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Economic and Human Development on the Fort Mcdermitt Indian Reservation 1

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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 073 876 RC 006 835 AUTHOR Christensen, L. Clair; Niederfrankr-E. J. TITLE Economic and Human Developmenton the Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation of Nevada.Provess Reporton a Pilot Project. INSTITUTION Department of Agriculture- Washington,D. C, Extension Service. PUB LATE May 71 NOTE 19p. ERRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 DESCRIPTORS *American Indians; CommunityDevelopment; Cultural Context; *Economic Development;Education; Evaluation;. *Human Development;Industrialization; Population Trends; *Reservations(Indian) ; *Rural . Areas; Welfare Services IDENTIFIERS *Fort McDermitt IndianReservation; Nevada ABSTRACT A long-range economics:and humandevelopment program, launched in 1967 by the FortMcDermitt Tribal Council, outlined various projects for improvingeconomic and living conditionson the Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation,including the attraction ofsmall industryThe purpose of thisreport was to makean informal assessment ofdevelopment progresson the reservation as a result of the program, giving particularattention to assessment ofthe first- new small industrialprojectthat had beenattracted to the reservation. A description ofthe reservation was presented interms of geography- education, housing,health care, employment, population, and communitydevelopment. The progress andpotential for development of the reservation.was described, and informationon the new industry was presented. Major findingswere that the reservation Indians can and are willingto become -industrial-workers,that the.. success of the industry projectwas .owing. to the fact that itwas a. "self reservation" project, thatlocal resource cooperationwas essential, that manager-employeerelations were important, thatthe autonomous development corporation ideais better than working through the tribal council,that- a democraticgroup process does not work well with theMcCermitt Indians, and .that it takestime and patience to start a now industry.Further plans, hopes, and .suggestions were also presented.us) ECONOMIC ANDHUMAN DEVELOPMENTON THE co FORT MCDERMITTINDIAN RESERVATIONOF NEVADA DEpARTmENT OF HEALTH EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HASBEEN REPRO OUCLD ExACTLY ASRECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATIONoRici INATINO IT POINTS OFVIEW OR OPIN IONS STATED DO NOTNECESSARILY Prioress Report REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICEOF EOU CATION POSITIONanPOLICY on a Pilot Project .40 MeDerratt gek Valley Susnit d >w11 Lake oVinzemuoca 444444 * TeMoalt Mtn o Lovelock MO Pi PINS Fallon Res Fl on chute R-ervations oColonies JO4J424 rrok4.4 o 4 lo JO 40 . FOREWORD In 1967 a long range economics andhuman developmentprogram was launched by the Fort McDermitt Tribal Council of the FortMcDermitt Indian Reservation, in cooperation with the Cooperative Extension Service ofthe University of Nevada and several otheragencies. It grew out of a, crises deprivation situation on the reservation which had drawn Statewideattention. The long range plan, first drafted in 1966, outlined variousprojects for improving economic and livingconditions on the reservation,including the attraction of small industry. The purpose of this brief studywas to make an informal assessment ofdevelopment progresson the reservation as a result of the program, especially giving particular attentionto assessment of the first new small industrial p'oject that had been attractedto the reservation. Results of the Fort McDermitt development program could havewidespread bezlefit as-there are 24 smallIndian reservations andcolinies in Nevada and more in the total Western Region of the country, allof whi_Ch are poverty pockets to some degree. PSD(2) - 18(5-71) U. S. Department of Agriculture Extension Service ECONOMIC AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ON THE FORT MCDERMITT INDIAN RESERVATION 1/ Progress Report of a Pilot Project General Situation.. 4 . 4 I Progress and Potential. 8 The New industry. , . ,10 Some Lessons Learned 11 Further Plans, Hopes_and Suggestions. .15 Appendix - Major Contributions of Extension , . .16 * * GENERAL SITUATION The 1970 Census lists x,933 Indians in Nevada, of whomabout 6,000 or 70 percent were 'classedas living in rural areas which means in almost every case on reservations. Indians generally do no scatter and assimi- late themselves among the total population butfor various reasons tend to remain banded together living largelyon reservations, where they find- certain factors of security andadvancement. The Fort McDeitt Reservation Located in Humboldt Countyon the northern boundary of Nevada and reach- ing slightly into Malheur County, Oregon, theFort McDermitt Indian Reservation is five miles south of the town ofMcDermitt, Nevada, which is on the Oregon-Nevada line. The area.is traversed by U.S. highway 95 which is a north-south highwayfrom Idaho and Oregon through Nevada to California. The reservation is under the jurisdictionof the Nevada Indian Agency, Stewart, Nevada. Comprising about 36,000 acres along the QuinnRiver Canyon with a small amount. of irrigated.land in the:valley,-most of the reservation is hilly, somewhat mountainous and dry grazingland, with an elevation at thetown of McDermitt of 4,600.