monetary policy, without setting a fixed mo - CZECHOSLOVAKIA IN 1945 – 1953 netary program. The situation of 1945 partly reminds of monetary The issue of currency, the monetary system and history of World War I, but this time without the credit system was included in the Košice Govern- need of canceling the convertibility of gold for ment Program of 5 April 1945, but without men- banknotes, because free convertibility did not tioning an independent monetary policy. Although exist at that time. The post-war development of the the concept of the development of finance and monetary situation in Czechoslovakia was conside- banking as well as the currency issue in Slovakia rably influenced by the nationalization of banks, as was shaped in Czechoslovakia, the first idea of the well continuing concentration of banking. -
British Coins
BRITISH COINS 1001. Celtic coinage, Gallo-Belgic issues, class A, Bellovaci, gold stater, mid 2nd century BC, broad flan, left type, large devolved Apollo head l., rev. horse l. (crude disjointed charioteer behind), rosette of pellets below, wt. 7.10gms. (S.2; ABC.4; VA.12-1), fine/fair, rare £500-600 *ex DNW auction, December 2007. 1002. Celtic coinage, Regini, gold ¼ stater, c. 65-45 BC, weak ‘boat’ design, two or three figures standing,rev . raised line, other lines at sides, wt. 1.73gms. (S.39A; ABC.530; VA.-); gold ¼ stater, c.65-45 BC, mostly blank obverse, one diagnostic raised point, rev. indistinct pattern, possibly a ‘boat’ design, scyphate flan, wt. 1.46gms. (cf. S.46; ABC.536; VA.1229-1), the first fair, the second with irregular crude flan, minor flan cracks, very fine or better (2) £180-200 The second found near Upway, Dorset, 1994. 1003. Celtic coinage, early uninscribed coinage, ‘Eastern’ region, gold ¼ stater, trophy type, 1st century BC, small four-petalled flower in centre of otherwise blank obverse with feint bands, rev. stylised trophy design, S-shaped ornaments and other parts of devolved Apollo head pattern, wt. 1.40gms. (cf. S.47; ABC.2246; cf. VA.146-1), reverse partly weakly struck, very fine £200-300 1004. Celtic coinage, Tincomarus (c. 25 BC – AD 10) gold quarter stater, COMF on tablet, rev. horse to l., TI above, C below, wt. 0.96gms. (S.81; M.103; ABC.1088 [extremely rare]), flan ‘clip’ at 3-5 o’clock, about very fine £100-150 1005. Celtic coinage, Catuvellauni, Tasciovanus (c.25 BC - AD 10), gold ¼-stater, cruciform wreath patterns, two curved and two straight, two crescents back to back in centre, pellet in centre and in angles, rev. -
Market Efficiency and Non-Linear Dependence in the Czech Crown/Us Dollar Foreign Exchange Market
Discussiones Mathematicae 27 Probability and Statistics 22 (2002) 27{35 MARKET EFFICIENCY AND NON-LINEAR DEPENDENCE IN THE CZECH CROWN/US DOLLAR FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET David Chappell Department of Economics University of She±eld 9 Mappin Street, She±eld S1 4DT e-mail: d.chappell@she±eld.ac.uk and Robert M. Eldridge School of Business Southern Connecticut State University 501 Crescent Street, New Haven CT 06515, USA Abstract We examine the Czech Crown/US Dollar exchange rate for evidence of market e±ciency during the period May, 1997, to September, 1998. The Czech Crown was floated on the world's foreign exchange markets in May, 1997, and it is of interest to examine the behaviour of this new market. We show that this foreign exchange market satis¯ed the criteria for weak form e±ciency during the ¯rst part of the period under investigation but there is evidence of non-linear dependence during the second part of the period. This is successfully modelled using a GARCH ¡ M(1; 1) representation. Keywords: foreign exchange markets, market e±ciency, time series analysis, GARCH models. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classi¯cation: 06P20, 91B84. 28 D. Chappell and R.M. Eldridge 1. Introduction The dynamic behaviour of foreign exchange markets has long been a topic of interest to ¯nancial economists and there is now a vast literature on the subject. The majority of studies have examined the properties of foreign ex- change rates between the major world economies (see, for example, Hsieh, 1988, and Pan, Liu and Bastin, 1996, and the numerous references contained therein). -
Crown Tile Brochure
Customers’ for life. At Crown customers come first. We strive to provide immediate and personalized attention to all of our customers’ requests. We know that time and money are key for any project therefore, we keep delivery times to a minimum and fairly priced high demand products in stock. We succeed only when our customers succeed. We are dedicated to serving better and faster by providing high quality, innovative products, and creative solutions in a timely fashion. To back our commitment, we carefully select our suppliers and distribution network, which, supported by our highly trained sales representatives, can recommend a solution to any kind of project. At Crown we are committed to your complete satisfaction 2 Worldwide and in your neighborhood. A World of experience Being part of a Group that has global presence allows us to access valuable know-how from our biggest asset within the Company, our People. Through best- practice sharing we are able to benefit from over 50 years of industry experience making us more flexible, productive, and efficient to better serve our customers. USA England Scotland Mexico We have converted ideas and dreams into realities in different parts of the world for decades. Crown Roof tiles provide great durability with beauty Impact Resistance and Durability: Concrete roof tiles provide resistance and durability offering a product that will last for a lifetime. Fire Safe Product: All CROWN roof tiles are rated Class A per ASTM E108 Standards – the highest fire rating protection available, allowing homeowners to reduce insurance premium costs. Water Proof System: A highly compacted product covered by a protective coating creates a low permeability tile, which has an “Inter-Lock” assembly system that reduces water filtrations to the roof. -
