Histoire Des Etats Balcaniques a Repoque Moderne

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Histoire Des Etats Balcaniques a Repoque Moderne Histoire des Etats balcaniques a repoque moderne par N. Iorga professeur i l'Universite de B ucarest BUCAREST LIBRAIRIE C. SFETEA 1914. CHAPITRE I-er. Conditions de la conquete turque dans les Ba leans. Les Etats chretiens des Balkans, qui furent rempla- ees, au cours d'un siecle environ, par la domination impe- riale ottomane, ne furent pas &fruits, ainsi qu'on le croit generalement et non seulement de la part de ceux qui ne sont pas inities par une catastrophe religieuse, provoquee par un ennemi fanatique qui aurait voulu detruire la religion du Christ. Non, les Turcs d'Ourkhan, Mourad, BaYezid, Mohammed I-er, Mourad II et Mohammed IIles six Sultans de la con- quete ne vengerent pasl'Islarncontre l'attaque chretienne des croisades. Ces Etats : grecs, slaves, slavo-grecs, albano-grecs, albano-slaves, latins it y en avait de toutesles nuances dans l'indicible complication locale qui s'ac- croissait chaque jour furent brises par les mettles motifs qui amenerent, dans la meme époque et dans des circonstances souvent semblables,la ruine des formations politiques locales, provinciales du monde occidental. De pareils restes du moyen age ne pou- vaient se maintenir nulle part:ni en Occident, oil Es se fondirent dans la monarchie absolue apparte- 4 HISTOIRE DES ETATS DALCANIQUES nant a la meme religion et a. la meme nation, ni en Orient, oit ceux qui etablirent l'unite monarchique, la paix de l'absolutisme, l'ordre d'un seul maitre, furent les Osmanlis. C'est pourquoi ils peuvent paraitre, non comme un peuple car ils ne font jamais ete et n'ont jamais dit retre , mais comme une armee, comme une dy- nastie, comme une classe dominante. Ce qui faisait defaut en tant que force, intelligence et preparation, etait remplace par la tendance meme du temps, par l'esprit invincible d'une nouvelle époque dans l'his- toire de l'humanite. Un rapide coup d'ceil jete sur les empires et les formations d'Etats qui disparaissent, le montrera clai- rement dans ce premier chapitre. 1. L'empire byzantinetait revenu de Nicee avec tous ses souvenirs et ses normes traditionnelles de gouvernement, mais pas aussi avec la meme con- science qui animait les fuyards de l'aristocratie grec- que, les Lascaris, lesBatatzes, les Paleologue, les Comnene, quand ilsquittaient, en 1204, la capitale conquise par les Latins de l'Empire d'Orient. Et en cela 1'Orient se soumettait egalement aux necessites de l'epoque. De meme que dans le monde latin on brisait l'unite necessaire de Rome pour donner une expression aux nouveaux organismes nationaux, qui ttaient arrives a.se rendre compte de leur propre mission, de meme ces cRomains), 'Pottatoc, commencent maintenant a acquerir une conscience speciale grecque. 11 faut constater parallelement aussi un affaiblissement manifeste de la foi dans le caractere infaillible, imman- quable d'un empire ecumenique, universel, lie aux frontieres de Constantin-le-Grand et de Justinien, et meme a l'oeuvre d'une plus vaste unite de civilisation CONDITIONS DE LA CONQI1ETE TURQUE 5 politique romaine, telle que ces empereurs l'avaient connue et refaite. A cote de leurs droits, les plus anciens peut-etre, les plus parfaits, les Paleologue et leurs conseillers, rentres a. Constantinople, consentaient a reconnaitre d'autres droits territoriaux ;ils allerent meme si loin qu'ils consentirent a. reconnaitre d'autres formes d'em- pire que la leur. Its se reconcilierent avec l'idee d'un Tzarat bulgare qui ne dependait nullement d'eux sous le rapport politique ou dynastique ; avec celle d'un royaume de Serbie, auquel ils envoyaient des prin- cesses byzantines pour prendre place sur le trOne de ce pays dont les Krals portaientlacouronne occi- dentale ; avec l'idee d'un royaume de Hongrie dont le premier allie, a titred'egalite, fut Michel Paleo- logue lui-meme ;ilsconsentirent a.reconnaitre un puissant Empire d'Occident qui se trouvait a. ce mo- ment doming par l'energie toujours plus envahissante des Habsbourg, et en meme temps l'autre forme im- periale, celle de la Papaute, avec laquelle ils nego- cierent a Lyon pour l'union des Eglises, arrivant meme a la conclusion d'un traite qui resta vain, mais contre la volonte des empereurs de Constantinople. Mais en meme temps on reconnaissait, sous 'In- fluence d'un milieu latin,feodal, que les nouveaux empereurs grecs, de meme essence que les potentats slaves du voisinage et les Cesars latins, leurs prede- cesseurs, n'etaient pas en etat d'ecarter, la legitimit6 de cette vie separatiste latine, qui ressemblait de tous points a la vie tfranque, de la Syrie des croises, de Chypre et d'autres territoires analogues, qui avaient ete etablis par la victoire des Venitiens, de Baudouin de Flandre, de Boniface de Montferrat, de Villehar- douin et de Guillaume de Champlitte. Dans cet em- pire, plus