-feet. Winters -are cold with-considorablesnow and the summers dry and pleasant with hot days_andcool nights. The . growing season is relatively short, averaging 140 days. / By L. Clair Christensen,Resource Development Specialist, Division of Agricultural and Resource Economics.University of Nevada Extension Service, and E. J. Niederfrank, RuralSociologist, USDA Extension. 2 Today approximately 410 Paiute and Shoshone Indians live on the reservation and a few others enrolled in the reservation live in other parts of the State or country. The town of McDermitt, with its approximately 250non- inilian residents, is the center of area socioeconomic activity. McDermitt businesses are supported by the townspeople, the reservation,a few small mines, and surrounding ranches, making a total community base of about 1,000 people. The only nearby populaton- centers are Winnemucca, Nevada, 75 miles south of McDermitt, and Boise, Idaho, which is 190. miles north. Winnemucca is the county seat of Humboldt County, about 3,600 population, located at the junction of U.S. 95 and interstate 80.-Thus, the location of the reserva- tion is more or less isolated and limited to auto transportation which makes it expensive to the Indians. Tourist traffic has greatly increased through the area in recent years and -is bound to increase further. Education is provided for grades 1-12 at the centralized school in -the town of McDermitt which is administered by the Humboldt County School District. Prior to 1957, a day school for grades 1-6 was conducted by the Bureau of Indian Affairs on the reservation, while youth in grades 7-12were sent to the Indian Agency School at Stewart, Nevada. Today Indian students make up 45 percent of the enrollment at the McDermitt centralized public school. McDermitt town grew up as kind of an assembling area around the .1850'sas prospectors and settlers came into this part of the country and people gathered here as it increasingly becamea kind' of provisional center. Trouble broke out between Indians and non-Indians and a small military force was dispatched to the area which establisheda camp called Port McDermitt in 1867 but it was used for only a few years. The land later was restored to the-public domain in 1889 and opened to homesteading.Be- ginning in 1892 the Indians who remained in thearea received allotments of land under the.authority of the General Allotments Act of 1887; and the reservation was established about 1900. Today several major characteristics and conditions relevant to the socio- economic development:of the reservation stand out andmay be listed by way of summary introduction.- These are: Considerable distance from sizable economic growth centers. ...Small population of both the reservation and the totalarea; large percentage under age 25. General intelligence of Indians favorable but adults havea lower level of education or schooling. Good roads -around area but lack of adequate means opublic transporta- tion. Schooling had seen provided by BIA, butnow the education of reservation Indians has been assimilated into the publicschool system, which also has potential for adult education. ...Housing on reservation fairly goad Cor suchareas; half of homes newly built under self-help program. High unemployment of Indians dueto small economic base of area and jobs relatively inaccessibleor not open to Indians; need for employ- ment will ketone increasingly crucialas the many young Indians now in school become older, Large percentage of familieson public welfare. ... Nutrition and health of the people not crucial but need improvement; TB rate high, Only very minimum public health and privatemedical ca. re available in either the reservation or totalcommunity. ... Some economic potential in agriculture, crafts, tourism and small industry; new small industry successful. ...Need for more dynamic leadershipamong the Indian people; potentially viable:organizational base does exist in thenew development corporation and the Tribal Council. Certain cultural values and customs of theIndian. people and of the institutions serving them tend to favordevelopment; while other values and patterns tend to retard it. Use of the democratic process with and by Indians is almost alwaysa long, slow cumbersome matter, sometimes resulting in confrontation having seriousending. Further description, effects and implicationsof these conditions and characteristics arebrought out
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