DOCSLIB.ORG

Reihe Rechtswissenschaften

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reihe Rechtswissenschaften WISSENSCHAFTLICHE BEITRÄGE AUS DEM TECTUM VERLAG Reihe Rechtswissenschaften WISSENSCHAFTLICHE BEITRÄGE AUS DEM TECTUM VERLAG Reihe Rechtswissenschaften Band 93 Angelika C. Dankert Europe under Pressure The Development of the European Union under the Influence of the Arab Spring, the Refugee Crisis and the Global Threat of Terrorism 7HFWXP9HUODJ Angelika C. Dankert Europe under Pressure. The Development of the European Union under the Influence of the Arab Spring, the Refugee Crisis and the Global Threat of Terrorism Wissenschaftliche Beiträge aus dem Tectum Verlag: Reihe: Rechtswissenschaften; Bd. 93 © Tectum – ein Verlag in der Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2017 ISBN: 978-3-8288-3971-7 ISSN: 1861-7875 E-Book: 978-3-8288-6688-1 ePub: 978-3-8288-6689-8 Umschlagabbildung: shutterstock.com © symbiot All sources are indicated according to the APA In-Text Citation. Druck und Bindung: CPI buchbücher.de, Birkach Printed in Germany Alle Rechte vorbehalten Besuchen Sie uns im Internet www.tectum-verlag.de Bibliografische Informationen der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Angaben sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. Dedicated to Dr. Ing. Eckart Dankert († 2008) whose passing away taught me the meaning of time. Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to my academic advisor, Prof. Dr. Kristina Balleis, for her comprehensive advice, motivation and encourage- ment throughout the working process of this paper while simultaneously supporting me in expressing intellectual freedom. I would also like to acknowledge my closest ones and worldwide located best friends for continuous support and listening and for understanding my extremely busy travelling schedule throughout the last year, yet always finding time to meet on a different continent and to interculturally engage in discussions. Finally, I would like to express my sincerest and profound gratitude to my mother and role model Christiane Dankert, for providing me with continuous encourage- ment, honest feedback, creative advice, inspiration and unfailing support throughout the years of my studies, for enabling me to travel the world and to pursue my goals. This accomplishment would not have been possible without you! Thank you! Angelika C. Dankert VII Table of Contents List of Figures.................................................................................................... XIII List of Tables..................................................................................................... XV List of Abbreviations............................................................................................. XVII 1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 2 Methodological Approach .............................................................................. 3 3 The European Union ..................................................................................... 5 3.1 Etymological Origin.................................................................................. 5 3.2 Historical Background ............................................................................... 5 3.3 Further Development of the Union................................................................. 6 3.4 Process of Enlargement ............................................................................. 7 3.5 Institutions of the European Union................................................................. 8 4 The Arab Spring .......................................................................................... 11 4.1 The Political Shift in the Arab World ............................................................... 11 4.2 The Arab Spring – A Spill-Over Effect............................................................... 11 4.3 Reasons for the Uprising Arab Spring .............................................................. 14 4.4 The Rise of IS and the Significance of Western Imperialism ...................................... 14 4.5 Ideological Roots and IS Backgrounds ............................................................. 15 4.6 Criticism of Western Approaches ................................................................... 18 4.7 Political Outlook ..................................................................................... 18 5 EU – Challenge 2016..................................................................................... 21 5.1 The Impact of Globalization and the Refugee Crisis............................................... 21 5.2 Perceived Heteronomy from Brussels and Isolation Attempts ................................... 22 IX Table of Contents 5.3 Political Shift in the European Union............................................................... 24 5.4 Security Concerns due to Terrorist Attacks Across Europe......................................... 25 5.5 In the Cross Hairs of Critics – Which Approach to Choose?........................................ 26 6 Legal Issues Concerning the Migrant Crisis........................................................... 27 6.1 European Integration Process....................................................................... 27 6.2 The Schengen Area .................................................................................. 28 6.2.1The Schengen Convention .................................................................... 30 6.2.2The Schengen Borders Code .................................................................. 