International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009 Vol-6, Iss-4, Spl. Issue-1 Nov.-2018, http://iraj.in EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY STATUS OF MAHI RIVER IN REGION

HIMANI PANDEY

1 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, K.S.K.V. Kachchh University, Bhuj-Kachchh, Gujarat-370001. 2Asst Prof., Institute of Technology and Management, Universe , Gujarat. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the water quality of Mahi River in Gujarat Region. Mahi river covers three states Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and . Mahi river is one of the longest river which passes from Gujarat. It originates from Madhya Pradesh and confluences at Gulf of . In the present study seasonal variability of various physical, chemical and biological parameters was studied during the period of May 2016 to April 2017. This study was conceived in order to bring to light the present status of Mahi River in terms of its water quality and the impact of heavy metal pollutants on the chosen biota at the receiving coastal water body.

Keywords - Water Pollution, Water Quality, Effluent.

I. INTRODUCTION manufacture, pesticide, pigment manufacture, printing and photographic industries, etc., (Kadirvelu Gujarat is located on the north-western shores of et al., 2001a). Mahi river which is a perennial river , which lies between 20°01’ and 24° 07’ north flows around 12 km from Vadodara city. There are latitudes and 10’ and 74° 28’ east longitudes. Gujarat many industries situated on the southern bank of the State has common borders with Rajasthan, Madhya river. An effluent channel from the industrial area Pradesh and Maharashtra States in North, East and heads towards the estuarine end of river and South respectively and with Pakistan in North-West. discharges the effluent in Mahi river near Sarod in With its proliferating coastal industries, river and near district. This channel contains treated coastal water pollution in Gujarat is on the raise, industrial effluent from various small and large necessitating long term scientific investigation. industrial units. During high tide these effluent are Gujarat has four major rivers Narmada, Sabarmati, taken upstream and thus pollute the entire estuarine Tapi &Mahi. Rivers and their catchments are highly region. A small tributary, Mini river flows through important parts of the natural heritage. Rivers have the industrial area and meets Mahi river near Sindrot, been utilized by mankind for thousands of years to which is located in the upper estuarine region .Mini the extent that few of them are now in their natural river is usually laden with raw industrial effluent and condition (Ngoye and Machiwa, 2004).Industrial thus further pollute Mahi river. (Sharma, 1995). Over development results in the generation of industrial the years, continued discharges and proliferation of effluents, and the release of untreated or treated small and medium industries in this area discharging effluents result in water, sediment and soil pollution pollutants into Mahi river either as a point or non- (Fakayode and Onianwa2002, Fakayode 2005). point source further degraded the river water quality Water is the ultimate receptor of all the hazardous and the near coastal water where the river and toxic waste released from various industries into confluences with the sea. The water quality both fresh and marine water bodies. Pollutants measurements are important for minimizing originating from terrestrial sources adversely affect industrial, mining or navigational accidents that cause the water bodies and the surrounding environment, short-term pollutant releases into or along river. The thus producing deleterious effect on the biota of the monitoring will be beneficial to warn downstream receiving water body and their biodiversity. users and to mitigate secondary damages (Srivastava Cadmium, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, mercury, cobalt, et al., 2011).The present proposal was conceived with manganese and chromium are often detected in an aim to investigate the pollution status of Mahi industrial waste waters, which originate from metal river and the near coastal water quality in the vicinity plating, mining activities, smelting, battery of confluence at selected sites. manufacture, tanneries, petroleum refining, paint

Study Area: Total six sampling locations were selected and samples were taken for the further investigations. Sample code and details S. No. Sample code Description of sampling location ECP channel at J, Point at Mahi River Estuarine Zone, Sarod, Jambusar- 1 JP Global position-N=22011.107'-E=072042.818',MSL-3 meters 2 M-1 Sea water quality at Thambeshwar Temple, mixing point-1,around 7-8

