TEST 6 MPPSC 2020 MAINS TEST SERIES TEST 6 MODEL HINTS GS PAPER 1 (Part B) GEOGRAPHY Unit I, Unit II, Unit III, Unit IV and Unit V ------3 MARKERS 1

MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6 MPPSC 2020 MAINS TEST SERIES TEST 6 MODEL HINTS GS PAPER 1 (Part B) GEOGRAPHY Unit I, Unit II, Unit III, Unit IV and Unit V ------3 MARKERS 1. This question consists of very short answer type question. Each question is to be answered in 1 line (10 Words). There is no internal choice. Each question carries 3 marks

(a) Duars

Model Hints • The longitudinal flat floored structural valleys region between the Lesser Himalayas and the Outer Himalayas are called as ‗duars’ (door) in the eastern Himalayan region in India. It's called as ‘duns’ in the western himalayan region. • The Bhabar of Punjab are known as duars in Assam • Duars is the gateway to the hill stations of North Bengal, Assam and Bhutan. • Duar region is famous for its tea gardens, forests. • It is ideal for nature enthusiasts and adventure seekers. (b) Cropping Intensity

Model Hints  Cropping intensity refers to raising of a number of crops from the same field during one agricultural year.  It can be measured through a formula :

Cropping intensity = Total cropped area x 100 Net sown area

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6 (c) High Tide and Low Tide.

Model Hints  Tides are the daily changes in the level of the ocean water at any given place. The main factors that causes tides are the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun  High tide is created by the gravitational pull of the moon which pulls water toward it. High tide occurs where the water is bulging. These two water bulges on opposite sides of the Earth aligned with the Moon are the high tides. Since ocean water is pulled higher in the areas of the two high tides, there is less water in between the two high tides. These areas are the low tides.

(d) Geosynclines

Model Hints

 a linear trough of subsidence of the Earth‘s crust within which vast amounts of sediment accumulate.

 The filling of a geosyncline with thousands or tens of thousands of feet of sediment is accompanied in the late stages of deposition by folding, crumpling, and faulting of the deposit

(e) Mariana Trench

Model Hints  The deepest trench of the world is the Mariana trench of the Guam Islands which is over 11 kilometres deep. If the Mt. Everest were to be submerged in this trench, its peak would still remain two kilometres below the sea-level.  A trench is a long, narrow and steep sided depression on the ocean floor. Trenches are the deepest parts of the ocean bottom with their usual depth of 5,500 metres.  They generally run parallel to the bordering fold mountains or the island chains.

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6 (f) Macronutrients for Plant Growth

Model Hints  Elements supplied by Soil : 15 of the essential nutrients are supplied by the soil to plants. Out of them, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium are called primary nutrients or macronutrients. They are called primary nutrients because they are required by plants in large amount relative to other nutrients and deficiency of them is most likely to limit the plant growth and healthy development. Supplementary Notes  Three more elements viz. Calcium, Magnesium and Sulphur are known as secondary nutrients because the deficiency of them is less likely to be a growth limiting factor. Calcium and Magnesium are generally added to soil to adjust soil pH. Sulphur generally gets added to soil via rain and release from organic matter in soil.  Further, nine more elements viz. Zinc, Chlorine, Boron, Molybdenum, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Cobalt and Nickel are called micro-nutrients. They are called so because they are found and needed by plants in very small amount relative to other nutrients and are least likely to be limiting plant growth and healthy development  Elements supplied by Air and Water: Plants get three elements viz. Carbon(C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O) from air and water. During the process of Photosynthesis, these three elements are combined to make carbohydrates, with subsequent releasing of Oxygen. While roots absorb water, CO2 enters the plants via stomata (the small leaf openings). (g) Jhum Cultivation

Model Hints  Jhum is a type of shifting agriculture prevalent in India.  This is the most primitive form of agriculture which is still practised in some parts of the world, especially in the tropical forests.

Shifting agriculture is known by different names in different areas

Name of the area Name of shifting agriculture 1. North-East India Jhuming 2. Malaysia Ladang 3. Philippines Chengin 4. Central America and Mexico Milpa 5. Venezuela Konuko 6. Brazil Roka 7. Congo Masole 8. Vietnam Ray

(h) Urban Sprawl

Model Hints  Urban sprawl is basically another word for urbanization.

 It refers to the migration of a population from populated towns and cities to low density residential development over more and more rural land.

 The end result is the spreading of a city and its suburbs over more and more rural land.

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6

(i) Great Dividing Range

Model Hints  The eastern part of Australia is covered with chain of high lands from the Cape York to the island of Tasmania which is known as ‗Great Dividing Range‘.  The Great Dividing Range is also called the Eastern Highlands.  It is also known as the Australian Alps and was formed due to rifting.  Note: Coral Reef along the eastern coast of Australia is known as 'Great Barrier Reef'.

(j) Tapi River

Model Hints  Tapti or Tapi flows from east to west like Narmada and almost parallel to it, forming MP's southern boundary.  The river flows through the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.  Origin: Multai, Betul district.  End—Near Surat, falls into Gulf of Cambay  Length - 724 km Catchment Area (Districts)  Madhya Pradesh: Betul and Burhanpur  Maharashtra: Akola, Amravati, Washim, Buldhana, Dhule, Jalgaon, Nashik, and Nandurbar districts.  Gujarat : Surat district of Gujarat (k) Sheet Erosion.

Model Hints  Sheet erosion is the Uniform removal of the top soil just like a sheet.  With continued rainfall, the displaced soil particles fill in the spaces between soil particles and prevent water from seeping into the soil. This results in surface runoff and even more erosion.  The prolonged dry spell which precedes monsoon causes sheet erosion when monsoon occurs .

