DOCSLIB.ORG

An Historical and Analytical Study of the Tally, The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Historical and Analytical Study of the Tally, The Copyright by JttUa Slisabobh Adkina 1956 AN HISTORICAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE TALLY, THE KNOTTED CORD, THE FINGERS, AND THE ABACUS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State U n iv e rsity Sy JULIA ELIZABETH ADKINS, A. B ., M. A. The Ohio State University 1936 Approved by: A dviser Department of Educati ACiCNOWLEDGMENT The author is deeply indebted to Professor Nathan lasar for his inspiration, guidance, and patience during the writing of this dissertation. IX lâBIfi OF CONTENTS GHAFTSl Fàm 1. INTRWCTION................................................................................... 1 Pl^iflËÜaaxy Statcum t ......................................................... 1 âtatamant of the Problem ............ 2 Sqportanee of the Problem ............................................. 3 Scope and Idmitationa of the S tu d y ............................................. 5 The Method o f the S tu d y ..................................................................... 5 BerLeir o f th e L i t e r a t u r e ............................................................ 6 Outline of the Remainder of the Study. ....................... 11 II. THE TâLLI .............................................. .................................................. 14 Definition and Etymology of "Tally? *. ...... .... 14 Types of T a llies .................................................................................. 16 The Notch T a lly ................................ 16 The Knot T a lly ............................ 16 The Line T a l l y .................................................................................. 16 The Finger T a l l y .................................... 17 The Object T a l l y ................................................ 17 Threaded Objects. ........................ 17 Non-threaded O b jects ................................................................ 17 The Word T a l l y .................................................................................. 20 Tedhniques and Matexials Used in Tallying ......................... 22 The Notch T a l ly .................................................................................. 22 The Knot Tally ................................................ 33 The Line Tally * . .................................... 33 i l l TâBl£ OF CONTENTS CHAFTBEi PAGE Th# Finger Tally ......................................................... 37 The Object T ally ............................................................................. 37 Threaded O bjects .................................................................... 37 Non-threaded Objects ...................................................... 37 The Word T ally ......................................................... 43 Summary ..................................................................... 43 i n . THE KNOTTED COED........................................................................ 46 Definition of a Knotted Cord ............................................................. 46 Purposes fo r Which the Knotted Cord Was Used ....... 46 Peoples Who Used the Knotted Cord .............................................. 48 Sum m ary ............................................................................................... 59 The Quipu ................................................................................ 60 Introduction ....................................................... 60 Deseripticsi of the Quipu ........................................... 60 Origin of the Q uipu ............................................................. 73 Uses o f the Quipu by the I n c a s ................... 74 The Quipoeamayoes ............................ .......... 75 t Use of the Quipu by Other People ............................................. 76 Summary .......................... ............................................................ 77 17. THE FINGERS ........................... 78 Introduction ........................................................................... 78 The Influence o f Finger Symbolism ........... 82 i v TABLE OP OQNTprS CHAFTES zPACa Peopl«« Who D sad Finger Notation ........................ 87 Writers about Finger SjnaboXiaa .................................................... 97 Finger Reckoning . ..... .................... 100 Suomary. ............................................................................................. 102 V. THE ABACUS . 103 Introductii»............................................ 103 Definition and Etymology of **Abaeas" ................... ,................. 107 Definition and Etymology ofCoonter** .... 109 Types of Abaci .......... ............................................. I l l Origin of the Abacus .......................................................................... 131 The Abacus in Egypt « .................................................... 136 The Abacus in Greece . ...................... 137 The Abacus in Rome ............................... 141 The Abacus in India .................................................................... 146 The Abacus in A r a b ia ............................................... 