Evaluation of Water Quality Status of Mahi River in Gujarat Region

25 International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009 Vol-6, Iss-4, Spl. Issue-1 Nov.-2018, http://iraj.in kms from ECP discharge point-Global position-N=22013.027'- E=072037.006',MSL-7 meters Sea water quality at Rupeshwar Temple, mixing point-2,around 2-3 kms 3 M-2 from ECP discharge point-Global position-N=22O11.648'- E=072041.293',MSL-4 meters River Mahi estuary at Gambhira bridge, Padra, around 15 kms U/s from 4 E-1 ECP discharge point and after confluence of Mini river-Global position- N=22015.678'-E=072059.967',MSL-10 meters River Mahi at Sindhrod bridge, Padra, U/s of GIDC,Nandesari, 5 E-2 Vadodara and around 6kms u/s from point no.E-1-Global position- N=22020.493'-E=073003.082',MSL-10 meters

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Total 12 physico-chemical parameters and 9 trace metals were analyzed using standard methods (APHA).The surface water samples were collected from the six identified sampling locations in triplicates during the month of April 2017 to May 2018.For the analysis of DO the water samples were collected and stored in 300 ml BOD bottle and fixed on site by using MnSO4 and Alkaline Iodide-Azide solution. For the analysis of rest all parameters water samples were collected and stored in one liter plastic bottles.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Parameters Sample Location NH - Code pH Cond. Salinity D.O. COD BOD 3 TKN N ECP channel at J, Point at Mahi River Estuarine Zone, Sarod, JP Jambusar- Global position- 7.16 21000 10.258 NR 3268 556 80.60 101.64 N=22011.107'- E=072042.818',MSL-3 meters Sea water quality at Thambeshwar Temple, mixing point-1,around 7-8 kms from M-1 8.31 44000 27.773 6.3 405 2.3 0.798 2.80 ECP discharge point-Global position-N=22013.027'- E=072037.006',MSL-7 meters Sea water quality at Rupeshwar Temple, mixing point-2,around 2-3 kms from ECP discharge M-2 7.96 43000 27.071 6.3 334 6.0 0.798 2.24 point-Global position- N=22O11.648'- E=072041.293',MSL-4 meters River Mahi estuary at Gambhira bridge, Padra, around 15 kms U/s from ECP discharge point E-1 and after confluence of Mini 9.85 1630 0.821 9.3 52 8.6 2.13 4.20 river-Global position- N=22015.678'- E=072059.967',MSL-10 meters River Mahi at Sindhrod bridge, Padra, U/s of GIDC,Nandesari, Vadodara and around 6kms u/s E-2 9.71 488 0.222 11.4 13.6 1.5 0.032 1.96 from point no.E-1-Global position-N=22020.493'- E=073003.082',MSL-10 meters Parameters Sample Location Code O-PO - T. 4 Cl- Phenols O&G P Phosphorous

Evaluation of Water Quality Status of Mahi River in Gujarat Region

26 International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009 Vol-6, Iss-4, Spl. Issue-1 Nov.-2018, http://iraj.in ECP channel at J, Point at Mahi River Estuarine Zone, Sarod, Jambusar- Global JP NR NR NR 5.030 29.40 position-N=22011.107'- E=072042.818',MSL-3 meters Sea water quality at Thambeshwar Temple, mixing point-1,around 7-8 kms M-1 from ECP discharge point-Global 0.0954 0.09334 21067.0 0.150 2.76 position-N=22013.027'- E=072037.006',MSL-7 meters Sea water quality at Rupeshwar Temple, mixing point-2,around 2-3 kms from ECP M-2 discharge point-Global position- 0.1447 0.10499 21165.0 0.089 2.14 N=22O11.648'-E=072041.293',MSL-4 meters River Mahi estuary at Gambhira bridge, Padra, around 15 kms U/s from ECP E-1 discharge point and after confluence of 0.1227 0.24860 715.0 0.089 1.96 Mini river-Global position-N=22015.678'- E=072059.967',MSL-10 meters River Mahi at Sindhrod bridge, Padra, U/s of GIDC,Nandesari, Vadodara and E-2 around 6kms u/s from point no.E-1- BDL 0.17097 40.2 0.065 0.24 Global position-N=22020.493'- E=073003.082',MSL-10 meters Note: Except Conductivity all other results expressed in mg/L. Conductivity is expressed in µmhos/cm& Salinity in psu. BDL-Below detectable limit, NR-Not required Table-1 First phase sampling date:-12-05-2016 (Physico-chemical parameters)