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6

(l) Geographical Distribution of ‘Gond’ Tribe.

Model Hints • Gond tribal group is Scheduled Tribes of central and south-central India. • They live in Indian Peninsular regions in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, and Odisha • In Madhya Pradesh Bhils have the highest no..of population (46.18 Lakh), followed by Gond (43.57 Lakh).  Gond Sub Tribes: Pardhan, Agaria, Ojha, Nagarchi, Solhas  Gond Geographical Area in MP: Found in almost every district but mainly in Vindhya & Satpura Region 3 largest Tribes of India 1. Bhil 2. Gond 3. Kol 3 largest Tribes of MP 1. Bhil 2. Gond 3. Baiga (m) Crop zones in Madhya Pradesh

Model Hints • Madhya Pradesh is divided into five Crop Zones: • 5 Crop Zones are : o Rice Zone o Wheat Rice Zone o Wheat Zone o Wheat Jowar Zone o Cotton Jowar Zone (n) Natural Disaster

Model Hints  A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth;  They are sudden ecological disruptions or threats that exceed the adjustment capacity of the affected community and require external assistance.  Natural disasters such as earthquake, volcanic eruptions, floods, tsunami, cyclones, landslides, heat and cold waves, droughts, epidemics., etc

(o) Enlist the states through which Tropic of Cancer Passes.

Model Hints  Tropic of Cancer is the imaginary line at 23.50 degree North of the Equator.  In India Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 states. Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram MPPSC 2020 - MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 (Enroll@8999) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com

MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6 (p) Ring of Fire in Pacific Ocean.

Model Hints  The Ring of Fire, also referred to as the Circum-Pacific Belt, is a path along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes.  The majority of Earth‘s volcanoes and earthquakes take place along the Ring of Fire.

Ring of Fire The path located at the rim of the pacific ocean which is characterized by What is a ring of fire? active volcanoes and earthquakes is called the ring of fire. It is also called the Circum-Pacific Belt or Circum-Pacific Seismic Belt. It is so-called because it marks a track around the rim of the pacific ocean. Also, since more than 75 percent of earth‘s volcanoes and 90 percent of Why is it called the ring of earthquakes are witnessed here, it is called the ring of fire. fire? Note: It is not a clear circular ring. A horseshoe-like shape is formed with the ring of fire. What is the length of the The ring of fire is 40000 km long. circum-pacific belt? What are the Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, United States, countries/Cities located in Canada, Russia, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, New Zealand, and Antarctica the ring of fire? are some of the important places located in the ring of the fire. 1. The ring of fire features the following:

 Oceanic trenches

 Volcanic arcs, and

 Volcanic belts and/or plate movements What are the features of 2. It is home to around 452 volcanoes (active and dormant volcanoes both) the ring of fire? 3. More than 80 percent of the world‘s largest earthquakes occur along the circum-pacific belt.

4. It is the most seismically active region followed by Alpide Belt that extends from Java to the northern Atlantic Ocean via the Himalayas & Southern Europe ------5 MARKERS

2. Write the answers of the following questions in 5-6 lines (50 words) each.

(a) What are the important minerals found in Madhya Pradesh.

Model Hints  The State of Madhya Pradesh is richly endowed with mineral wealth.  It is the sole producer of diamond in the country.  Coal, limestone, manganese ore, bauxite, copper ore, dolomite, fire clay, slate pyrophyllite- diaspore are the main minerals occurring in the State.

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6  Rocks ranging from Precambrian to recent era to accommodate every episode of mineralization are present.  In terms of the mineral production the state ranks third next only to Jharkhand and Chhatisgarh. Salient Features Of Mineral Wealth In MP  The working mines of diamond in India are in Panna district of Madhya Pradesh.  Thickest coal seam of Asia lies in the Singrauli Coal Field and other coal blocks near Chhindwara of the state.  Country's largest Open Cast Copper Mine is at Malajkhand in Balaghat district of the state.  Occurrences of Paradiso granite is in a large tract of M.P.  Highest cement producing state in India with 8 major and 3 mini cement plants, producing 15 percent cement of the country.  Largest producer of copper, limestone, slate, diaspore and pyrophyllite.  Leading producer of manganese , dolomite, rock phosphate and fire clay.  Madhya Pradesh is the sole producer of slate in the country. White and red coloured slate found in Mandsaur district is used mainly in producing slate pencil.  Significant deposits of calcite occur in the western part of Madhya Pradesh mainly in Barwani district.

S.N. Industry Location

1 Cement Rewa, Satna, Damoh, Katni, & Neemuch

2 Thermal Power Shahdol , Umaria, Sidhi, Satna, Betul, Damoh, Katni, Rewa, Ujjain 3 Coal Washeries Narsinghpur, Anuppur 4 Asbestos Cement Sheet Katni

5 Ceramics Ratlam, & Jabalpur

6 Hydrated Lime Katni & Satna

7 Slate Pencil Mandsour

8 Potteries Ujjain

9 Refractories Katni, Ratlam & Jabalpur

10 Roofing (Manglore) Tiles Hoshangabad & Balaghat

11 Marble cutting & polishing Katni

12 Granite cutting & polishing Chhatarpur, Tikamgarh

13 Flagstone cutting & polishing Shivpuri, Gwalior, Panna &Vidisha

(b) National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA).

