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Canfield: Sarah Winnemucca of the Northern Paiutes 268 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY Hunt, Edward E., Jr., and Izaac Gleiser western Nevada and southeastern Oregon that 1955 The Estimation of Age and Sex of Preadoles- does not make some references to Sarah. cent Children from Bones and Teeth. Ameri­ can Journal of Physical Anthropology 13- She was born about 1844 into a famhy of 479-487. Paiute at Pyramid Lake who were pushed forward by their fehow tribesmen or stepped Johnson, F. E. 1962 Growth of the Long Bones of Infants and forward to speak to the first strange Euro- Young Children at Indian Knoh. American Americans to reach Pyramid Lake and joined Journal of Physical Anthropology 20: them as guides to Cahfornia. John C. Fremont 249-254. was the most famous of these strangers and Suchey,Judy M. Captain Truckee, Sarah's maternal grand­ 1975 Biological Distance of Prehistoric Central father, spent some time with him in Califor­ California Populations Derived from Non- nia. Her father was called Chief Winnemucca, metric Traits of the Cranium. Ph.D. disserta­ later Old Winnemucca to distinguish him from tion. University of Cahfornia, Riverside. sons, grandsons, and nephews who carried on Ubelaker, D. H. the tradition of leadership. They leamed to 1978 Human Skeletal Remains: Excavation, Anal­ speak Enghsh, which ahowed them to talk to ysis, and Interpretation. Chicago: Aldine. strangers. Sarah's first stay in California was at age six, when her famhy worked in the cattle industry at Bonsah's Ferry across the San Sarah Winnemucca of the Northern Paiutes. Joaquin River near Stockton. Before age Gae Whitney Canfield. Norman: Univer­ thirteen, when Sarah was hired by Major sity of Oklahoma Press, 1983, 306 pp., W. M. Ormsby of Genoa, Nevada, to be index, bibliography, notes, 39 ihustra­ companion to his daughter and work as maid, tions, 20 maps, $19.95 (cloth). Sarah had spent several years in a Catholic school near Santa Clara, Cahfornia. Thus, by Reviewed by OMER C. STEWART Dept. of Anthropology chance of being of a leading Paiute famhy Univ. of Colorado that encouraged friendship with non-Indians Boulder, CO 80309 and her chance to live almost as one of the Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins' own book. famhy with a wealthy civic leader, Sarah had Life Among the Paiutes: Their Wrongs and both language and social skills upon which she Claims, privately printed in 1883, for which buht a most remarkable life. Her life experi­ she received editorial and financial assistance ence unth 1860, when Major Ormsby was from Mrs. Horace Mann and many other killed by Pyramid Lake Paiute during an Boston society ladies, was one of the first and attack he led of an "army" of drunken miners has been one of the most enduring ethnohis­ from Virginia City against well-armed Paiutes, torical books written by an American Indian. mdicates that Sarah led a charmed and unique In his "Notes on Shoshonean Ethnography, hfe for a "poor, ignorant. Digger Indian," as Professor Robert H. Lowie (1924) cited natives of Nevada were usually called. Sarah's book thirteen times. In my "Culture It is not always clear whether Old Winne­ Element Distributions: Northern Paiute" mucca alone developed a taste for pomp and (Stewart 1941), I cited her twenty times. It circumstance, or whether Sarah guided him to seems like no official report or scholarly h. He received a ceremonial visit at Pyramid study has been written in the last one Lake from James W. Nye, the first territorial hundred years about the Northern Paiute of governor. REVIEWS 269 Mrs. Canfield has documented the whd wrong-doing, and without any arrests or trials, swings of fortune of the Winnemucca famhy at 3 a.m. on March 17, 1865, Captain Wehs and the fact that Sarah was in a leading famhy and his well-armed cavalry raided Old Winne- role most of her life. mucca's camp of 30 old men, women, and Fohowing the defeat of the rag-tag army children on the shore of Lake Winnemucca. of miners by the Paiute at Pyramid Lake in Twenty-nine were khled, including two of Old 1860, the usual American idea that the Winnemucca's wives. Old Winnemucca and Indians needed to be punished to remind Sarah were in Dayton, Nevada, and had seen them of who was reahy in charge was kept Captain Wehs and the cavalry ride out of alive in Nevada. For five years (1860-1865) town, but had to read in the Virginia Union the Winnemuccas, with Sarah as star, were of the massacre of his extended famhy. hterahy on stage, either in Virginia City at As soon as possible the Winnemucca Maguires Opera House (pp. 38-39) or in San famhy moved to Camp, later Fort McDermitt, Francisco. Bihed as the Paiute "royal famhy," on the Nevada-Oregon stateline and started a they earned their way and gained experience. long collaboration between Sarah and the The brutal pay-off occurred in the spring of U. S. Army. Sarah sought protection of the 1865 when Captain Almond B. Wehs led a famhy from the undisciplined Nevada Volun­ troop of Nevada Volunteer cavalry back and teers. She often served as interpreter for the forth across northern Nevada, raiding and commanders, but also as teacher, messenger, khling any group of Paiute accused by non- etc. Sarah's movements were so frequent that Indian settlers of anything. The usual charge only a chart can summarize the remainder of was stealing cattle. Without evidence of her hfe. Canfield Book Approximate Page Date Movement of Sarah Winnemucca 56 1868 Led 490 Paiutes to McDermitt. 