que danscelui des Comnene, quietait 6 HISTOIRE DRS *TATS BALCANIQUES cependant tellement penetre luiaussi par l'esprit de 1'Occident, mais non jusqu'a &roger aux normes tra- ditionnelles, une tend ance se prononcait vers les apa- nages des cadets et des plus proches parents, vers les infeodations au profit des serviteurs les plus pre- cieux de la dynastie, vers l'autonomie des gouverne- ments provinciaux. Rappelons seulement le grand role que jouerent les Catalans de Roger de Flor, cree Cesar pour pouvoir lui ceder un si grand nombre de droits imperiaux, au temps de la guerre d' Asie contre les Tures ; rappelons la situation particuliere, ornee du meme titre de Ce- sar, du Serbe VoIchnas, celle, analogue, du despote Ougliecha,frere du Kral Voukachine, oucelle de Constantin et de son frere Jean, les Dragachides de Velboujd (Kustendil), la situation des deux chefs de mercenaires bulgares Momtschilo et Dobrotitsch, dont le dernier, cree despote a son tour, domina, avec une autorite qui luivenait de l'Empire, les chateaux de la Mer Noire, de Midia jusque, vers le Nord, a. Kilia. Lorsque Jean Cantacuzeneeleva,contre Jean V Paleologue, des pretentions au trone imperial, it par- tagea les provinces qu'il avait gagnees avec son fils Mathieu, qui eut pour sa part Andrinople et une large bande du rivage de la Mer Egee,et avec son fils Manuel, qui regagna la Moree sur les lieutenants de l'empereur latintitulaireRobert de Tarente et la garda pour lui-m erne. Mathieu Cantacuzene lui-meme, orne du titre imperial, maitre encore de ses provinces a la retraite de son pere vaincu et a la restauration sur le trOne imperial du Paleologue, ayant perdu a son tour une bataille decisive, obtint la permission de se chercher un abri lointain; it le trouva dans cette Moree ou it finit sa vie. On rencontre ensuite des Assenides corn me dynastes a Kavala et dans l'ile de Thasos. La CONDITIONS DE LA. CONQUETE TURQUE 7 mere des jeunes Cantacuzene, déjà mentionnee, etait aussi de cette famille bulgare en tant que petite-fine de Jean Asen, Tzar de Trnovo,et Mathieu s'intitulait avec fierte aussi Assanes, de meme que Constantin, le dernier empereur de Byzance, se faisait appeler, d'apres sa mere slave, Dragases, et la femme de Manuel, qui avait ete d'abord fiance a une Lusignan, etait une Serbe. Une fine du vieux Cantacuzene 6pousa le despote de l'Epire, Nicephore Angelos Ducas et une autre le Sultan Ourkhan lui-meme. L'ordre poli- tique byzantin, slave, latin et ottoman se confondent ainsi dans un seul,dontrestera vainqueur,sans distinction nationale ou religieuse, celui qui, correspondant le mieux aux nouveaux besoins du temps, sera, par ce fait meme, le plus fort. Le systeme se conserve aussi plus tard, etant le seul par lequel it parait possible, dans le chaos des combats contre les Bulgares au Nord, contre les Serbes a. l'Occident, contre les Turcs qui seront bientot par- tout, de garder quelque chose de l'ancien Empire. Jean V distribue des fiefs a sesfils, de meme que l'avait fait en Occident Jean-le-Bon, roi de France : en remplacement de Manuel Comnene, qui avait fini ses jours dans son despotat de Misithra, l'ancienne Sparte, it etablit son fils Theodore, qui eut pour suc- cesseur Theodore II (1407-43), puis Dernetre et enfin Thomas Paleologue,lesfreres de Jean VIII, fils de Manuel, et le dernier eut pour adversaire, soutenu par les Albanais, Manuel Cantacuzene, petit-fils du prince dont nous avons mentionne plus haut la con- quete sur laMoree. II y eut un moment ou le despotat de Moree lui-meme etait tellement morcele qu'on rencontre, aux cotes de Theodore le Jeune, qu dominait a Misithra, son frere Constantin a Vostitza et son autre frere Thomas a Kalavryta.Its comb at 8 HISTOIRE DES ETATS BALCANIQUES tent contre les Latins, qui y etaient encore demeures : contre l'archeveque de Patras (1429), contre Oliverio Francone, l'aventurier quis'etaitfixe a Klarentza, apres la (Waite de Centurione Zaccaria, bailli,puis prince d'Achale (en 1417). A Salonique, ce meme empereur Manuel, qui avaiteteaussi gouverneur de laville, nomme pour lieutenant un quatrieme fils, Andronic(1-1429), et des mains de ce pauvre le- preux et epileptique la vine tomba au pouvoir des Venitiens, qui etaient destines a. la defendre, longue- ment, mais sans succes, contre les Turcs. La maladie et l'entree dans les ordres empecherent ce dernier prince de prendre part au combat acharne que se livraient, pour le Crone de Byzance, ses freres, dont Constantin devait perk en defendant Constantinople contre Mohammed II. Si dans ces regions de domination directe l'ceuvre de dissolution se poursuivait sans cesse, on peut bien penser que tout effort pour faire rentrer dans l'ordre imperial des provinces qui, de longue date, des la prise de Constantinople par les Latins, s'etaient de- tachees de l'Empire pour former des organismes in- dependants, devenait impossible.
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