Model Hints  The NDMA is the apex body for Disaster Management (DM) in India.  Its headed by the Prime Minister  It has the responsibility for laying down policies, plans and guidelines for DM and coordinating their MPPSC 2020 - MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 (Enroll@8999) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com

MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6 enforcement and implementation for ensuring timely and effective response to disasters  On 23 December 2005, the Government of India enacted the Disaster Management Act, which envisaged the creation of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) to spearhead and implement a holistic and integrated approach to Disaster Management in India. NDMA has the following responsibilities:-  Lay down policies on disaster management  Approve the National Plan  Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India in accordance with the National Plan  Lay down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plan  Lay down guidelines to be followed by the different Ministries or Departments of the Government of India for the Purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of disaster or the mitigation of its effects in their development plans and projects.  Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation;  Take such other measures for the prevention of disaster, or the mitigation, or preparedness and capacity building for dealing with threatening disaster situations or disasters as it may consider necessary;  Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of the National Institute of Disaster Management.

Model Hints  Seafloor spreading is a theory given by Harry Hess which says that oceanic crust forms along submarine mountain zones (known collectively as the mid-ocean ridge system) and spreads out laterally away from them.  He proposed that Basaltic magma from the mantle rises to create new ocean floor at mid-ocean ridges  This idea played a pivotal role in the development of the theory of plate tectonics, which revolutionized geologic thought during the last quarter of the 20th century. Evidences Several types of evidence supported Hess‘s theory of sea-floor spreading which led scientists to look again at Wegener‘s hypothesis of continental drift.  Eruptions of molten material :Samples of the deep ocean floor show that basaltic oceanic crust and overlying sediment become progressively younger as the mid-ocean ridge is approached, and the sediment cover is thinner near the ridge.  The ages of the rocks themselves: the rock making up the ocean floor is considerably younger than the continents, with no samples found over 200 million years old, as contrasted with maximum ages of over 3 billion years for the continental rocks. This confirms that older ocean crust has been reabsorbed in ocean trench systems.

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6  Magnetic stripes in the rock of the ocean floor: Scientists discovered that the rock that makes up the ocean floor lies in a pattern of magnetized ―stripes.‖ These stripes hold a record of reversals in Earth‘s magnetic field. The rock of the ocean floor contains iron. The rock began as molten material that cooled and hardened. As the rock cooled, the iron bits inside lined up in the direction of Earth‘s magnetic poles. This locked the iron bits in place, giving the rocks a permanent ―magnetic memory.‖ Therefore, when Earth's geomagnetic field undergoes a reversal, the change in polarity is recorded in the magma, which contributes to the alternating pattern of magnetic striping on the seafloor.

(d) What are the factors of Soil Formation.

Model Hints  The major factors responsible for the formation of soil: The major factors affecting the formation of soil are relief, parent material, climate, vegetation and other life-forms and time. Besides these, human activities also influence it to a large extent. 1. Parent Material  The parent material of soil may be deposited by streams or derived from in-situ weathering. Soil inherits many properties from the parent material from which it forms, for example, the mineral composition, the colour, the particle size and the chemical elements. 2.. Climate  The role of climate is to vary the inputs of heat and moisture. It affects the rate of weathering of the parent rock. Hot and humid environments, in general, witness the most rapid weathering of parent materials.  Role of precipitation: In areas that experience a lot of rainfall, water percolating down through soil tends to leach nutrients and organic matter out of the upper layers, unless modified by other soil components like plant roots.  Role of temperature: Solar energy, usually expressed as temperature, controls the form of water falling onto the soil surface as well as in the soil. Also, it increases the rate of reactions, such as chemical reactions, evapotranspiration and biological processes. Wide fluctuations in temperature, especially in the presence of water cause shrinking and swelling, frost action and general weathering in soils. 3. Biotic factors (Flora, Fauna and Microorganisms)  Biota, in conjunction with climate, modifies parent material to produce soil. The kind and amount of plants and animals that exist bring organic matter into the soil system as well as nutrient elements. This has a great effect on the kind of soil that will form. MPPSC 2020 - MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 (Enroll@8999) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com

MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6 4. Topography (Relief, Altitude and Slope)  Topography is often considered a passive factor modifying the effects of climate.Topography redistributes the water reaching the soil surface. Runoff from uplands creates wetter conditions on the lowlands, in some cases saline sloughs or organic soils. Thus, as a redistributor of the climate features, topography affects soil processes, soil distribution and the type of vegetation at the site. 5. Time  Soils can take many years to form. Younger soils have some characteristics from their parent material, but as they age, the addition of organic matter, exposure to moisture and other environmental factors may change its features. With time, they settle and are buried deeper below the surface, taking time to transform. Eventually, they may change from one soil type to another (e) Give a brief account of course of river Narmada.

Model Hints  Narmada is the third largest river that completely flows within India after Ganga & Godavari. It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India.  Narmada flows in a rift valley between the Satpura and Vindhya Ranges  Similar to the Mahi River and the Tapti River, the Narmada River is a river flowing from east to west. It is the biggest flowing river to the west.

Source  Narmada origins in a small tank called Narmada Kund located on the Amarkantak hill in the Anuppur District of eastern Madhya Pradesh.

Course  The river descends from the Amarkantak hill range at the Kapildhara falls over a cliff and meanders in the hills flowing through a tortuous course crossing the rocks and islands up to the ruined palace of Ramnagar.  Between Ramnagar and Mandla, (25 km), further southeast, the course is comparatively straight with deep water devoid of rocky obstacles. The Banger joins from the left.  The river then runs north–east in a narrow loop towards Jabalpur. Close to this city, after the Dhuandhara falls, Narmada enters three narrow valleys between the Vindhya scarps in the north and the Satpura range in the South.  The southern extension of the valley is wider at most places. These three valley sections are separated by the closely approaching line of the scarps and the Satpura hills.  It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India and flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km before draining through the Gulf of Cambay into the Arabian Sea, 30 km west of Bharuch of Gujarat

Narmada Facts  One of the most sacred rivers of India.  Geologically, Narmada River is older than the river Ganges.  The river has been mentioned by Ptolemy in the Second century AD as Namade. MPPSC 2020 - MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 (Enroll@8999) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com

MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6  In Puranas, it has been mentioned as Rewa.  In Indian history, Kannada emperor from Chalukya dynasty Pulakeshin II is said to have defeated emperor Harshavardhana of Kannauj on the banks of Narmada.  The Bhimbetka caves are located in a dyke of the Narmada valley at about 45 km northeast of Bhopal.  Omkareshwar and Maheshwar are located on Narmada.  Famous Dams : Sardar Sarovar Dam, Bargi Maheshwar, Omkareshwar  Narmadapuram Division is named after Narmada River.