32 6.2.3Recommendation of the Council of 12 May 2016 ............................................ 33 6.3 Frontex – European Border Management ......................................................... 35 6.3.1Frontex Operations ........................................................................... 36 6.3.1.1Indalo and Joint Operation EPN Indalo............................................ 36 6.3.1.2Poseidon Sea, Mare Nostrum and Triton .......................................... 36 6.3.1.3Criticism on Frontex Operations ................................................... 37 6.3.2European Refugee Crisis – Migratory Routes................................................. 37 6.4 Aliens Law in the European Union.................................................................. 40 6.4.1German Aliens Law and Asylum Law......................................................... 40 6.4.2The German Immigration Act................................................................. 43 6.4.3Legal Basis of German Immigration and Residence Law ..................................... 44 6.4.3.1Entry and Residence Title ......................................................... 45 6.4.3.1.1 Granted Residence Title due to International Reasons (§ 22+23 AufenthG) ................................................ 46 6.4.3.1.2 Granted Residence Title for Temporary Protection (§ 24 AufenthG)..................................................... 46 6.4.3.1.3 Granted Residence Title on the Basis of Humanity (§ 25 AufenthG)..................................................... 46 6.4.3.2General Regimentation and Procedure for Residence Titles ...................... 48 6.4.3.2.1Family Asylum, Reunion and Reunification of Spouses ............. 48 6.5.3.2.2Termination of Residence and Expulsion............................ 49 6.4.4General Asylum Procedure in the Federal Republic of Germany.............................. 49 6.4.5Lacking Harmonization and Failure of Dublin III.............................................. 50 6.5 Legal Recommendations............................................................................ 55 7 The Global Threat of Terrorism......................................................................... 59 7.1 Terror – Classification and Distinction ............................................................. 59 7.2 Terrorist Organizations as Global Threat ........................................................... 59 7.3 Terror 2.0 – Unpredictable and Anonymous ....................................................... 61 7.4 Recommendations................................................................................... 63 X Table of Contents 8 Interculturality, Multiculturalism, Cultural Relativism and Compatibility Issues .............. 67 8.1 Europe’s Values under Foreign Influence........................................................... 67 8.1.1Defining European Values according to the TEU.............................................. 68 8.1.2Female Islamic Covering – Compatibility with European Values ............................. 69 8.1.3Cultural Relativism Threatening the Project Europe.......................................... 73 8.2 Islamisation of Europe or the Europeanization of Islam .......................................... 75 8.3 Historical Fear of Foreign Infiltration with Changing Participants............................... 76 8.4 Anti-Semitism and Legitimacy of Israel in Post-War Europe ..................................... 77 8.5 Conflict of Cultures – Jihad against McWorld...................................................... 78 8.6 Post-Review of Kuwaiti Official Fahad Al Shalami’s Declaration in Connection with the European Cultural Integration Task ................................................................ 81 8.7 European Cultural Outlook .........................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iran and Yemen; Study the Reflection of the Islamic Revolution of Iran on Yemen and Its Results
    Iran and Yemen; Study the Reflection of the Islamic Revolution of Iran on Yemen and Its Results Amir Reza Emami¹, Fatemeh Zare² ¹,2 Graduate of Political Science (International Relations), Department of Law and Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Yazd, Yazd University, Iran. Abstract The Islamic Revolution of Iran took place in 1789 and was the first successful revolution inspired by Islam. Undoubtedly, this revolution had repercussions on the peripheral and semi-peripheral countries of Iran, and among the semi-peripheral countries of Iran, which was affected by the Iranian revolution, was Yemen. In the following years, with the beginning of the Arab Spring (Islamic Awakening), this country underwent changes and protest movements were formed in it, the content of which was very close to the foundations of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1789. These protests and anti-government movements in Yemen at the time led to the revolution and ultimately to the victory of the Yemeni Houthis and the Ansarullah movement. But what could be the consequences of this event in Yemen? Do these results include the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran? In fact, the main question of this research is what are the results of the reflection of the Islamic Revolution of Iran on Yemen. Therefore, this study seeks to first examine the reflection of the Islamic Revolution in Yemen and then explain its results. The method of the present research is qualitative and based on descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting data and information is based on documentary studies, libraries and reputable research and extension science journals and various statistics.