148 The Abacus in R ussia ......................................................................... 149 The Abacus in-China . ............................................................ .. 152 The Abacus in Japan ................................................................. 156 The Abacus in Other European and Asiatic Countries .... !%62 The Abacus in America .................................... 168 The Mhthematios of the Abacus ................................................. 173 The In flu en ce o f the Abacus. ..................................................... 175 CHAPTER TABLE OF GCNTEMTS FAGS The dacontlnoanee of the Abacus ......................................... 180 axm m axy ................................ .................................................................. 186 VI. A BRIEF HISTORICAL SURVEY OF TOE’TEACHING OF ARITHMETIC (6th century B. C. to 17th century A. D .) ................................187 Introduction ........... .................................... ... 187 Teaching the Use of the Fingers ....................................... 187 Teaching the Use of the T ally .................................................. 189 Teaching the Use of the Quipu ........................................................... 190 Teaching the Use of the Abacus ........................................................... 190 Early Philosophers Who Advocated the Use of Concrete Materials in Teaching ...................................................................... 197 Summary .................................... * .......................................................... 199 V II. THE TEACHING OF ARITHMETIC IN THE UNITED STATES (Early Colonial Days to 1935) ................... 201 The Ciphering Period — from Early Colonial Days to 1821 . 202 The Period of the Influence of Warren Colburn — Active Period: 1821 to 1857 ................................... 204 The Period of the Influence of Warren Colburn — Static Period: 1857 to 1892 ....................... 215 The Reflective Period — 1892to 19 1 1 ............................................220 Life A ctivities Period — 1911 to 1935 .......................................... 225 Summary ................................................................... 2)5 V III. THE TEACHING OF ARITHMETIC IN THE UNITED STATES (1935 to 1 9 5 6 ).............................................................................. 2)6 Textbooks on Arithmetic . ..... ..................... 2)6 Vi TABUS OF CONTBITS CHAFTEE PACES A Critique of the Denriees Used ii% These Series to Indicate Place Value . ............................................................. 246 Statements of Philosophy in the Nine Séries .......................... 249 Books on the Teaching of Arithmetic ..................................................254 A Critique of the Books in Relation to Techniques of Teaching with Forms of Abaci ............. 262 A Criticism of the Abacus as a Teaching Device • ................... 264 Contemporary Forms o f Abaci . ..................................... 266 The Principal Characteristics of the Present Period (1935 to 1 9 5 6 ) ....................... ............................. ............................ ... 274 Sum m ary ......................................................................................................279 IX. SDimARY AND SUGGESTIONS................................................. 281 Summary .................................................................................. 281 Possible Suggestions for the Teaching of Arithmetic .... 284 Suggestions for a Sequence in the Teaching of Arithmetic . 285 Suggestions for the Use of the Abacus in the Teaching of Arithmetic ..............................................................................287 Recommendations for Other S tu d ie s ................................................. 288 APPaiDICES. ................................. .................................... ................................ 290 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................313 v i i LIST OF PLATES PLATE PAŒS I. Copies of Samoan War Clubs .............................................. 27 II. Exchequer Tally ...........................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Origins of the Underline As Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: a Case Study in Skeuomorphism
    The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Romano, John J. 2016. The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33797379 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism John J Romano A Thesis in the Field of Visual Arts for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University November 2016 Abstract This thesis investigates the process by which the underline came to be used as the default signifier of hyperlinks on the World Wide Web. Created in 1990 by Tim Berners- Lee, the web quickly became the most used hypertext system in the world, and most browsers default to indicating hyperlinks with an underline. To answer the question of why the underline was chosen over competing demarcation techniques, the thesis applies the methods of history of technology and sociology of technology. Before the invention of the web, the underline–also known as the vinculum–was used in many contexts in writing systems; collecting entities together to form a whole and ascribing additional meaning to the content.