Parameters Sample Location NH - Code pH Cond. Salinity D.O. COD BOD 3 TKN N ECP channel at J, Point at Mahi River Estuarine Zone, Sarod, JP Jambusar- Global position- 7.61 13400 6.072 NR 1519 256 87.85 136.10 N=22011.107'- E=072042.818',MSL-3 meters Sea water quality at Thambeshwar Temple, mixing point-1,around 7-8 kms from M-1 7.76 34000 20.867 6.5 389 2.4 0.926 4.63 ECP discharge point-Global position-N=22013.027'- E=072037.006',MSL-7 meters Sea water quality at Rupeshwar Temple, mixing point-2,around 2-3 kms from ECP discharge M-2 7.63 28000 16.495 6.7 343 6.2 1.270 6.22 point-Global position- N=22O11.648'- E=072041.293',MSL-4 meters River Mahi estuary at Gambhira bridge, Padra, around 15 kms U/s from ECP discharge point E-1 and after confluence of Mini 8.57 590 0.275 6.2 40.8 7.4 1.460 5.95 river-Global position- N=22015.678'- E=072059.967',MSL-10 meters River Mahi at Sindhrod bridge, Padra, U/s of GIDC, Nandesari, E-2 8.33 270 0.128 8.5 14.5 4.5 0.66 4.10 Vadodara and around 6kms u/s from point no.E-1-Global

Evaluation of Water Quality Status of Mahi River in Gujarat Region

27 International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009 Vol-6, Iss-4, Spl. Issue-1 Nov.-2018, http://iraj.in position-N=22020.493'- E=073003.082',MSL-10 meters Parameters Sample Location Code O-PO - T. 4 Cl- Phenols O&G P Phosphorous ECP channel at J, Point at Mahi River Estuarine Zone, Sarod, Jambusar- Global JP NR NR NR 3.080 14.90 position-N=22011.107'- E=072042.818',MSL-3 meters Sea water quality at Thambeshwar Temple, mixing point-1,around 7-8 kms M-1 from ECP discharge point-Global 0.0633 0.0836 32345.0 BDL 0.73 position-N=22013.027'- E=072037.006',MSL-7 meters Sea water quality at Rupeshwar Temple, mixing point-2,around 2-3 kms from ECP M-2 discharge point-Global position- 0.0308 0.0953 27091.0 BDL 3.62 N=22O11.648'-E=072041.293',MSL-4 meters River Mahi estuary at Gambhira bridge, Padra, around 15 kms U/s from ECP E-1 discharge point and after confluence of 0.479 1.1321 108.0 BDL 3.40 Mini river-Global position-N=22015.678'- E=072059.967',MSL-10 meters River Mahi at Sindhrod bridge, Padra, U/s of GIDC,Nandesari, Vadodara and around E-2 6kms u/s from point no.E-1-Global BDL 0.0662 15.5 BDL 0.37 position-N=22020.493'- E=073003.082',MSL-10 meters Table-2 Second phase sampling date-03-09-2016

Parameters Sample Location NH - Code pH Cond. Salinity D.O. COD BOD 3 TKN N ECP channel at J, Point at Mahi River Estuarine Zone, Sarod, JP Jambusar- Global position- 7.7 NR 9.431 NR 1609 413 143.14 163.7 N=22011.107'- E=072042.818',MSL-3 meters Sea water quality at Thambeshwar Temple, mixing point-1,around 7-8 kms from M-1 7.79 68599 54.591 7.09 238 2.8 0.70 10.64 ECP discharge point-Global position-N=22013.027'- E=072037.006',MSL-7 meters Sea water quality at Rupeshwar Temple, mixing point-2,around 2-3 kms from ECP discharge M-2 7.8 68719 54.031 6.54 130 2.4 0.42 5.60 point-Global position- N=22O11.648'- E=072041.293',MSL-4 meters River Mahi estuary at Gambhira bridge, Padra, around 15 kms U/s from ECP discharge point E-1 8.93 1080 0.583 10.07 68.1 5.0 1.39 9.52 and after confluence of Mini river-Global position- N=22015.678'-