(f) Which are the three states with most soyabean production in India. Describe Madhya Pradesh as a soyabean state.

Model Hints  India , Soyabean is cultivated over an area of 11.00 million ha, with the production is 11.53 million tonnes, in the rainfed ecosystem in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh and Telangana.

 The top three Soyabean growing states are Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.

 Madhya Pradesh produces about 70% of soyabean production in the country and covers around 55% of area of soyabean cultivation.

 Madhya Pradesh (MP) is often named as the Soya state of India for soyabean cultivation and production. The main reason behind it is the geographical location, soil and climatic conditions prevailing in M.P.

 Malwa region, covering the districts of Dewas, Indore, Dhar, Ujjain, Jhabua, Ratlam, Mandasur, Neemuch, Shajapur and Rajgarh, accounts for more than half the state‘s production.

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6  It grows well in the regions' black cotton soil.

 Malwa is India‘s US Midwest and Indore its Chicago and that‘s only because of soyabean. Indore is the leading trading hub housing soya bean meal exporters.

Soyabean  The soybean represents a huge source of high – quality, low cost protein.  Its a kharif crop  Unlike urad (black gram) or maize, could tolerate water-logging for 2-3 days and survive dry spells for over three weeks without much yield loss.  Also, being a legume, its root nodules harboured atmospheric nitrogen-fixing bacteria.  When harvested, it left behind 40-45 kg of nitrogen per hectare — equivalent to nearly two 50- kg urea bags — for the succeeding crop.

(g) Give a brief account of the Vulnerable Tribal Groups in Madhya Pradesh.

Model Hints

Vulnerable tribes of Madhya Pradesh  Among scheduled tribes, there are certain communities who had are categorized as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (earlier known as Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) having the following characteristics: o declining or stagnant population, smallness of number, stagnating or diminishing population, o low level of literacy, o pre-agricultural level of technology and o economically backward o residing in remote isolated areas (enclaves) o Vulnerable tribes are the tribes having low development indices. o practice of hunting and gathering,  Bharia, Baiga and Sahariya are the 3 particularly vulnerable tribal group(now it is known as primitive tribal group) in Madhya Pradesh.

Bharias  Bharia speaks Dravidian language and are completely isolated from the outside world.  Bharia People have deep knowledge of their forest areas and its various medicinal plants and herbs.  Area: Patalkot in Chhindwara district

Baigas  They are well known for their Tattoo tradition.  Women of Baigas are expert in tattooing .  Baigas practices shifting cultivation.  Area: Mandla, Dindori, Umaria ,Shahdol, Anoopur and Balaghat districts

Sahariyas MPPSC 2020 - MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 (Enroll@8999) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com

MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6

 These are very less developed tribe of Madhya Pradesh which is also found in some areas of Rajasthan.  Sahariyas practices traditional wood gathering and hunting from the forests.  Area: Gwalior, Datia, Morena, Sheopur, Bhind, Shivpuri districts.

(h) Differentiate between Anabatic and Katabatic winds.

Model Hints

Anabatic Winds  Anabatic is an upslope wind formed when air on hill sides is heated by insolation conduction to a greater extent than air at the same horizontal level but vertically above the valley floor.  This cause convectional rising of the heated air, which is replaced by cooler air form the valley floor

Katabatic Winds  Katabatic is a local wind caused (often at night) by the flow of air, cooled by radiation, down mountain slopes and valleys.  It is also caused by the flow of cold air down the slopes of ice caps, such as Antarctica and Greenland.  It is caused by ground surface cooling as a result of radiation, which in turn cools the lower air layers.  With the rapid loss of heat by radiation, the mountain or ice-cap becomes cold, and the chilled air moves downward under the action of gravity.

(i) Give a detail account of the factors affecting the locations of agro-based industries.

Model Hints  Agro-based industries are industries which use agricultural products as raw materials. For example, cotton textiles, silk textiles, and jute industries are Agro-based industries.  Agro-based industry consists of; o Food and beverages o Tobacco products; o Paper and wood products

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6 o Textiles, footwear, and apparel o Lather products o Rubber products.

Locatoin of agro-based manufacturing industries depends on various geographical, climatic and economic factors.  Climatic factors: Longer preservation period : The climate suitable for preserving food based products for a longer duration due to its cooler climates is favourable for agro based industries. Parts of country including peninsular and eastern India are more humid and is not suitable for longetivity.  Economic factors Availability of raw product: For a industry to succeed, the raw materials should be easily available at a lower cost. The North-western part is suitable in this regard due to its primarily farm based economy. Readily available market: Large markets are available nearby for selling the manufactured products in this region due to higher population concentration. This will reduce cost of transportation as well as create for profits for the owners in a short duration. Cheap labour: Cheaper labour force will reduce operating costs of such industries quite drastically. Since there is easy availability of such human resource, this region has concentration of agro industries.  Geographic factors Connectivity: The region is marked with better connectivity to all major places nearby. The transportation can be conducted through both road and rail and hence is easy for marketing products as well as movement of raw materials. Thus, we can observe that agro-based manufacturing can be profitable if above mentioned criterias are fulfilled. The localisation of these industries also indicate supportive policy initiatives by the respective state governments. (j) What are the traditional methods of water conservation? Which requirements can be fulfilled by these?