    [Show full text]
  • The Prospects of Political Islam in a Troubled Region Islamists and Post-Arab Spring Challenges
    The Prospects of Political Islam in a Troubled Region Islamists and Post-Arab Spring Challenges Editor Dr. Mohammed Abu Rumman The Prospects of Political Islam in a Troubled Region Islamists and Post-Arab Spring Challenges Editor Dr. Mohammed Abu Rumman 1 The Hashemite Kingdom Of Jordan The Deposit Number at The National Library (2018/2/529) 277 AbuRumman, Mohammad Suliman The Prospects Of Political Islam In A Troubled Region / Moham- mad Suliman Abu Rumman; Translated by William Joseph Ward. – Am- man: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2018 (178) p. Deposit No.: 2018/2/529 Descriptors: /Politics//Islam/ يتحمل المؤلف كامل المسؤولية القانونية عن محتوى مصنفه وﻻ ّيعبر هذا المصنف عن رأي دائرة المكتبة الوطنية أو أي جهة حكومية أخرى. Published in 2018 by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Jordan & Iraq FES Jordan & Iraq P.O. Box 941876 Amman 11194 Jordan Email: [email protected] Website:www.fes-jordan.org Not for sale © FES Jordan & Iraq All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publishers. The views and opinions expressed in this publication are solely those of the original author. They do not necessarily represent those of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung or the editor. Translation: William Joseph Ward Cover and Lay-out: Mua’th Al Saied Printing: Economic Press ISBN: 978-9957-484-80-4 2 The Prospects of Political Islam in a Troubled Region Islamists and Post-Arab Spring Challenges Contributed Authors Dr. Mohammed Abu Rumman Dr. Khalil Anani Dr. Neven Bondokji Hassan Abu Hanieh Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical Inquiry in the Essential Knowledge for the Concept of “Rafiḍi” Authors: Hashem Andisheh (Iran)1, Dr
    A Historical Inquiry in the Essential Knowledge for the Concept of “Rafiḍi” Authors: Hashem Andisheh (Iran)1, Dr. Mohammad Ridha Payvandi (Iran)2 Reccive: 13/05/2020 Accept: 01/12/2020 Abstract The key word “Rafiḍi” in historical sources comes in the form of “Rafiḍia”, “Rafiḍian” and “Rafiḍis” and it is derived from the word “Rafiḍi” meaning to leave, and in the theological term of the opponents of the Imamiyya denomination, it is a title that refers to all Shia sects and sometimes to a specific group and sect of Shia and sometimes to those who express love for the family of the Prophet, is applied. In this research, which has been done by library method and review of documents, various sources of Shia and Sunni hadiths have been used and an attempt has been made to point out their role in Islamic history and civilization by explaining the concept of Rafiḍi. The importance of the discussion is especially evident from the fact that the Rafiḍi discussion has caused ambiguity among Muslims, so the main question of the article was where did the origin of this naming start and what period does it go back to? In order to answer this basic question and the subject that helps to clarify the ambiguities in this area, this article was conducted with a historical approach to expressing the problem and exploring the nature and explanation of the discussion to reach the basic question of the research. Keywords: Rafiḍi, Alavi, Shia 1. PhD Student in Department of Quran and Hadith, Osool-e ddin University, Qom, Iran, [email protected] 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Kamaaluddin Wa Tamaamun Ni'ma
    Kamaaluddin wa Tamaamun Ni’ma 1 Kamaaluddin wa Tamaamun Ni’ma (Perfection of faith and completion of divine favor) Shaykh as-Sadooq Abi Ja’far Muhammad bin Ali bin al- Husain Babawahy Qummi Translated by: Sayyid Athar Husain S.H. Rizvi Published by: Kamaaluddin wa Tamaamun Ni’ma 2 Kamaaluddin wa Tamaamun Ni’ma 3 Table of Contents Preface .................................................................................................................... 6 A Brief Biography of the Author ........................................................................ 6 Valuable Writings ............................................................................................. 10 Teachers and Students of the Author ................................................................ 11 Death and Place of Burial ................................................................................. 12 Kamaaluddin Wa Tamaamun Ni’ma .................................................................... 13 Editions of this Book ........................................................................................ 13 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 14 Caliphate before Creation ................................................................................. 16 Necessity of Obeying the Caliph ...................................................................... 17 No one can choose a caliph except the Almighty Allah ................................... 21 Need of only one caliph
    [Show full text]
  • Essays on the Law & Economics of Terrorism in Pakistan
