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Looting the Dungeon: the Quest for the Genre Fantasy Mega-Text Looting the Dungeon: The Quest for the Genre Fantasy Mega-Text Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Aidan-Paul Canavan. April 2011 Aidan-Paul Canavan University of Liverpool Abstract Popular genre fantasy diverges in a number of significant ways from Tolkien’s mythic vision of fantasy. As a result of the genre’s evolution away from this mythic model, many of the critical approaches used to analyse genre fantasy, often developed from an understanding of Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings, do not identify new norms and developments. The RPG, a commercial codification of perceived genre norms, highlights specific trends and developments within the genre. It articulates, explains and illustrates core conventions of the genre as they have developed over the last thirty years. Understanding the evolution of the genre is predicated on a knowledge of how the genre is constructed. Assuming the primacy of Tolkien’s text and ignoring how the genre has changed from a literary extension of myth and legend to a market-driven publishing category, reduces the applicability of our analytical models and creates a distorted perception of the genre. This thesis seeks to place the RPG, and its related fictions, at the centre of the genre by recognising their symbiotic relationship with the wider genre of fantasy. By acting as both an articulation of perceived genre norms, and also as a point of dissemination and propagation of these conventions, the RPG is essential to the understanding of fantasy as a genre. The RPG conventions of world building, magic systems and party formation are particularly relevant to the development and adaptation of existing critical approaches to fantasy. 2 Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without the guidance of my supervisor, Mr. Andy Sawyer, as well as the invaluable help, guidance and support of Dr. Peter Wright of Edgehill University. I also owe thanks to the administrative and academic staff of the School of English at the University of Liverpool and the staff of the Foundation SF archive in the Sydney Jones Library. I must also thank the attendees at ICFA (the International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts) for their illuminating papers, their pointed questions and their willingness to debate the minutiae and nuances of Genre Fantasy for hours on end. Particular thanks to Mr. Steven Erikson for his enlightening discussions on RPGs and Genre Fantasy writing. Thanks too to Dr. Nicola Morris for her help with repetitions, redundancies and tautologies. Special thanks to Dr. Judith Collins McCormick for her help with editing and her unfailing encouragement. My grateful thanks to my examiners: Dr. Mark Bould, Dr. Nick Davis and Dr. Farah Mendlesohn. Finally, I need to thank my parents, Aidan and Anne Canavan, for their support, financial and emotional, their belief in me and their continuing tolerance. I owe them everything. As for my siblings, I thank them for continually asking me when I was going to get a real job. 3 LOOTING THE DUNGEON – THE QUEST FOR THE GENRE FANTASY MEGA-TEXT ...... I ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 6 SECTION ONE – EXAMINING THE FOUNDATIONS ................................................................. 11 Genre Fantasy, Tolkien and the RPG ........................................................................................... 12 Diana Wynne Jones and Defining the Genre ................................................................................ 17 Why the RPG? ............................................................................................................................... 25 Synopsis of Sample Texts .............................................................................................................. 30 Weis and Hickman’s Dragonlance Chronicles ........................................................................................ 31 R.A. Salvatore’s Icewind Dale Trilogy and The Forgotten Realms ......................................................... 32 Raymond E. Feist and the Riftwar Saga ................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER ONE – DEFINING THE GENRE................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER TWO – THE RPG, META-TEXT OR MEGA-TEXT? ................................................ 53 Why the RPG? ............................................................................................................................... 54 What is the RPG? .......................................................................................................................... 60 The History of the RPG ................................................................................................................. 62 The RPG Game ............................................................................................................................. 71 RPG and Literature....................................................................................................................... 78 Tolkien and the RPG ..................................................................................................................... 92 SECTION TWO – INTEGRATING RPGS INTO FANTASY ANALYSIS ................................. 101 CHAPTER 3 – WORLD BUILDING ............................................................................................... 105 World Building and the Fantasy Setting ..................................................................................... 108 Deriving the Fantasyland............................................................................................................ 110 The Lost Land ........................................................................................................................................ 112 Middle Earth and the Secondary World ................................................................................................. 119 Faerie and Wonderlands ......................................................................................................................... 121 Secondary Worlds .................................................................................................................................. 124 The Gameworld as Setting .......................................................................................................... 128 The Polder and the RPG ............................................................................................................. 137 The Forgotten Realms as a Polder.............................................................................................. 137 Entrenchment, Boundaries and Threat ....................................................................................... 141 RPG, Gameworld, and the Mega-text ......................................................................................... 147 RPG, Gameworld, and the Multi-Volume Series ........................................................................ 152 CHAPTER 4 - INTEGRATING MAGIC AND WORLD BUILDING ......................................... 155 The Problem with Magic ............................................................................................................. 155 Magic and Narrative ................................................................................................................... 156 Magic and Setting ....................................................................................................................... 166 Magic and the Critics .................................................................................................................. 169 CHAPTER 5 QUEST GROUPS AND THE BALANCED PARTY ............................................... 174 Introducing the Ludic Conception .............................................................................................. 174 Character Classes ....................................................................................................................... 176 The Warrior Class .................................................................................................................................. 178 The Thief Class ...................................................................................................................................... 185 The Mage Class ...................................................................................................................................... 190 The Cleric Class ..................................................................................................................................... 194 Hybrid Classes ....................................................................................................................................... 199 Class, Character and Attributes .................................................................................................. 201 Companions and Character Classes ..........................................................................................
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