    [Show full text]
  • Marathon 2,500 Years Edited by Christopher Carey & Michael Edwards
    MARATHON 2,500 YEARS EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SUPPLEMENT 124 DIRECTOR & GENERAL EDITOR: JOHN NORTH DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS: RICHARD SIMPSON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS PROCEEDINGS OF THE MARATHON CONFERENCE 2010 EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 2013 The cover image shows Persian warriors at Ishtar Gate, from before the fourth century BC. Pergamon Museum/Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin. Photo Mohammed Shamma (2003). Used under CC‐BY terms. All rights reserved. This PDF edition published in 2019 First published in print in 2013 This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN: 978-1-905670-81-9 (2019 PDF edition) DOI: 10.14296/1019.9781905670819 ISBN: 978-1-905670-52-9 (2013 paperback edition) ©2013 Institute of Classical Studies, University of London The right of contributors to be identified as the authors of the work published here has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Designed and typeset at the Institute of Classical Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Introductory note 1 P. J. Rhodes The battle of Marathon and modern scholarship 3 Christopher Pelling Herodotus’ Marathon 23 Peter Krentz Marathon and the development of the exclusive hoplite phalanx 35 Andrej Petrovic The battle of Marathon in pre-Herodotean sources: on Marathon verse-inscriptions (IG I3 503/504; Seg Lvi 430) 45 V.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emoji Factor: Humanizing the Emerging Law of Digital Speech
    The Emoji Factor: Humanizing the Emerging Law of Digital Speech 1 Elizabeth A. Kirley and Marilyn M. McMahon Emoji are widely perceived as a whimsical, humorous or affectionate adjunct to online communications. We are discovering, however, that they are much more: they hold a complex socio-cultural history and perform a role in social media analogous to non-verbal behaviour in offline speech. This paper suggests emoji are the seminal workings of a nuanced, rebus-type language, one serving to inject emotion, creativity, ambiguity – in other words ‘humanity’ - into computer mediated communications. That perspective challenges doctrinal and procedural requirements of our legal systems, particularly as they relate to such requisites for establishing guilt or fault as intent, foreseeability, consensus, and liability when things go awry. This paper asks: are we prepared as a society to expand constitutional protections to the casual, unmediated ‘low value’ speech of emoji? It identifies four interpretative challenges posed by emoji for the judiciary or other conflict resolution specialists, characterizing them as technical, contextual, graphic, and personal. Through a qualitative review of a sampling of cases from American and European jurisdictions, we examine emoji in criminal, tort and contract law contexts and find they are progressively recognized, not as joke or ornament, but as the first step in non-verbal digital literacy with potential evidentiary legitimacy to humanize and give contour to interpersonal communications. The paper proposes a separate space in which to shape law reform using low speech theory to identify how we envision their legal status and constitutional protection. 1 Dr. Kirley is Barrister & Solicitor in Canada and Seniour Lecturer and Chair of Technology Law at Deakin University, MelBourne Australia; Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • A Thesis Entitled Knotted Numbers, Mnemonics, and Narratives: Khipu
    A Thesis entitled Knotted Numbers, Mnemonics, and Narratives: Khipu Scholarship and the Search for the “Khipu Code” throughout the Twentieth and Twenty First Century by Veronica Lysaght Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in History ________________________________________ Charles Beatty-Medina, Committee Chair ________________________________________ Roberto Padilla, Committee Member ________________________________________ Kim Nielsen, Committee Member _______________________________________ Amanda Bryant-Friedrich, Dean College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo July 2016 Copyright 2016, Veronica Lee Lysaght This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no parts of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. An Abstract of Knotted Numbers, Mnemonics, and Narratives: Khipu Scholarship and the Search for the “Khipu Code” throughout the Twentieth and Twenty First Century by Veronica Lysaght Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in History The University of Toledo July 2016 My thesis explores the works of European and North American khipu scholars (mainly anthropologists) from 1912 until 2010. I analyze how they incorporated aspects of their own culture and values into their interpretations of Inca khipus’ structure and functions. As Incas did not leave behind a written language or even clear non-written descriptions of their khipus, anthropologists interpreted khipus’ purposes with a limited base of Inca perspectives. Thus, every work of khipu literature that I study reflects both elements of Inca culture and the author’s own cultural perspectives as a twentieth or twenty-first century academic. I show how each work is indicative of modern cultural views on writing, as well as academic movements and broader social trends that were prominent during the author’s time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Quipu of the Incas: Its Place in the History of Communication by Leo J
    The Quipu of the Incas: Its Place in the History of Communication by Leo J. Harris The study of postal history has, through time, been defined in a number of different ways. Most of us consider postal history to be the study of how a paper with writing on it was carried in some sort of organized fashion from place to place. But more broadly, and for the purpose of this short article, postal history could be defined as the study of moving information on an organized basis from one place to another. This definition has particular meaning when one considers the situation in which the prevailing language had no written form. That is precisely the case with the Inca Empire in South America. The Inca Empire (circa 1400 AD to 1532 AD) stretched from Chile and Argentina on the south, through Bolivia and Peru, to Ecuador on the north. The topography was desert, the high Andes mountains, plateaus and jungles. The empire was held together by two principal means. The first was a highly developed, often paved road system, which even today is followed in part by the Pan American highway. The second were “Chasquis,” Indian runners who carried messages from one Tambo (or way-station) to another, over these roads. In this manner adequate communication was assured, but to this had to be added a method to preserve and transmit information. Given the length and breadth of the Empire, the Inca hierarchy needed a significant and continuing flow of information and data to exercise economic and political control over greatly diverse inhabitants.