Evaluation of Water Quality Status of Mahi River in Gujarat Region

28 International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009 Vol-6, Iss-4, Spl. Issue-1 Nov.-2018, http://iraj.in E=072059.967',MSL-10 meters River Mahi at Sindhrod bridge, Padra, U/s of GIDC, Nandesari, Vadodara and around 6kms u/s E-2 8.57 498 0.268 10.34 27.4 1.6 0.23 5.04 from point no.E-1-Global position-N=22020.493'- E=073003.082',MSL-10 meters Parameters Sample Location O-PO - T. Code 4 Cl- Phenols O&G P Phosphorous ECP channel at J, Point at Mahi River Estuarine Zone, Sarod, Jambusar- Global JP NR NR NR 2.310 28.50 position-N=22011.107'- E=072042.818',MSL-3 meters Sea water quality at Thambeshwar Temple, mixing point-1,around 7-8 kms M-1 from ECP discharge point-Global 0.161 0.2331 42187.0 0.195 5.71 position-N=22013.027'- E=072037.006',MSL-7 meters Sea water quality at Rupeshwar Temple, mixing point-2,around 2-3 kms from ECP M-2 discharge point-Global position- 0.165 0.2078 41287.0 0.098 3.44 N=22O11.648'-E=072041.293',MSL-4 meters River Mahi estuary at Gambhira bridge, Padra, around 15 kms U/s from ECP E-1 discharge point and after confluence of 0.142 0.2602 168.0 0.066 4.51 Mini river-Global position-N=22015.678'- E=072059.967',MSL-10 meters River Mahi at Sindhrod bridge, Padra, U/s of GIDC,Nandesari, Vadodara and around E-2 6kms u/s from point no.E-1-Global BDL 0.1030 31.0 BDL 2.31 position-N=22020.493'- E=073003.082',MSL-10 meters Table-3 Third phase sampling date:-12-01-2017

Parameters Sample Location NH - Code pH Cond. Salinity D.O. COD BOD 3 TKN N ECP channel at J, Point at Mahi River Estuarine Zone, Sarod, JP Jambusar- Global position- 7.04 21000 10.871 NR 1690 482 19.90 31.80 N=22011.107'- E=072042.818',MSL-3 meters Sea water quality at Thambeshwar Temple, mixing point-1,around 7-8 kms from ECP M-1 7.8 51000 33.485 6.3 212 2.1 1.12 5.18 discharge point-Global position- N=22013.027'- E=072037.006',MSL-7 meters Sea water quality at Rupeshwar Temple, mixing point-2,around 2- M-2 3 kms from ECP discharge point- 7.66 47000 31.244 6.5 799 11.8 1.65 7.42 Global position-N=22O11.648'- E=072041.293',MSL-4 meters River Mahi estuary at Gambhira E-1 bridge, Padra, around 15 kms U/s 9.1 1230 0.599 9.04 34 3.3 2.30 2.94 from ECP discharge point and

Evaluation of Water Quality Status of Mahi River in Gujarat Region

29 International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009 Vol-6, Iss-4, Spl. Issue-1 Nov.-2018, http://iraj.in after confluence of Mini river- Global position-N=22015.678'- E=072059.967',MSL-10 meters River Mahi at Sindhrod bridge, Padra, U/s of GIDC, Nandesari, Vadodara and around 6kms u/s E-2 8.89 445 0.215 8.5 12 2.4 0.42 1.82 from point no.E-1-Global position-N=22020.493'- E=073003.082',MSL-10 meters Parameters Sample Location O-PO - T. Code 4 Cl- Phenols O&G P Phosphorous ECP channel at J, Point at Mahi River Estuarine Zone, Sarod, Jambusar- Global JP 0 NR NR NR 2.070 14.56 position-N=22 11.107'- E=072042.818',MSL-3 meters Sea water quality at Thambeshwar Temple, mixing point-1,around 7-8 kms M-1 from ECP discharge point-Global 0.07379 0.3152 24106 BDL 2.29 position-N=22013.027'- E=072037.006',MSL-7 meters Sea water quality at Rupeshwar Temple, mixing point-2,around 2-3 kms from ECP M-2 discharge point-Global position- 0.32984 1.1092 21792 0.106 4.41 N=22O11.648'-E=072041.293',MSL-4 meters River Mahi estuary at Gambhira bridge, Padra, around 15 kms U/s from ECP E-1 discharge point and after confluence of 0.06774 0.2990 244.0 BDL 5.14 Mini river-Global position-N=22015.678'- E=072059.967',MSL-10 meters River Mahi at Sindhrod bridge, Padra, U/s of GIDC,Nandesari, Vadodara and around E-2 6kms u/s from point no.E-1-Global 0.01129 0.0953 64.6 BDL 2.88 position-N=22020.493'- E=073003.082',MSL-10 meters Table-4 Fourth phase sampling date:-29-04-2017