Britain and the Pound Sterling
Britain and the Pound Sterling! !by Robert Schneebeli! ! Weight of metal, number of coins For the first 400 years of the Christian era, England was a Roman province, «Britannia». The word «pound» comes from Latin: the Roman pondus was divided into twelve unciae, which in turn gives us our English word “ounce”. In weighing precious metals the pound Troy of 12 ounces is used, 373 grams in metric units. In France, instead of pondus, the Latin word libra, weighing- scales, was used instead, so that «pound» in French is livre. That is why, when we weigh meat, for example, and want to write seven pounds, we write 7 lb., as if we were saying librae instead of pounds. And if we’re talking about pounds in the monetary sense, we also use a sign that reminds us of the Latin libra – the pounds sign, £, is actually only a stylised letter L. In the 8th century, in the age of King Offa in England or of Charlemagne in Europe, when the English currency began to be regulated, it was not the pound that was important, but the penny. The origin of the word «penny», and how it came to mean a coin, is obscure. A penny was a small silver coin – for coinage purposes silver was more important than gold (for example, the French word for money, argent, comes from argentum, the Latin for silver). Alfred the Great, the most famous of the Anglo-Saxon kings, fixed the weight of the silver penny and had pennies minted with a clear design. -
Auction V Iewing
AN AUCTION OF British Coins The Richmond Suite (Lower Ground Floor) The Washington Hotel 5 Curzon Street Mayfair London W1J 5HE Wednesday and Thursday, 12 and 13 June 2013 10:00 each day Free Online Bidding Service www.dnw.co.uk AUCTION Tuesday 7 May to Friday 7 June inclusive 16 Bolton Street, Mayfair, London W1 Strictly by appointment only A limited view will also take place at the London Coin Fair, Holiday Inn, Coram Street, London WC1, on Saturday 1 June Monday and Tuesday, 10 and 11 June 16 Bolton Street, Mayfair, London W1 Public viewing, 10:00 to 17:00 Wednesday and Thursday, 12 and 13 June 16 Bolton Street, Mayfair, London W1 Public viewing, 08:00 to end of each day’s Sale Appointments to view: 020 7016 1700 or [email protected] VIEWING Catalogued by Christopher Webb, Peter Preston-Morley, Jim Brown and Tim Wilkes In sending commissions or making enquiries please contact Christopher Webb, Peter Preston-Morley or Jim Brown Catalogue price £15 C ONTENTS Wednesday 12 June, Session 1, 10.00 Milled Coins from the Andrew Scothern Collection [Oliver Cromwell-Victoria]..............................1-478 15-minute intermission prior to Session 2 Milled Coins from the Andrew Scothern Collection [Edward VII-Elizabeth II] ..........................479-568 Milled Coins from other properties ...............................................................................................569-843 Thursday 13 June, Session 3, 10.00 Ancient British Coins.....................................................................................................................844-862 -
The Book of Occasional Services 2018
The Book of Occasional Services 2018 Conforming to General Convention 2018 i Table of Contents Preface 5 The Church Year Seasonal Blessings 8 Concerning the Advent Wreath 18 Advent Festival of Lessons and Carols 20 Las Posadas 25 Our Lady of Guadalupe 27 Blessing of a Crèche 32 Christmas Festival of Lessons and Carols 33 Service for New Year’s Eve 38 Candlemas Procession 42 The Way of the Cross 47 Tenebrae 65 On Maundy Thursday At the Foot-Washing 82 On Reserving the Sacrament 83 On the Stripping of the Altar 83 Agapé for Maundy Thursday 84 Blessings over Food at Easter 86 Rogation Procession 88 A Rite for the Blessing of a Garden 98 St Francis Day/ Blessing of Animals 100 Service for All Hallows’ Eve 112 Dia de Los Muertos (Day of the Dead) 115 1 Pastoral Services Welcoming New People to the Congregation 117 When Members Leave a Congregation 119 A Service of Renaming 120 The Preparation for Holy Baptism: The Catechumenate Concerning the Catechumenate 125 Admission of Catechumens 127 During the Period of Preparation 129 Enrollment of Candidates for Baptism 131 During the Period of Final Preparation 134 Blessing of a Pregnant Woman 139 Preparation of Parents and Sponsors of Infants and Young Children to be Baptized The Welcoming of Parents and Sponsors 141 During the Period of Preparation 143 Enrollment of Candidates for Baptism 144 Preparation for Confirmation, Reception or other Reaffirmations of the Baptismal Covenant Concerning Reaffirmation of Baptismal Vows 147 Welcoming Candidates for Confirmation, Reception, and the Reaffirmation