    [Show full text]
  • Knotting Matters 5
    ‘KNOTTING MATTERS’ THE QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER OF THE INTERNATIONAL GUILD OF KNOT TYERS President: Percy W. Blandford Hon. Secretary & Editor, Geoffrey BUDWORTH, 45, Stambourne Way, Upper Norwood, London S.E.19 2PY, England. tel: 01-6538757 Issue No. 5 October, 1983 - - - oOo - - - EDITORIAL In an article within this issue Dr. Harry ASHER describes an original method of classifying knots. There will be those - understandably - who dismiss his ideas because they may seem impractical. After all, didn’t Australian knot craftsman Charles H.S. THOMASON write recently in these pages; “I don’t know the names of many of the knots I tie.” One of the Guild’s aims is, however, to undertake research into all aspects of knotting. When I had to produce a training manual entitled ‘The Identification of Knots’ for forensic scientists and other criminal investigators, my first challenge was to devise a system of grouping and classifying over 100 basic knots, bends and hitches. You can’t ask people who don’t know knot names to look one up in an alphabetical index. I chose to group them according to the number of crossing points each one possessed. Scientists can count. Harry ASHER’s method actually describes in a kind of speed-writing how they are tied. Mathematicians studying topology assign numerical values to knots and then evolve formulae to compare them. The “Reidemeister Moves” are, I believe, an attempt to give names to the ways in which a cord may be arranged and rearranged. Some of us will never acquire the mathematical language to understand all of this; but we surely must be able to treat knots systematically and logically if we are to learn more about them than we know already.
    [Show full text]
  • Super Duper Semaphore Or, As We Like to Call It
    Super Duper Semaphore Or, as we like to call it ... Flag Texting! Hello Lieutenants ... You can have a whole lot of fun with just a couple of hand flags. Even if you don’t have actual flags, you can make your own using items found around your home, like tea towels, or even two smelly old socks tied to some sticks! As long as you’re having fun ... be inventive. What’s it all about? Well, believe it or not, a great way for ships near (in range of) each other or ships wanting to communicate to the land is to use ‘Flag Semaphore’. It’s a bit like sending a text message ... but with your arms. It has been used for hundreds of years on both land and sea (from the sea, red and yellow flags are used). The word semaphore is Greek for ‘Sign-bearer’ Here’s how it works… Each letter of the alphabet has its own arm position (plus a few extras that we will cover in later ranks). Once you can remember these, you can send loads of hidden messages to your friends and family. Check these out ... ABCDEFG HIJKLM NOPQR STUVWX YZ How cool is that? To send a message the ‘sender’ gets the attention of the ‘receiver’ by waving their arms (and flags) by their side in an up and down motion (imagine flapping your arms like a bird). Don’t worry if you make mistakes or the receiver translates your signals into silly words - we’ve had lots of fun practicing this, and it will take time to become a Super Signaller! Are you ready to send your message? One letter at a time? Remember to pause between each letter and a bit longer between words to accurately get your message through.
