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A Case Study in Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra - Indonesia

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A Case Study in Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra - Indonesia PERSPECTIVES OF SUSTAINABLE COLLABORATIVE MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY IN KERINCI SEBLAT NATIONAL PARK, SUMATRA - INDONESIA Dissertation zur Erlangung des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades ‗Doctor rerum naturalium‘‘ der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen im Promotionsprogramm Geowissenschaften/Geographie der Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS) vorgelet von Doni Yusri aus Krui-Lampung, Indonesia Gӧttingen 2016 Betreuungsausschuss: Prof. Dr. Heiko Faust Abteilung Humangeographie, Geographisches Institut, Fakultät für Geowissenschaften und Geographie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Prof. Dr. Christoph Dittrich Abteilung Humangeographie, Geographisches Institut, Fakultät für Geowissenschaften und Geographie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission Referent: Prof. Dr. Heiko Faust Abteilung Humangeographie, Geographisches Institut, Fakultät für Geowissenschaften und Geographie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Christoph Dittrich Abteilung Humangeographie, Geographisches Institut, Fakultät für Geowissenschaften und Geographie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Weitere Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission Prof. Dr. Ralph Mitlöhner, Burckhardt-Institute Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Fakultät für Forstwissenschaften und Waldökologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Prof. Dr. Daniela Sauer, Abteilung Physische Geographie, Geographisches Institut, Fakultät für Geowissenschaften und Geographie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Lukas Giessen, PhD., Abteilung für Forst- und Naturschutzpolitik und Forstgeschichte, Fakultät für Forstwissenschaften und Waldökologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Dr. Markus Keck, Abteilung Humangeographie, Geographisches Institut, Fakultät für Geowissenschaften und Geographie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tag der mündlichen Prüfung Mittwoch, 15.06.2016 iii ‘‘Kerinci valley is the piece of heaven that fell to earth‘‘ ‘‘There's no one branch of tree broken‘‘ (Local Indigenous Proverb) iv Table of contents List of tables………………………………………………………………………………......ix List of figures…………………………………………………………………………….….....x List of pictures…………………………………………………………………………………x List of maps……………………………………………………………………………………xi Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………….....xii Summary……………………………………………………………………………………..xiii Abbreviation and glossary…………………………………………………………………...xvi Chapter I. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1. Challengings and problems in preserving protected areas .......................................... 1 1.1.2. The utilization of protected areas ................................................................................ 3 1.1.3. A study on a biodiversity conservation area: Kerinci Seblat National Park ............... 6 1.2. The Grounding conceptual framework ............................................................................... 9 1.3. Formulation of problems and research objectives ............................................................. 13 1.4. The structure of dissertation and reporting style ............................................................... 14 Chapter II. Theoritical Approaches and Conceptual Framework ............................................ 16 2.1. Management and utilization on a conservation area ......................................................... 16 2.1.1. Definition of a national park ...................................................................................... 16 2.1.2. Zoning system as a management pattern of national park......................................... 20 2.2. Environmental governance ................................................................................................ 27 2.2.1. Concept of common-pool resource approach ............................................................ 29 2.2.2. Concept of sociological institutionalism ................................................................... 31 2.3. Collaborative management ................................................................................................ 32 2.3.1. Definition and background of co-management ......................................................... 32 2.3.2. Evolution of collaborative management .................................................................... 36 2.3.3. Concept of adaptive collaborative management ........................................................ 39 2.4. Concepts for analyzing co-management ........................................................................... 42 2.4.1. Concept of policy analysis: empowered deliberative democracy .............................. 42 2.4.2. Concept of institutional dimension: participation, power sharing, and process ........ 44 2.4.3. Concept of property right ........................................................................................... 45 2.4.4. Concept of externality and transactional cost ............................................................ 45 2.4.5. Concepts of sustainability ecotourism ....................................................................... 48 v Chapter III. Research Methods ................................................................................................. 50 3.1. Literature study and research design ................................................................................. 50 3.1.1. Literature study .......................................................................................................... 50 3.1.2. Research design ......................................................................................................... 52 3.2. First fieldwork journey as fitting reasearch approach ....................................................... 55 3.3. Setting research villages and procedures selecting respondent ......................................... 57 3.4. Data collection devices determinator for collaborative management ............................... 60 3.4.1. Second fieldwork research to primary collecting data .............................................. 60 3.4.2. Participant rural appraisal .......................................................................................... 62 3.4.3. Collecting secondary data .......................................................................................... 67 3.5. Analysis data ..................................................................................................................... 67 3.5.1. Qualitative content analysis ....................................................................................... 68 3.5.2. Institutional analysis and development network ....................................................... 68 3.5.3. Interpretative - qualitative analysis............................................................................ 69 Chapter IV. Research Area and Geographic Characteristics ................................................... 70 4.1. Why has Kerinci Seblat National Park been selected as a research area? ........................ 70 4.1.1. Location and the area of Kerinci Seblat National Park ............................................. 70 4.1.2. Ecobiological environment ........................................................................................ 74 4.1.3. Management of Kerinci Seblat National Park ........................................................... 79 4.2. Geographic characteristics of Kerinci Regency ................................................................ 81 4.2.1. Administrative location ............................................................................................. 81 4.2.2. Topography ................................................................................................................ 82 4.2.3. Transportation systems and accessibility .................................................................. 83 4.2.4. Hydrology .................................................................................................................. 84 4.3. Social conditions ............................................................................................................... 85 4.3.1. Population conditions ................................................................................................ 85 4.3.2. Education ................................................................................................................... 86 4.3.3. Health ........................................................................................................................ 87 4.4. Economic conditions ......................................................................................................... 88 4.4.1. Livelihood .................................................................................................................. 88 4.4.2. Community land status and area ................................................................................ 89 Chapter V. Perceptions and Interactions of Local Community towards the Surrounding Natural Environment: Findings from the Empirical Study ................................. 91 5.1. Characteristics of the respondents ..................................................................................... 94 5.2. Findings of the empirical study from the viewpoints of local communities
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