Dinas PU Kota Sungai Penuh Bab IV- Bidang Cipta Karya 4.1. Analisis Sosial Aspek Sosial Budaya Masyarakat Di Suatuwilayah Sanga

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Dinas PU Kota Sungai Penuh Bab IV- Bidang Cipta Karya 4.1. Analisis Sosial Aspek Sosial Budaya Masyarakat Di Suatuwilayah Sanga 4.1. Analisis Sosial Aspek sosial budaya masyarakat di suatuwilayah sangat berpengaruh terhadap tingkatdan pola perkembangan wilayah tersebut.Sering kali sosial budaya masyarakat menjadipendorong sekaligus penghambatberkembangnya suatu wilayah. Aspek soial budaya merupakan aspek yang fundamental dan berperan sangat penting dalam pelaksanaan pembangunan manusia yang dituangkan dalm wujud peningkatan kualitas kesejahteraan dan kualitas taraf hidup masyarakat. Pada titik ini, nilai-nilai budaya bangsa yang mengacu pada pancasila dan UUD 1945 perlu direvitalisasi ke dalam suatu pranata-pranata yang aplikatif sehingga secara substansial mampu menaungi sekaligus menjadi pijakan dasar dalam penyelenggaraan pembangunan daerah. Dalam prakteknya selama ini, ternyata nilai-nilai ideologis bangsa ini masih belum terimplementasikan secara utuh dan nyata. Lebih dari itu, sejalan dengan penyelenggaraan pembangunan yang mengacu kepada karakteristik dan spesifikasi daerah, serta dalam kerangka memperkuat kohesi dan ketahanan sosial yang menyangkut interaksi antar individu atau kelompok masyarakat dapat dirasakan adanya kecenderungan terabaikannya budaya daerah yang memuat nilai-nilai, sikap, perilaku, kebiasaan (custom), tradisi, adat istiadat, dan bentuk-bentuk kearifan lokal lainnya. Suku Kerinci memiliki aksara yang disebut surat incung yang merupakan salah satu variasi surat ulu. Sebagian penulis seperti Van Vollenhoven memasukkan Kerinci ke dalam wilayah adat (adatrechtskring) Sumatera Selatan, sedangkan yang lainnya menganggap Kerinci sebagai wilayah rantau Minangkabau. Suku Kerinci merupakan masyarakat matrilineal. Sebagaimana diketahui dari Naskah Tanjung Tanah, naskah Melayu tertua yang ditemukan di Kerinci, pada abad ke-14 Kerinci menjadi bagian dari kerajaan Dinas PU Kota Sungai Penuh Bab IV- 1 Bidang Cipta Karya Malayu dengan Dharmasraya sebagai ibu kota. Setelah Adityawarman menjadi maharaja maka ibu kota dipindahkan ke Saruaso dekat Pagaruyung di Tanah Datar Sejarah kebudayaan di Kota Sungai Penuh tidak bisa dilepaskan dari kebudayaan Kerinci, karena Kota Sungai Penuh merupakan bagian dari wilayah Kerinci sebelum dimekarkan pada 8 november 2008. Suku Kerinci sebagaimana juga halnya dengan suku-suku lain di Sumatra termasuk ras Mongoloid Selatan berbahasa Austronesia. Berdasarkan bahasa dan adat-istiadat suku Kerinci termasuk dalam kategori Melayu, dan paling dekat dengan Minangkabau dan Melayu Jambi. Sebagian besar suku Kerinci menggunakan bahasa Kerinci, yang memiliki beragam dialek, yang bisa berbeda cukup jauh antar satu tempat dengan tempat lainnya di dalam wilayah Kabupaten Kerinci. Untuk berbicara dengan pendatang biasanya digunakan bahasa Minangkabau atau bahasa Indonesia (yang masih dikenal dengan sebutan Melayu Tinggi). Posisi Kota Sungai Penuh cukup unik dan berbeda dengan daerah daerah lain di Propinsi Jambi, Kota Sungai Penuh berada di tengah tengah-tengah Kabupaten Induk (Kerinci), Kota Sungai Penuh merupakan salah satu kota tua yang ada di Propinsi