Model Hints  Water conservation is a key element of any strategy that aims to alleviate the water scarcity crisis in India. With rainfall patterns changing almost every year, the Indian government has started looking at means to revive the traditional systems of water harvesting in the country.  Given that these methods are simple and eco-friendly for the most part, they are not just highly effective for the people who rely on them but they are also good for the environment.

Supplementary Notes

Kul  Kuls are diversion channels that carry water from a glacier to village. Often spanning long distances, with some over 10 km long, kuls have been around for centuries. They are the lifeline of people of Spiti valley of Himachal Pradesh and in Jammu too.  Kul starts at the glacier, which is to be tapped. Keeping the head clear of debris is achieved by lining the sides of Kul with stones which ensure that there is no seepage or clogging.  The Kul leads to the village where the water is stored in a circular water tank. The water is drawn from here are per the need of the village.

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6

Bamboo Drip Irrigation System  This system of water conservation and usage of stream and spring water is done using bamboo pipes. Practised in Meghalaya, its primary purpose is to irrigate plantations.  This 200-year-old system involves 18-20 litres of water entering the bamboo pipe system every minute to irrigate the fields downhill. A brilliant drip irrigation system, it uses bamboos of various sizes and reduces the output to to 20-80 drops per minute, which is splendid for betel leaf and black pepper crops.  The whole irrigation system is made up of different forms of bamboo pipes of varying cross sections which take the water from perennial springs on the tops of the hill. The flow of water is controlled by the changing pipes positions. The method is so efficient that it enables the water to be dropped at the base of the plant to ensure there is no runoff and wastage. MPPSC 2020 - MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 (Enroll@8999) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com

MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6

Johads  Alwar district of Rajasthan is one of the driest regions in India with water scarcity being a common occurrence.  After the drought of the 1980s, the villagers attempted to revive the traditional method. Johad, a crescent shaped small check dam built from earth and rock to intercept and conserve rainwater, was thus reinvented.  This helps to improve percolation and increases groundwater recharge.  By recharging the aquifer below the surface, Johads have helped increase agriculture in the area. Usage of Johads has also helped increase the flow of river Arvari, making it a perennial river now. It earlier used to dry off after the monsoon.

Zabo  Zabo means impounding water. Known locally as the Ruza system, this system is a unique combination of water conservation with animal care, forests and agriculture. Mostly practised in Nagaland, Zabo is used to deal with a lack of drinking water supply. During monsoon, rainwater that falls on the hilltops is collected into the pond like structures that are carved out on the hillsides. The water is then passed onto cattle yards below from where the water enters the paddy fields rich in manure.  The paddy fields can be used to rear fishes as well thus giving a yield of about 50-60 kg/ hectare as extra output. Quite a few medicinal plants and herbs are also grown nearby. These ponds are made in such a way that water distribution is uniform.

Eri  One of the oldest water conservation systems in India, Eri (tank) of Tamil Nadu is still widely used around the State. With over a third of irrigation in the State being made possible due to Eri, the traditional water harvesting system plays an important part in the agriculture. They also have other advantages such as prevention of soil erosion, recharge of groundwater, and flood control.  Eri can either be fed through channels that divert river water, or rain-fed ones. They are usually interconnected to balance the water in case of excess or lesser supply.

Khadin  Khadin is a water conservation system designed to store surface runoff water for the purpose of agriculture. It entails an embankment built around a slope, which collects the rainwater in an agricultural field.  This helps moisten the soil and helps in preventing the loss of topsoil. Additionally, spillways are provided to ensure that excess water is drained off.  This system of water conservation is common in the areas of Jaisalmer and Barmer in Rajasthan. A dug well is usually made a bit further from Khadin to additionally take advantage of groundwater recharging that happens around the structure.

Virdas  Developed by the nomadic Maldhari tribes of Rann Of Kutch, virdas are shallow wells dug within a natural depression(Jheel). Since the area around is very saline, when rainwater seeps down the soil, it collects over the saline groundwater due to the difference in density (rainwater being less dense).  The tribesmen identify areas on basis of flow of the monsoon runoff and build these shallow wells.  This smart method helps them separate freshwater from saltwater and provide water for a variety of purposes. Vegetation is planted along virdas to help protect them. MPPSC 2020 - MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 (Enroll@8999) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com

MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6

Surangam  Surangam is a traditional water conservation system present in areas of Karnataka and Kerala.  The terrain of the area makes it impossible for people living around to survive only on surface water.  Thus a complex labyrinth of fine tunnels are built which constitutes horizontal wells dug in laterite rocks.  The Surangam can be of varying length and can even go up to 300 metres. Water is collected into a storage tank using gravitational force. Vertical shafts are provided for airflow.  The population nearby depends mainly on these horizontal wells for their water requirements. They are also used to irrigate crops such as paddy and coconut. What is also important that the water from Surangam is of good quality.

Ahar Pynes  This is a water conservation technique indigenous to South Bihar. Due to a variety of reasons including sandy soil, temporal river flow, low groundwater levels etc, floodwater harvesting is considered as the most suitable option for the area.  Ahar consists of a catchment basin embanked on three sides, at the end of a rivulet or a canal that leads from a river. Pynes are artificial channels, which were constructed to use river water for agriculture. The process starts from the river, from where the water goes to pynes and eventually lands up in an ahar. Although the system suffered under British rule, it has again been rejuvenated for agricultural purposes, especially in the district of Gaya.