The physico chemical parameters of water quality good at this point. The parameter BOD is measured to were analyzed using standard methods given in assess the organic pollution load in the collected APHA [4]. The observation of physico chemical effluent samples. The measured values of BOD characteristics of collected water samples are given in ranged between 1.5mg/lit. to 556mg/lit. The Table 1-4.The pH is observed to be neutral to alkaline maximum value (556mg/lit.) of BOD measured at JP side in all the rounds of monitoring. The measured sampling location in phase-1 monitoring. The pH is ranged between 7.16 to 9.85. The minimum pH minimum value of BOD (1.5mg/lit.) measured at E2 value of pH (7.16) was observed at JP location in sampling location in phase-4 monitoring. The phase-1. The maximum value of pH (9.85) measured parameter DO is measured to assess the Dissolved at E-1 location during the fourth phase. The COD Oxygen content in the collected effluent samples. The parameter is measured to assess the organic and measured values of DO ranged between 6.2 mg/lit. to inorganic pollution load in the collected effluent 11.4mg/lit. The maximum value (11.4mg/lit.) of DO samples. The measured values ranged from 12mg/lit. value measured at E-2 sampling location in phase-4 to 1690mg/lit. The maximum value (1690mg/lit.) of monitoring. The minimum value of DO (6.2mg/lit.) COD measured at JP sampling location in phase-4 measured at E-1 sampling location in phase-2 due to having discharges from industries located in monitoring. The DO value observed maximum during Nandesariand Padra Industrial Estates of Vadodara. phase-4 can be due to low flow of river and presence The minimum value of COD (12mg/lit.) measured at of algal blooms in the river. The parameter NH3-N is E-2 sampling location in phase-4 monitoring due to measured to assess the Ammonia pollution load in the upstream point of river Mahi, shows river quality is form NH3-N in the collected effluent samples. The

Evaluation of Water Quality Status of Mahi River in Gujarat Region

30 International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009 Vol-6, Iss-4, Spl. Issue-1 Nov.-2018, http://iraj.in NH3-N measured values ranged between REFERENCES 0.032mg/lit. to 143 mg/lit. The maximum value (143mg/lit.) of NH3-N measured at JP sampling [1] Fakayode, S. O. 2005. Impact assessment of industrial location in round 3 monitoring. The minimum value effluent on water quality of the receiving Alaro River in Ibadan, Nigeria. AJEAMRAGEE, 10:1-13 of NH3-N (0.032mg/lit.) measured at E2 sampling [2] Kadirvelu K, Thamaraiselvi k, and Namasivayam C (2001), location in round 4 monitoring. It is evident from the “Removal of heavy metal from industrial wastewater by above inferences that the organic load in the collected adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from an samples are observed to be high in the ECP samples agricultural solid waste”, bio resource. Technol. Vol. 76, pp. 63-65. and the load in observed minimal when the effluent [3] Ngoye, E. &Machiwa, J.F., (2004), The influence of land-use get diluted the with estuarine water. patterns in the Ruvu River watershed on water quality in the River system, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 29(15-18), It can be revealed from the above results that the pp. 1161-1166. [4] Srivastava, P.K., Mukherjee, S., Gupta, M. & Singh, S.K., water quality deteriorated due to the discharge of (2011), Characterizing Monsoonal Variation on Water effluent in the river from Mini river and ECP channel. Quality Index of River Mahi in India using Geographical The presence of toxicant like Phenolic compound Information System, Water Quality Expo Health , 2, pp. 193– shows that ECP channel contains many toxic 203. [5] Sharma, A.H., 1995. Environment impact assessment along elements which are affecting water bodies and the the effluent channel from Baroda to Jambusar and at its fishes. confluence with Mahi estuary at gulf of Cambey with The analyzed other parameters like Salinity, PO4-P, reference to heavy metals.Ph.D.Thesis, M.S.University of Cl-, TKN, Phenol etc., in the collected samples are Baroda [6] APHA, 2005. Standard Methods for Analysis of Water and also contributed the pollution load in the river. Waste water (21stEdition). American Public Health Association, New York.



Evaluation of Water Quality Status of Mahi River in Gujarat Region

31