    Essays on the Law & Economics of Terrorism in Pakistan Terrorism Essays on the Law & Economics of Essays on the Law & Economics of Terrorism in Pakistan Faiz Ur Rehman Faiz Ur Faiz Ur Rehman Essays on the Law & Economics of Terrorism in Pakistan Terrorisme in Pakistan – Rechtseconomische essays Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam op gezag van de rector magnificus Prof.dr. H.A.P. Pols en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op maandag 14 december 2015 om 09.30 uur door Faiz Ur Rehman geboren te Mardan, Pakistan 1_Edle_BW Rehman stand.job Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof.dr. M.G. Faure LL.M. Overige leden: Prof.dr. P. Mascini Prof.dr. S. Voigt Dr. G. Prarolo Co-promotor: Dr. P. Vanin 1_Edle_BW Rehman stand.job This thesis was written as part of the European Doctorate in Law and Economics programme A collaboration between 2_Edle_BW Rehman stand.job 2_Edle_BW Rehman stand.job Dedicated to my Mother, who never went to school, but made sure every morning that I left for school 3_Edle_BW Rehman stand.job 3_Edle_BW Rehman stand.job Acknowledgments The pursuit of the Ph.D. considers as a solitary endeavor. However, the final product is the result of an intensive collaborative process. It requires the platonic consideration of many scholars and their published research. It may not be possible for me to personally thank every scholar whose work has inspired my dissertation; nevertheless, the bibliography at the end of the thesis could be considered as a tribute to them.
    [Show full text]
  • Bektashi Order - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Personal Tools Create Account Log In
    Bektashi Order - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Personal tools Create account Log in Namespaces Views Article Read Bektashi OrderTalk Edit From Wikipedia, the freeVariants encyclopedia View history Main page More TheContents Bektashi Order (Turkish: Bektaşi Tarikatı), or the ideology of Bektashism (Turkish: Bektaşilik), is a dervish order (tariqat) named after the 13th century Persian[1][2][3][4] Order of Bektashi dervishes AleviFeatured Wali content (saint) Haji Bektash Veli, but founded by Balim Sultan.[5] The order is mainly found throughout Anatolia and the Balkans, and was particularly strong in Albania, Search BulgariaCurrent events, and among Ottoman-era Greek Muslims from the regions of Epirus, Crete and Greek Macedonia. However, the Bektashi order does not seem to have attracted quite as BektaşiSearch Tarikatı manyRandom adherents article from among Bosnian Muslims, who tended to favor more mainstream Sunni orders such as the Naqshbandiyya and Qadiriyya. InDonate addition to Wikipedia to the spiritual teachings of Haji Bektash Veli, the Bektashi order was later significantly influenced during its formative period by the Hurufis (in the early 15th century),Wikipedia storethe Qalandariyya stream of Sufism, and to varying degrees the Shia beliefs circulating in Anatolia during the 14th to 16th centuries. The mystical practices and rituals of theInteraction Bektashi order were systematized and structured by Balım Sultan in the 16th century after which many of the order's distinct practices and beliefs took shape. A largeHelp number of academics consider Bektashism to have fused a number of Shia and Sufi concepts, although the order contains rituals and doctrines that are distinct unto itself.About Throughout Wikipedia its history Bektashis have always had wide appeal and influence among both the Ottoman intellectual elite as well as the peasantry.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on the Recognized Elements of Shiite Political Culture in the Iranian Revolution
    A Review on the recognized elements of Shiite political culture in the Iranian Revolution Ali Riasaty1*, Hamid Maghami2, Hadieh Parhizkar3 1 Vice President Advisor of Philosophy of Life and Healthy Lifestyle (PLHL) Research Center at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), Shiraz, Iran, 2 Member of PLHL Research Center at SUMS, Shiraz, Iran, 3 President of of PLHL Research Center at SUMS, Shiraz, Iran. Correspondence: Ali Riasaty, Vice President Advisor of Philosophy of Life and Healthy Lifestyle (PLHL) Research Center at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), Shiraz, Iran. Email: [email protected]. ABSTRACT Repetitive and various reviews of Iranian 1979 Revolution conditions have been undertaken from different perspectives. Employing Crane Brinton's Theory of Revolution and adopting a comparative analysis, the present study attempts to address the issue of the main elements of Shiite political culture as well as the emergence of these elements in the 1979 Revolution. Brinton thinks of revolutions as a kind of fever, whose symptoms begin to emerge in the pre-revolutionary regime. However, the symptoms are not reliable signs and the disease will not emerge unless its symptoms are adequately expanded. At the outset, the present study addresses and recounts elements of Shiite political culture, explicates the concept of revolution and its effective factors through a documentary method as well as a comparative approach. Moreover, the present research conducts an analysis of the characteristics which reinforce, increase and overlap with Shiite political culture during the Iranian 1979 Revolution. Keywords: Shiite, political, culture, Revolution. reasons for the Iranian Revolution are abundant in scientific and political comments presented by Marxist analysts and political Introduction activists, Muslim activists as well as those belonging to capitalist discourse.