Kunds/Kundis  With the look of an upturned cup nestling in a saucer, these water conservation structures are built to harvest rainwater. Usually dotting the areas of Rajasthan and Gujarat, they have a saucer shaped catchment area sloping towards the centre to where the well is situated.  To prevent debris from falling into the well, a wire mesh is used while the sides of the well pit are covered with lime and ash, which act as a disinfectant. Usually, the depth and diameter of these kunds depend upon the purpose of use i.e. drinking or for domestic usage.  There are many other methods too that are practised in various combinations. These methods have been around for hundreds of years, and with a lot of areas suffering from water scarcity, it may be time to revisit some other traditional methods to help innovate new ways of revival. Using these methods, we can help combat monsoon failure by rain water conservation ------11 MARKERS

3. Answer the following questions in about 200 words each.

(a) Give an account of the coastal plains of India.

Model Hints  The Indian coastline which is 7516.6 km long covers 6100 km of mainland coastline along with the Andaman, Nicobar and the Lakshadweep islands.  The coastline of India touches 13 states and Union Territories. The western coastal plains are along the Arabian Sea whereas the eastern coastal plains are located along the Bay of Bengal.

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6

Coastal Plains in India  India is a country that is surrounded by the sea on three of its sides.  The coastal plains in India are along the west and east of the country.  Extending up to 7516.6 km, the coastal plains in India are of two types: o Eastern Coastal Plains of India o Western Coastal Plains of India

Eastern Coastal Plains of India  The eastern coastal plains stretch from West Bengal in the north to Tamil Nadu in the south and pass through Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.  Deltas of the rivers Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari and Cauveri are present in the eastern coastal plain. The deltas are very fertile and productive for agriculture. Therefore, the delta of the River Krishna is called the ‗Granary of South India'.  The Eastern coast is again divided into three categories:

1. Utkal coast: Extending between the Chilika Lake and Kolleru Lake, they are much wider than the western coastal plains and undergo immense rainfall. Some of the crops that are cultivated here are rice, coconut and banana. 2. Andhra coast: Extending between the Kolleru Lake and Pulicat Lake, the Andra coast forms a basin area for the Krishna and the Godavari rivers. 3. Coromandel coast: The Coromandel coast extends between Pulicat Lake and Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu. This Indian coastline remains dry in summer and receives rainfall during the winters due to the north-east monsoons.

Western Coastal Plains of India  Western Coastal Plains stretches from Kerala in the south to Gujarat in the north passing through Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra.  The western coastal plains stretch for 1500 km north to south and its width ranges from 10 to 25 km. The West Continental Shelf is at its widest off the Bombay coast.  This place is rich in oil. Along the Malabar Coast, there are many beautiful lagoons which makes the place a tourist destination. The western coast is narrower than the eastern coast.  The western coast is further divided into : 1. Kachchh and Kathiawar coast: Kachchh, formerly a gulf is formed by the deposition of silt by the Indus. The area of Kachchh is covered with shallow water during the monsoons and is divided into Great Rann in the north and Little Rann in the east. Whereas, Kathiawar is situated to the south of Kachchh. 2. Konkan coast: It extends between Daman in the north to Goa in the south. Rice and cashew are the two important crops of this region. 3. Malabar coast: Extending between Goa to Mangalore and Kanyakumari, the Malabar coast is relatively broad. This region also consists of lagoons running parallel to the coast in southern Kerala.

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6

(b) Explain the different types of Climatic Disasters.

Model Hints Climatic disasters, also called meteorological disasters, are a result of extreme weather events. Following are different types of climatic disasters:

 Tropical Cyclone: Tropical cyclones are intense low-pressure areas confined to the area lying between 30° N and 30° S latitudes, in the atmosphere around which high velocity winds blow. It results in cyclonic storms with an average velocity of 180 km/h, excessive rainfall and abnormal rise in the sea level known as Storm Surge.

 Floods: Inundation of land and human settlements by the rise of water in the channels and its spill-over presents the condition of flooding. Floods occur commonly when water in the form of surface run-off exceeds the carrying capacity of the river channels and streams and flows into the neighbouring low-lying flood plains. Floods can also be caused due to a storm surge in the coastal

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6 areas.

 Droughts: The term ‗drought‘ is applied to an extended period when there is a shortage of water availability due to inadequate precipitation, excessive rate of evaporation and over-utilisation of water from the reservoirs and other storages, including the ground water.

 Heat Wave: A Heat Wave is a period of abnormally high temperatures, more than the normal maximum temperature that occurs during the summer season in the North-Western parts of India. The extreme temperatures and resultant atmospheric conditions adversely affect people living in these regions as they cause physiological stress, sometimes resulting in death.

 Cold Wave and Fog: Occurrences of extreme low temperature in association with incursion of dry cold winds from north into the Indian sub-continent are known as cold waves.

 Thunderstorm, Hailstorm and Dust Storm: A thunderstorm is a well-grown cumulonimbus cloud producing thunder and lightning. When the clouds extend to heights where sub-zero temperature prevails, hails are formed and they come down as hailstorm. If there is insufficient moisture, a thunderstorm can generate duststorms.

