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A Shi'ite Encyclopedia Version 2.0 October 1995 Revised January 2001 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

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In the Name of Allah, the compassionate, the all-merciful Greeting of Allah be upon Muhammad and the pure members of his House A Shi'ite Encyclopedia Version 2.0 October 1995 Revised January 2001 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Introduction Dear brother/sister Assalamu Alaykum, We are pleased to release a collection of information which addresses Shia/Sunni inter-school related issues. This encyclopedia which covers the most important lines of thought of the Shia, is the contribution of a few brothers. Most of the articles provided in this encyclopedia are original contributions, while the rest are excerpts from the Shi'i/Sunni books. The information presented in this encyclopedia is based on the understanding and the knowledge of the contributors. The subjects are classified and are divided into several chapters, so that one can get a overhead view of all the major issues. This encyclopedia is Sunni-referenced-oriented. It is assumed that the reader would like to see all the proofs based on the references from major Sunni documents. However, in the discussions, both Shia and Sunni perspectives are presented to maintain a level of fairness and integrity in reporting the topics. Enemies of Islam whose goal were/are to split the Muslims have centered their attack over the Followers of the Members of the House of the Prophet (PBUH&HF). They distribute anti-Shia booklets all over the globe to misrepresent the school of Ahlul-Bayt. They hope to create confusions in the minds of those who are curious to learn. These malicious attacks are being carried out with political motives aiming to destroy the true spirit of Islam and to nurture feelings of animosity and disbelief towards the Shia. They misquote traditions from Shi'ite sources or quote them out of context to misrepresent the Shi'ite beliefs and to mock the followers of Ahlul-Bayt. In facing these attacks, we have two options. One is to disregard what they do and perhaps simply deny their accusations. The other way would be to provide a correct representation of our beliefs which have been enshrouded in false propaganda. The latter is the logical approach in this era of information and communication. The rulers of the periods of the Umayad and Abbasid used to consider every follower of the Ahlul-Bayt extremely dangerous for their throne. They conspired against the Shi'ites and spread all sorts of rumors about them and accused them of heresy and disbelief. They encouraged the Muslims to shed their blood and usurp their rights and wealth. Centuries of oppression passed wrought with injustice and terrors for the followers of the Ahlul-Bayt. It is now expected that in this age of technology and the era of the information superhighway, the mistakes of the past is corrected. It is now easy for Muslims to discuss problems and find their solutions. After centuries of misunderstanding and the distinct lack of communication, the only way to achieve this goal, is through inter-school dialogue, unbiased scholarship, and seeking out the truth from the depth of our Islamic heritage. This is the magnificent path which Prophet Muhammad (PBUH&HF) introduced to humanity centuries ago, as mentioned in Quran: "(O' Prophet) Say: 'This is my way: I do invite you unto Allah, on discernment (insight and enlightenment), I and whoever follows me.'" (Quran 12:108) As the followers of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH&HF), it is incumbent upon us to base the Unity of the Muslims on enlightenment and cognizance. In our approach toward illumination of the Truth, we do our best to refrain from any provocation which may cause sedition, discord, and enmity among Muslims. We strongly believe in the Unity between the People of Islam, and make all efforts to support this idea. To achieve this we base our arguments ONLY on the following measures which are fundamental/ common scales for this kind of discussions: ● The Holy Quran, ● Logical reasoning, ● The traditions that have been narrated by BOTH reliable Sunni and Shia sources. This itself indicates that such traditions are frequent (Mutawatir) which have been even narrated by the rival authorities. Employing these common tools can make different schools