    [Show full text]
  • Concept for Integrating Sharia Law Into Secular Law Systems وَجَاهِدُوا فِي َّللاهِ
    Concept for integrating Sharia law into secular law systems Presentation by Dr. Abdel Rahman Mihalffy REMARKS When we say the word Muslim I don’t think we comprehend the real and classical meaning of the word. Does anyone of you know who Muslim is? In English the one who bow to God with full submission. I collected here some of those Ayas from the Holy Quran where the word “Muslim” occurs. It will surprise you: 22. Surah: Al-Hajj, Pilgrimage ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِه َوَجاهُدوا في هَّللا َح هق جَهاده ُهَو ا ْجتََبا ُكْم َوَما َجَع َل َعَلْيُكْم في ال دي ِن م ْن َحَرٍج مل َة ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ن ِ أَبيُكْم إْبَارهيَم ُهَو َسهما ُكُم اْل ُم ْسلمي َن من َقْب ُل َوفي َهَذا لَيُكوَ الهرُسوُل َشهيًدا َعَلْيُكْم ِ ِ ه ِ ِ ِ َوتَُكوُنوا ُشَهَداء َعَلى الهناس َفأَقي ُموا ال هصََلةَ َوآتُوا الزَكاةَ َوا ْعتَص ُموا با هَّلل ُهَو َمْوََل ُكْم َفِنعم اْلموَلى وِنعم الهن ِصير ﴿٧٨﴾ ْ َ َْ َ ْ َ ُ 78. And strive in His cause as ye ought to strive, (with sincerity and under discipline). He has chosen you, and has imposed no difficulties on you in religion; it is the cult of your father Abraham. It is He Who has named you Muslims, both before and in this (Revelation); that the Messenger may be a witness for you, and ye be witnesses for mankind! So establish regular Prayer, give regular Charity, and hold fast to Allah. He is your Protector - the Best to protect and the Best to help! 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Contribution of Al-Ash^Arf to Islamic Thought His Influence on the Later
    Contribution of al-Ash^arf to Islamic Thought & His Influence on the Later ^Ilm al-Kal9m ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF IN PHILOSOPHY BY ATAUR RAHMAN Under the Supervision of DR. TASADDUQ HUSAIN Reader (Muslim Philosophy) DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY ALiGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) December 2002 Abstract c/n ine jCame of^ffan ABSTRACT This is the abstract of my thesis entitled 'Contribution of al- Ash'ari to Islamic Thought and His Influence on the later Ilm al- Kalam'. I have mentioned in my thesis, in its preface, a short account of Asha'ri's biography. In his biographic account I have mentioned about his life and works and how he converted to his own school of thought, named after his name, from M'utazilism. Abu Ali al-Jubbai was his teacher and he acquired education from him and remained with him for about forty years of his life. Abu Ali al-Jubbai, being a M'utazilite, stressed more on reason than revelation. Asha'ri also had followed his path, but he was not satisfied. He again and again put his perplexity and anxiety before him, especially when he was defeated by his opponents in any assembly discussion (munazara). He, ultimately, decided to abandon M'utazilism, or the attitude of giving more importance to reason Abstract than revelation. God helped al-Ash'ari, as He always does, by sending His Prophet in his dream who guided him to follow the path of righteousness. Ultimately Ash'ari decided to defend orthodoxy. He posed the question of three brothers (for details see the thesis), where he wanted to justify that reason is not enough to solve every problem.