Model Hints  The State is divided in 11 Agro-climatic regions and 5 crop zones.  District-wise classification alongwith soil type is as below :

S.No. AGRO- SOIL TYPE DISTRICTS COVERED DETAILS OF PARTLY CLIMATIC COVERED DISTRICTS REGIONS 1. Chhattisgarh Red & Yellow Balaghat. plains (Medium) 2 Northern Red & Yellow Shahdol,Mandla,Dindori, Sidhi :-Singroli Hill Region Medium black Anuppur, Sidhi(Partly), Umaria Tehsil(Bedhan) of & skeltal Chhattisgarh (Medium/light)

3 Kymore Mixed red and Rewa,Satna,Panna,Jabalpur, Plateau & black soils Seoni, Katni, Sidhi (except Satpura Hills (Medium) Singroli tehsil )

4 Central Deep black (deep) Narsinghpur, Hoshangabad Sehore :-Budni Tehsil. Narmada Sehore(Partly),Raisen(Partly) Raisen :-Bareli Tehsil. Valley 5 Vindhya Medium black & Bhopal,Sagar,Damoh,Vidisha, Guna :- Plateau deep black Raisen(except Bareli Teh.), Chanchoda,Raghogarh & (Medium/Heavy) Sehore(except Budni Teh.), Aron Tehsils. Guna(Partly). 6 Gird Region Alluvial (Light) Gwalior,Bhind,Morena, Sheopur-Kala,Shivpuri,(except Pichore,Karera,Narwar, Khania- dana Teh.),Guna(except Aron,Raghogarh,Chachoda Tehsil) Ashoknagar

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6 7 Bundelkhand Mixed red and Chhattarpur,Datia,Tikamgarh, Shivpuri :- black(Medium) & Shivpuri(Partly) Karera,Pichhore,Narwar & Khaniadhana Tehsils. 8 Satpura Shallow black Betul & Chhindwara Plateau (Medium)

9 Malwa Medium black Mandsaur, Neemuch, Ratlam, Dhar :-Dhar,Badnawar & Plateau (Medium) Ujjain,Dewas,Indore,Shajapur, Sardarpur Rajgarh & Dhar (Partly) Tehsils. Jhabua(Partly) Jhabua :-Petlawad Tehsil.

10 Nimar Plains Medium black Khandwa, Burhanpur, Dhar :- (Medium) Khargone, Barwani ,Harda Manawar,Dharampuri & ,Dhar (Partly) District. Gandhawani Tehsil. 11 Jhabua Hills Medium Jhabua District.(except Dhar :- Only Kukshi Tehsil. blackskeletal Petlawad Tehsil) & Dhar (Light/Medium) (Partly)

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6 (d) Describe in detail the problem of forest depletion in Madhya Pradesh and what can be its possible solutions?

Model Hints  Deforestation is the conversion of forested land to non-forested land by humans. Deforestation occurs when a land dominated by naturally occurring trees is converted to provide certain services in response to the human demand. The indiscriminate felling of trees has resulted in a reduction of forest cover from  Madhya Pradesh is fast losing its dense forest and the loss has been alarming in the recent years.  Madhya Pradesh is among one of the states of India which is endowed with rich and diverse forests and comprises the largest forest cover in the country.  This is mainly because of the efforts that the state has put in to conserve and harness this invaluable resource through innovative measures like community participation and decentralization.  Even after these continuous efforts, there are certain regions within the state where the occurrence of several types of disturbances in the forest has been found.  Decrease in dense forest has been reported from Sidhi, Mandla, Satna, Umaria, Jabalpur, Jhabua, East Nimar, Dewas, Chhindwara, Chhatarpur and Balaghat districts.  FACT: MP has the maximum area under forest cover among all the states in the country.

The causes of deforestation are:  Logging: Illegal logging activities are very common that destroy the livelihoods of the people depending on forests. Wood-based industries like paper, match-sticks, furniture need a substantial amount of wood supply. Wood is used as fuel most commonly and so large amount of trees are cut down for fuel supplies. Firewood and charcoal are used as fuel.  Agricultural Activities: The conversion of forests into agricultural land is a big reason for deforestation. Due to overgrowing demand for food products, many trees are chopped down for crops and for cattle grazing. Over 40% of the forests are cleaned to obtain land and meet the needs of agriculture and wood.  Mining: Oil and mining of coal require a large amount of forest land. Construction of roads leads to deforestation as they provide the way to remote land. The waste that comes out from mining pollutes the environment and affects the nearby species.  Urbanization: As the population grows, the needs of people increases which further leads to deforestation. Forests shrink to a great extent to meet the requirements like for construction of roads, development of houses, mineral exploitation and expansion of industries. Increasing population directly affects forest as with the expansion of cities there is a need for more land for housing and settlements.  Timber Production : One of the primary cause of deforestation is the production of timber. There is a lot of demand for timber and so deforestation increases. It a source of raw material which is used for the production of paper and also for construction.  Forest Fires: We lose a large number of trees each year due to fires in the forest in various portions worldwide. This happens due to extreme summers and winters. The fire caused, by man or nature, results in huge loss of forest cover.

Effects of Deforestation  Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Gases such as methane and carbon dioxide trap heat in Earth‘s atmosphere, leading change in climate. Trees absorb the carbon dioxide and release oxygen and water into the atmosphere and this contributes to the global warming. Cutting carbon dioxide adds to the environment and then this lack of the tree creates an absorption deficit. Deforestation leads to the emission of greenhouse gas.

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6  Soil Erosion: Cutting down on trees leads to clearance of forests and so soil erosion occurs. Exposure of the soil to the sun‘s heat dries up the moisture inside the soil. Nutrients evaporate and it affects the bacteria that help to break down organic matter. Due to this, rain washes the soil surfaces and erosion takes place. Large amounts of soil wash into local streams and rivers and cause damage to hydroelectric structures and irrigation infrastructure.  Biodiversity Losses : Deforestation alters land and so that many of the plants and animals do not survive. With more deforestation, the entire species can extinct. This is the ‗biodiversity loss‘. Many wonderful species of plants and animals have been lost, and many others remain endangered. As each species of an ecosystem rely upon other species, loss of one species can have far-reaching consequences for other species. We lose about 50 to 100 species of animals each day due to the destruction of their habitats. Millions of plants and animal species are on the verge of extinction due to deforestation.  Floods : Deforestation leads to land erosion because the trees maintain the surface of the mountains. The water level of the rivers increases suddenly, causing floods. When it rains, trees absorb and store a large amount of water with the help of their roots. Chopping down of trees disrupts the flow of water and leads to floods in some areas.