Jambi Kota Sungai Penuh merupakan sebuah kota kecil yang bernuansa agraris berada dikawasan dataran tinggi puncak pengunungan andalas (bukit barisan), membentang sepanjang gugus barat Pulau Sumatera. Bentang alamnya yang terdiri dari kawasan perbukitan yang berlapis lapis dan dikelilingi oleh daerah hulu dan daerah hilir Kabupaten Kerinci. Daerah pertanian merupakan enclave yang terluas dalam kawasan TNKS dan merupakan daerah yang subur dan relatif terisolir. Hal tersebut menyebabkan perkembangan kebudayaan lebih menonjolkan sifat religius yang mayoritas Islam serta penghormatan pada peninggalan nenek moyang. Hubungan kekerabatan lebih erat dan terikat satu sama lain yaitu terlihat adanya suatu strata masyarakat tuo-tuo tengganai (tokoh masyarakat, ninik mamak, kaum kerabat) alim ulama, cerdik pandai, masyarakat biasa, dan golongan orang-orang tua, serta golongan orang muda. Pembangunan di bidang seni dan budaya sudah mengalami kemajuan yakni ditandai dengan meningkatnya pemahaman terhadap keanekaragaman budaya, pentingnya toleransi dan pentingnya sosialisasi penyelesaian masalah tanpa adanya kekerasan serta mulai berkembangnya interaksi antar budaya. Pentingnya pembangunan kebudayaan di Kota Sungai Penuh ditujukkan dalam rangka melestarikan dan mengembangkan nilai-nilai dan kaidah kebudayaan daerah itu sendiri dan yang lebih penting adalah melestarikan jati diri dan nilai budaya ditengah semakin derasnya informasi dan pengaruh negatif budaya asing yang sudah masuk ke Indonesia. Kota Sungai Penuh saat ini pada dasarnya terbentuk dari percampuran kegiatan-kegiatan yang bersifat perkotaan dan sebagian kecil bersifat perdesaan berupa lahan-lahan pertanian, serta kegiatan kepariwisataan. Kegiatan perkotaan yang mempunyai jangkauan pelayanan wilayah (regional) berupa Dinas PU Kota Sungai Penuh Bab IV- 2 Bidang Cipta Karya fasilitas perdagangan, fasilitas kesehatan, fasilitas pendidikan, fasilitas transportasi regional dan fasilitas perkantoran dan/atau pemerintahan. Pertumbuhan penduduk Kota Sungai Penuh dipengaruhi oleh kebiasaan penduduk mencari pekerjaan di luar Kota wilayah Sungai Penuh. Selain itu perlu diperhatikan perbedaan jumlah penduduk yang beraktivitas di Kota Sungai Penuh (penduduk siang hari) lebih besar dari pada jumlah penduduk pada malam hari (penduduk domisili). Hal ini dikarenakan Kota Sungai Penuh telah menjadi destinasi perjalanan bagi wilayah-wilayah hinterland Kota Sungai Penuh yang pada umumnya adalah wilayah administrasi Kabupaten Kerinci. Pertumbuhan penduduk sangat berpengaruh dalam pola perkembangan hunian perumahan dan permukiman di Kota Sungai Penuh. Sama seperti daerah-daerah lain di nusantara, Kota Sungai Penuh merupakan bagian tidak terpisahkan dari suku Kerinci memiliki arsitektur bangunan rumah tempat tinggal yang unik dan spesifik, rumah rumah tradisional suku Kerinci yang mendiami lembah alam Kerinci dibuat berlarik, antara satu bangunan rumah dengan bangunan rumah lainnya saling berhubungan saling bersambung seperti rangkaian gerbong yang memanjang dari arah timur dan barat, menutut garis edar matahari, konstruksi bangunan cukup unik dan rumit karena sistim sambungannya tidak menggunakan besi-paku, akan tetapi menggunakan pasak dan sistim sambung silang berkait. Gambar 4.1. Rumah Tradisional Suku Kerinci Kota Sungai Penuh Pada