61 1870 Sarah's letter reprinted in Century of Dishonor. 65 1871 Married First Lieutenant E. C. Butler in Salt Lake City; Sarah abandoned, returned to McDermitt; trips to San Francisco to ask for a new agent at Pyramid. 76 1873 Moved to Winnemucca, Nevada. 86 1875 Sarah, her brother Natchez, and Old Winnemucca in San Francisco. 92 1875 Sarah, Natchez, and Old Winnemucca at Malheur Reservation, Fort Harney, Oregon. 116 1877 Winnemuccas in Idaho. 117 1877 Old Winnemucca and Natchez in San Francisco. 123 1878 Sarah, Prairie City, Oregon. 134 1878 Sarah rode 223 miles to save father and brother at start of Bannock War. 137 1878 Sarah served as scout and messenger for Gen. 0. O. Howard during Bannock War. 154-55 1879 543 Paiutes put in concentration camp on Yakima Reservation after Bannock War. 158 1879 Sarah to Vancouver to ask Gen. Howard to help release Paiute—no avail. 162 1879 Sarah in Portland, Oregon; to San Francisco by ship to seek aid for Yakima internees. 171 1880 Four Winnemuccas to Washington D.C. for month to lobby to get Paiutes freed from Yakima. 270 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY 186 1881 Sarah hired by Gen. Howard to teach Shoshone prisoners at the Dalles, Vancouver Barracks. 192-4 1881 Sarah and Lieutenant Lewis H. Hopkins married in San Francisco then moved to Pyramid Lake. 199 1882 Sarah visiting sister at Henry's Lake, Idaho, when Old Winnemucca died. 199-209 1883 Sarah to Boston; lectured in New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Washington, D.C; book pubhshed. 214 1884 Sarah presented to U. S. Congress; returned to Pyramid Lake. 222 1885 Sarah lecturing in San Francisco. 232 1885 Sarah's private school for Indians, Lovelock, Nevada. 249 1887 Children from Sarah's school taken by Bureau of Indian Affairs to school in Grand Junction, Colorado. 259 1891 Sarah died at home of sister at Henry's Lake, Idaho. REFERENCES Gerow (Gerow with Force 1968; Gerow Lowie, R. H. 1974). More specificahy, the parallel change 1924 Notes on Shoshonean Ethnography. Ameri­ model argues that the central California cul­ can Museum of Natural History Anthropo­ tural horizon concept, developed largely on logical Papers 20:185-314. the basis of data from the lower Sacramento Stewart, 0. C. Valley, is apphcable to a wide range of places 1941 Cuhure Element Distributions XIV: North­ including the San Francisco Bay area. Fur­ ern Paiute. Berkeley: University of Califor­ thermore, the Bay area is considered, at least nia Anthropological Records 4(3):361-446. early on, to be culturahy marginal and back­ ward relative to the Central Valley and that changes initiated in the Valley were fohowed by inhabitants of the Bay in parahel fashion. San Francisco Bay Archaeology: Sites Ala- Bay area excavations at the University 328, Ala-13, and Ala-12. Polly McW. Vihage site (SMA-77) and the West Berkeley Bickel Berkeley: University of California Shehmound (ALA-307), indicate to Gerow Archaeological Research Facihty Contri­ that the shell artifact typology utilized by the butions No. 43, 1981, 375 pp., 12 plates, horizon concept, when used outside the Delta 11 maps, 112 tables (paper). area, predicts time and not type of complex. Rather, he argues that during Early Horizon Reviewed by WILLIAM R. HILDEBRANDT Dept. of Anthropology times, the Bay area was occupied by a San Jose State Univ. different cultural tradition than what was San Jose, CA 95192 present in the Central Vahey. Based on his This paper is a revised version of Polly observations that Bay and Valley assemblages McW. Bickel's 1976 Ph.D. dissertation. The become more similar through time, he pro­ goal of the research is to resolve a major poses the model of convergence. interpretive conflict that has developed in the In order to deal with the above differ­ study of central California prehistory. The ences, Bickel analyzes materials from three conflict is between a model of "Parallel Bay sites: ALA-328, ALA-12, and ALA-13. Change" forwarded by Lhlard, Heizer, and The materials were generated through excava­ Fenenga (1939) and Beardsley (1954), and a tions by various Bay area institutions.
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