Solutions  A reduction in the growth rate of human population can play a crucial role in reducing the practice of deforestation  Sustainable forest management practices  Alternatives for shifting cultivation  Promotion of plantation outside the forest and  Usage of certified forest products and sustainable logging.  Adoption of sustainable agroforestry : Agroforestry has been considered as one of the methods to curb deforestation which in turn aid in reduction of CO2 emissions and mitigation of climate change effect  Public policies and laws with greater security, accessibility to the minimal inputs required to maintain or enhance food production and an opportunity to the cultivators to market their products will aid in the sustainability of shifting cultivation systems

(e) Discuss the various applications of Global Positioning System (GPS).

Model Hints

 Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space based satellite navigation system that provides location & time information in all weather conditions anywhere on or near the earth where there is an unobstructed line Of sight (LOS) to four or more GPS satellites. Initially GPS was launched with 24 satellites, with its control with US Department of Defence (DOD).  A GPS receiver calculates its position by [precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellite high above the earth. Each satellite constantly sends message that contains: 1. The time at which the message was transmitted and 2. Satellite position at the time of message transmission .

 There are various applications of GPS, since GPS is used for navigation and shrivelling, it is required in many domains.

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6

1. Agriculture  The combination of GPS and GIS has given rise to the site specific farming an approach to precision agriculture. GPS based applications in precision farming are used for: Farm Planning Field mapping Soil Sampling Tractor Guidance Tractor scouting Yield mapping . It also helps farmers to work in bad weather conditions such as rain dust fog and darkness when visibility is quiet low.  With the help of Precision agriculture, gather the Geographic information regarding the Plant-Animal- Soil requirements before hand and then applying the relevant treatment in order to increase the productivity.  The collaboration of GPS and GIS with better quality of fertilizers and other soli enhancements, weeds, pesticides can help a farmer greatly in protecting the natural resources in a long run. The location information is collected by GPS receiver for mapping field boundaries, roads, irrigation systems, and problem areas in crops such s weeds and disease.

2. Aviation  GPS is used in aviation throughout the world in order to increase the safety and efficiency of flights. Space-based position and navigation enables three-dimensional position determination for all phases of flight from departure, en route, and arrival, to airport surface navigation. The role of GPS in Aviation is :  Area Navigation allows aircraft to fly user preferred routes from way point to waypoint where waypoint does not depend upon the ground infrastructure  New & Efficient Air routes made possible by GPS are continuing to expand  Improved approaches to airports, which significantly increase operational benefits and safety, are now being implemented even at remote locations  Potential decommissioning and reduction of expensive ground based navigation facilities, systems, and services  Reduced aircraft delays due to increased capacity made possible through reduced separation minimums and more efficient air traffic management, particularly during inclement

3. Environment  In order to sustain earth‘s environment with the human‘s needs, there is a need for better decision making in association with more updated information. Such decisions are supposed to be taken by Government & Private Organisations but both of them are facing the biggest challenge of gathering accurate & timely information. GPS is the tool which helps greatly in this situation. Some of the benefits which are provided by GPS to Environment are :  In order to provide a comprehensive analysis of environmental concerns, GPS data collection system are complimented with GPS packages  GPS/GIS data collection system efficiently recognize Environmental patterns and trends  There is no need for digitizing the fields data transcription, it can be analyzed quickly without this preliminary requirement  Environmental Disasters such as fires and oil spills can be more accurately tracked.  Precise positional data from GPS can assist scientists in crustal and seismic monitoring.  Monitoring and preservation of endangered species can be facilitated through GPS tracking and mapping.

4. Marine Some of the benefits of GPS in Marine are :

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 6  Allows access to fast and accurate position, course, and speed information, saving navigators time and fuel through more efficient traffic routing.  Boaters get precise navigation information.  Improves precision and efficiency of buoy positioning, sweeping, and dredging operations.  For container management in port facilities, enhancement in efficiency and economy is achieved  Increases safety and security for vessels using the AIS

5. Public Safety & Disaster Relief  GPS serve as a technique in disaster management & rescue operations, since in such real time situations, time is the critical component.  GPS has proven to be of great importance at the time of Tsunami that were havoc in the parts of the world. The rescue team with the collaboration of GPS, GIS and remote sensing gave rise to the rescue operations by correctly locating the site and other relevant information‘s.

6. Surveying  GPS is widely used in surveying and by ma keepers. Telephone lines, fire hydrants, server lines and many such can easily be mapped by using GPS. The images of various sites can be tank very easily and fast by using GPS technology

7. Mobile Phones  GPS proved to a very efficient feature in Smart phones. GPS is not only used for navigation purposes but also for many other applications in phone which are dependent of GPS. GPS also provides the service providers in improving their efficient and quality of service as it can give the feedback as to what signal strength is available.

8. Robotics  Robotics field has been benefitted greatly by GPS as it helps the robots in navigation and performing various tasks

9. Military purpose  Initially developed for the help of military, GPS has covered almost all the areas and applications. Apart from navigation purposes in military, GPS helps in other fields like in tracking the target using Drone technology. It is also used for the guidance of missiles and projectiles

Some other benefits of GPS in this domain are :  Provide positional informational to individuals having mobile devices in the case of emergency  Flood Prediction Capabilities are enhanced along with the monitoring of Seismic precursors  GPS also helps the meteorologist in storm tracking and flood predictions  Helps scientists in anticipating earthquakes  To contain and manage forest fires, aircraft combine GPS with infrared scanners to identify fire boundaries and "hot spots."

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