Konstruksi rumah tradisional suku Kerinci daerah Kota Sungai Penuh, tidak terlihat menggunakan fondasi permanen, hanya menggunakan batu ”Sendai” yakni memanfaatkan batu alam yang permukaannya telah dipipihkan, batu sendai ini merupakan penopang tiang tiang rumah berlarik, Pembangunan rumah berlarik tidak menggunakan besi-paku, hanya mengandalkan pasak dan ikatan tambang ijuk. Dimasa lalu atapnya rumah berlarik ini, berasal dari ijuk yang dijalin, sedangkan dinding rumah berlarik memanfaatkan pelupuh (bambu yang disamak) atau kelukup (sejenis kulit kayu) dan lantainya papan yang di-tarah dengan beliung. Material-material itu tidaklah memberatkan rumah. Konsep Landscape rumah berlarik dapat dibagi berdasarkan konsep ruang makro, ruang meso, dan ruang mikro. Pola rumah berlarik berjejer memanjang dari arah Timur ke arah Barat sambung menyambung Dinas PU Kota Sungai Penuh Bab IV- 3 Bidang Cipta Karya antara satu rumah dengan rumah yang bersebelahan hingga membentuk sebuah larik (deretan). Pekarangan rumah berlarik yang dibangun dikawasan “Parit Sudut Empat” pada umumnya dimanfaatkan untuk kegiatan menjemur hasil pertanian seperti padi. kopi, dan kayu manis. Pekarangan rumah keluarga tersebut sebenarnya berada di halaman belakang yang biasanya sangat luas dan panjang. Model dan konstruksi arsitektur rumah tradisional Kerinci mencerminkan betapa masyarakat sangat mengutamakan semangat kekerabatan, kebersamaan, dan kegotongroyongan dalam kehidupannya sebagai falsafah pegangan hidup manusia sebagai makhluk sosial. Rumah tradisional yang ada di Kota Sungai Penuh pada umumnya memiliki tipe empat persegi panjang dan berbentuk rumah panggung, antara satu bangunan rumah merupakan sebuah rangkaian yang tidak terpisahkan, untuk melakukan komunikasi dan saling berintegrasi dengan para tetangga pada masa lalu mereka cukup membuka pintu penghubung yang menghubungkan satu rumah dengan rumah lainnya. Setiap larik dihuni oleh beberapa Keluarga yang disebut Tumbi, gabungan beberapa tumbi disebut Kalbu, setiap Kalbu di pimpin oleh seorang Nenek mamak Secara khusus rumah tradisional suku Kerinci yang terdapat di dusun dusun dalam Kota Sungai Penuh dibuat atas dua bagian yang terpisah yakni: bagian utama atau bawah teridiri dari tiang tiang besar dan bagian atas terdiri dari tiang tiang bubung dan kasau atap. Keyaqinan masyarakat kuno suku Kerinci yang mempercayai kehidupan terdiri atas dua bagian yakni kehidupan dunia atas yang dinamai”Maliyu” dan dunia bawah yang dinamai”Marena”,keduanya merupakan sisi terpisah. Dunia atas lazim disebut”Langaik” atau langit.dan dunia bawah disebut ”Gumui” atau bumi merupakan hal terpisah. Dunia diatas menurut kepercayaan masyarakat kuno Suku Kerinci merupakan tempat bermukimnya roh roh nenek moyang, Dewa dewa, Mambang dan Peri, sedangkan dunia bawah merupakan tempat pemukiman Manusia,Fauna dan Flora. Arsitektur tradisional suku Kerinci khususnya di Kota Sungai Penuh semakin tergerus dan mengalami perubahan, manusia sebagai penggerak utama perubahan semakin terdesak oleh alam dan lingkungannya, berbagai pengaruh tekhnologi dan tuntutan perubahan zaman membuat arsitektur bangunan rumah asli di Kota Sungai Penuh semakin tergeser dan terpinggirkan, dan di khawatirkan untuk abad mendatang arsitektur tradisional
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