    [Show full text]
  • Microej Documentation
    MicroEJ Documentation MicroEJ Corp. Revision ff3ccfde Nov 27, 2020 Copyright 2008-2020, MicroEJ Corp. Content in this space is free for read and redistribute. Except if otherwise stated, modification is subject to MicroEJ Corp prior approval. MicroEJ is a trademark of MicroEJ Corp. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. CONTENTS 1 MicroEJ Glossary 2 2 Overview 4 2.1 MicroEJ Editions.............................................4 2.1.1 Introduction..........................................4 2.1.2 Determine the MicroEJ Studio/SDK Version..........................5 2.2 Licenses.................................................7 2.2.1 Overview............................................7 2.2.2 License Manager........................................7 2.2.3 Evaluation Licenses......................................7 2.2.4 Production Licenses......................................9 2.3 MicroEJ Runtime............................................. 13 2.3.1 Language............................................ 13 2.3.2 Scheduler............................................ 13 2.3.3 Garbage Collector....................................... 14 2.3.4 Foundation Libraries...................................... 14 2.4 MicroEJ Libraries............................................ 14 2.5 MicroEJ Central Repository....................................... 15 2.6 Embedded Specification Requests................................... 15 2.7 MicroEJ Firmware............................................ 15 2.7.1 Bootable Binary with
    [Show full text]
  • INQUIRY INYO the PURCHASING POWER OP the DRACHMA in ANCIENT Grebci
    INQUIRY INYO THE PURCHASING POWER OP THE DRACHMA IN ANCIENT GREBCi . THE PURPOSE OP DETERMINING, IP POSSIBLE, THE MATERIAL CONDITIONS HCH PREVAILED IN ATHENS DURING HER EXISTENCE AS AN INDEPENDENT STA' ProQuest Number: 13850489 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 13850489 Published by ProQuest LLC(2019). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ?RJSFACE» I have derived my information from the following sources: Aeschines - Against Timarchus; Against Ctesiphon. Andocides - Concerning the Mysteries. Pseudo—Andocides - Against Alcihiades. Aristophanes - Acharnians; Knights; Clouds; Wasps; Peace; Birds; Lysistrata; Thesmophoriazusae; Frogs; Ecclesiazusae; P lutus. Aristotle - Constitution of Athens; Rhetoric; Politics. Pseudo-Aristotle - Oeconomica. Athenaeus - The Deipnosophists. ■ Demosthenes - Speeches, XIV;XVIII;XXI;XXII;XXVII;XXVIII;XXIX;XXX;XXXI XXXIV; XXXV; XXXVI; XXXVII; XL; XLI; XLII; XLV; L; LIII; LIX. Diogenes Laertius - Lives of the Philosophers. Harpocration - Lexicon to the Ten Orators. ' Herodas - Mimes. Herodotus - History. Hesychius - Lexicon. Isaeus - Speeches, II;III;IV;V;VI;VII;VI1I;X;XI. Isocrates - Concerning the Team of Horses; Antidosis. Lucian - Dialogues of Courtesans. Lycurgus - Against Leocrates. Lysias - Speeches, III;XIV;XVT;XVII;XIX;XXIV;XXVI;XXXII.