    [Show full text]
  • Egyptians' Perception of the Shias and the Role of Media
    The American University in Cairo School of Business, Economics and Mass Communication Egyptians’ Perception of the Shias and the Role of Media A Thesis Submitted to Department of Journalism and Mass Communication In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Raya Shokatfard B.S. Communications and Journalism Under the supervision of Dr. Ibrahim M. Saleh December 2007 O ye who believe! Be conscious of Allah as you ought to be conscious of Him, and die not except in a state of Islam. And hold fast, all together, by the Rope which Allah (stretches out for you), and be not divided among yourselves; and remember with gratitude Allah’s favor on you; for ye were enemies and He joined your hearts in love, so that by His Grace, ye became brethren; and ye were on the brink of the Pit of Fire, and He saved you from it. Thus does Allah make His Signs clear to you: that ye may be guided. Let there arise out of you a group of people inviting to all that is good, enjoining what is right, and forbidding what is wrong: they are the ones to attain felicity. Be not like those who are divided amongst themselves and fall into disputations after receiving Clear Signs: for them is a dreadful Penalty -105). As for those who divide their religion and break up into sects, you have no part in them in the least: their affair is with Allah: He will in the end tell them the truth of all that they did -An`am: 159).
    [Show full text]
  • Safavid Dynasty 1 Safavid Dynasty
    Safavid dynasty 1 Safavid dynasty Sefewî) were one of the most,ناکەییوەفەس :Azerbaijani: Səfəvilər; Kurdish ;نایوفص :The Safavids (Persian significant ruling dynasties of Iran. They ruled one of the greatest Persian empires since the Islamic conquest of Persia[1] [2] and established the (Twelver) school of Shi'a Islam[3] as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. This Shia dynasty was of mixed ancestry (Kurdish[4] and Azerbaijani,[5] with intermarriages with Georgian[6] and Pontic Greek[7] dignitaries) and ruled Iran from 1501 to 1722. The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the "Safawiyyah" which was established in the city of Ardabil in the Azerbaijan region of Iran. From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over all of Persia and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region,[8] thus becoming the first native dynasty since the Sassanids to establish a unified Iranian state. Despite their demise in 1736, the Safavids have left their mark down to the present era by establishing and spreading Shi'a Islam in major parts of the Caucasus and West Asia, especially in Iran. Genealogy - The Ancestors of The Safavids The Safavid Kings themselves claimed to be Seyyeds,[9] family descendants of the prophet Muhammad, although many scholars have cast doubt on this claim.[10] There seems now to be a consensus among scholars that the Safavid family hailed from Persian Kurdistan,[3] and later moved to Azerbaijan, finally settling in the 5th/11th century at Ardabil. According to some historians,[11] [12] including Richard Frye, the Safavids were of Azeri (Turkish) origin:[5] A massive migration of Oghuz Turks in the 11th and 12th centuries not only Turkified Azerbaijan but also Anatolia.
    [Show full text]
  • Religious Thought and Political Actmties (1871-1947)
    KYAI HAJI HASWM ASY'ARI'S RELIGIOUS THOUGHT AND POLITICAL ACTMTIES (1871-1947) A t hesis submitted to the Institute of Islamic Studies Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, McGill University in partial Fulfihent of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University, Montreal Canada July 1997 Okhuluq National Library Bibliothèque nationale Ifm of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada Your lUe Votre reférenca Our fi& Notre reldrence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electrmic formats. la forme de microfiche/fïlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otheMrise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Canada Author : Lathiful Khuiuq. Title of thesis : K.H. Hasyim Asy'ari's Religious Thought and Polit ical Activities (187 1- 1947). Depart ment : Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University. Degree : Master of Arts (M.A.).
    [Show full text]