    [Show full text]
  • Influences of Institutionalized Mathematics Teaching on the Development and Organization of Mathematical Thought in the Pre-Modern Period
    STUDIEN ZUM ZUSAMMENHANG VON WISSENSCHAFT UNO BILDUNG Jens H6yrup Bernd Bekemeier Materialien und Studien Band 20 Institut fur Didaktik der Mathematik der Universitat Bielefetd Influences of Institutionalized Mathematics Teaching on the Development and Organization of Mathematical Thought in the Pre-Modern Period. Investigations in an Aspekt of the Anthropology of Mathematics by Jens Hoyrup Zum Zusammenhang von Wissenschaft und Bildung am Beispiel des Mathematikers und Lehrbuchautors Martin Ohm von Bernd Bekemeier © 1980 Das Copyright liegt bei den einzelnen Autoren und beim IDM, Bielefeld. Jede Form des Nachdrucks Oder der Vervielfaltigung etc. bedarf daher der ausdrQcklichen Genehmigung von Autor und IDM Fotovorlage: Maria Otte Gesamtherstellung: Robert Bechauf, Bielefeld V orbemerkung INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Der vorliegende Band ist im Rahmen des Projekts "Zum Verhaltnis von Wissenschafts- und BildungsprozeB - darge- Seite stellt am Beispiel der Entwicklung der Mathematik im INFLUENCES OF INSTITUTIONALIZED MATHEMATICS 19. Jahrhundert" - entstanden. Dieses Projekt wird im IDM TEACHING ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND ORGANIZATION durchgefiihrt und von der Stiftung Volkswagenwerk finanziert OF MATHEMATICAL THOUGHT IN THE PRE-MODERN und gefdrdert. PERIOD. INVESTIGATIONS IN AN ASPECT OF THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF MATHEMATICS Wir messen Kooperationsbeziehungen zu Wissenschaftiern der by Jens H^fyrup verschiedensten Disziplinen, die an der Erforschung des Zusammenhangs von Wissenschaft und Bildung interessiert sind, Introduction 8 fiir die Entwicklungen unserer
    [Show full text]
  • Sino-Tibetan Numeral Systems: Prefixes, Protoforms and Problems
    Sino-Tibetan numeral systems: prefixes, protoforms and problems Matisoff, J.A. Sino-Tibetan Numeral Systems: Prefixes, Protoforms and Problems. B-114, xii + 147 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1997. DOI:10.15144/PL-B114.cover ©1997 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wunn EDITORIAL BOARD: Malcolm D. Ross and Darrell T. Tryon (Managing Editors), Thomas E. Dutton, Nikolaus P. Himmelmann, Andrew K. Pawley Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in linguistic descriptions, dictionaries, atlases and other material on languages of the Pacific, the Philippines, Indonesia and southeast Asia. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Pacific Linguistics is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at the Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics was established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. It is a non-profit-making body financed largely from the sales of its books to libraries and individuals throughout the world, with some assistance from the School. The Editorial Board of Pacific Linguistics is made up of the academic staff of the School's Department of Linguistics. The Board also appoints a body of editorial advisors drawn from the international community of linguists. Publications in Series A, B and C and textbooks in Series D are refereed by scholars with re levant expertise who are normally not members of the editorial board.
    [Show full text]
  • Miramo Mmcomposer Reference Guide
    Miramo® mmComposer mmComposer Reference Guide VERSION 1.5 Copyright © 2014–2018 Datazone Ltd. All rights reserved. Miramo®, mmChart™, mmComposer™ and fmComposer™ are trademarks of Datazone Ltd. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Readers of this documentation should note that its contents are intended for guidance only, and do not constitute formal offers or undertakings. ‘License Agreement’ This software, called Miramo, is licensed for use by the user subject to the terms of a License Agreement between the user and Datazone Ltd. Use of this software outside the terms of this license agreement is strictly prohibited. Unless agreed otherwise, this License Agreement grants a non-exclusive, non-transferable license to use the software programs and related document- ation in this package (collectively referred to as Miramo) on licensed computers only. Any attempted sublicense, assignment, rental, sale or other transfer of the software or the rights or obligations of the License Agreement without prior written con- sent of Datazone shall be void. In the case of a Miramo Development License, it shall be used to develop applications only and no attempt shall be made to remove the associated watermark included in output documents by any method. The documentation accompanying this software must not be copied or re-distributed to any third-party in either printed, photocopied, scanned or electronic form. The software and documentation are copyrighted. Unless otherwise agreed in writ- ing, copies of the software may be made only for backup and archival purposes. Unauthorized copying, reverse engineering, decompiling, disassembling, and creating derivative works based on the software are prohibited.
    [Show full text]