closer to each other. Since the traditions that we refer to, are narrated by both reliable Shi'ite and Sunnite sources, they are valid for both schools and can be presented as proof. For this version, you may have a personal copy of this encyclopedia, and also you may provide single copies for your friends. If you wish to mass distribute this encyclopedia, please first contact the editors with the address given few lines later in this introduction for permission. Some of the chapters have been upgraded to version 2.0 while the rest were upgraded to version 1.5. The main emphasis and major features of version 2.0 include: more accuracy, in-depth documentation, better style of writing, and integrity, and also incorporates the latest feedback from the Sunnis about our articles and the answers to them. The encyclopedia can be obtained/accessed from the URL http://www.al-islam.org/encyclopedia/index.html The articles are being modified and improved. We appreciate your comments, improvements and corrections. Your feedback makes this work more insightful. Please do not hesitate to contact us by clicking on the "Contact Us" link above. We hope you find this encyclopedia helpful and constructive, and we thank God for giving us this opportunity. Blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad and the Members of his House. Best wishes, Ali Abbas Editor ______________________________________, | w w w |\ | || || | || |\ | o_,_7 _|| . _o_7 _|| 4_|_|| o_w_, |\ | ( : / (_) / ( . |\ |______________________________________|\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Quran and Ahlul-Bayt Based on a parallel (Mutawatir) tradition upon whose authenticity all Muslims agree, the Messenger of Allah (AS) informed his followers in several occasions that he would leave them two precious/weighty things and that if Muslims adhere to both of them, they will never go astray after him. They are the Book of Allah (Quran) and the Members of the House of the Prophet (Ahlul-Bayt), peace be upon them all. It is narrated in Sahih Muslim as well as many other sources that: Someday (after his last pilgrimage) the Messenger of Allah (PBUH&HF) stood to give us a speech beside a pond which is known as Khum (Ghadir Khum) which is located between Mecca and Medina. Then he praised Allah and reminded Him, and then said: "O' people! Behold! It seems the time approached when I shall be called away (by Allah) and I shall answer that call. Behold! I am leaving for you two precious things. First of them is the book of Allah in which there is light and guidance... The other one is my Ahlul-Bayt. I remind you in the name of Allah about my Ahlul-Bayt. I remind you in the name of Allah about my Ahlul-Bayt. I remind you in the name of Allah about my Ahlul-Bayt. (three times)." Sunni Reference: ● Sahih Muslim, Chapter of the virtues of the companions, section of the virtues of Ali, 1980 Edition Pub. in Saudi Arabia, Arabic version, v4, p1873, Tradition #36. ● And many others such as Sahih al-Tirmidhi, Musnad Ahmad (see below). For the English version of Sahih Muslim, see Chapter CMXCVI, v4, p1286, Tradition #5920 Here is the Arabic text of the above tradition in Sahih Muslim: . | | | . |. | | || | | : _c ]_, _@ |_o_, |_,_,_D_7 |_,_,_9 |_o q_, 4_|_|| | q_w o |_o (_S : . : : /: (_| / / ( || : ^ /. | || . : . || : / | . ||_o o_, _)> q 4_|_|| ]_o_7_9 4_,_, ]_o_|| q 4_)_o . _,_, |_o_7 (_| ( / / : / (_): . / ^ ^ |. | | . | . |. || | | | || | | (___)_w q_, _w_, |_, | |_o_, |_9 w |_,_|| |_8_, | |_|| ]_e_, |_o | q /: / . (_/ : . / / . / |: |. | | . | : | | o_)_,_9 (__) |_, |_, | q .__,_,_7|_9 _, | q_w _, |_, . | ( : / / . : . (_S. / (_| / / (_S : (_) . || || . | || |: / | | | | : ^ || ... q_,_||q ]_8_|| 4_,_9 4_|_|| .__,|_,_) |_o_8_|q | . _,_|_o_,_|| / / / (_S : . / (_): : | | . | || / / . | : | | | | : ^ _,_,_, |_8 | _9 4_|_|| o_) _) > | _,_,_, |_8 | q | |_o o_, (_S : . (_| (_S ( / (_S : . (_| / (_| ( . | || / / . | : | | . | || / / . | _9 4_|_|| o_) _) > | _,_,_, |_8 | _9 4_|_|| o_) _) > | (_S ( / (_S : . (_| (_S ( / : | | _,_,_, |_8 | (_S : . (_| As we can see in the above tradition in Sahih Muslim, not only Ahlul-Bayt has been put beside the Quran, but also it has been mentioned three times by the Prophet (PBUH&HF). Despite the fact that the author of Sahih Muslim and many other Sunni traditionists have recorded the above tradition in their authentic books, it is regrettable that the majority of Sunnis are unaware of its existence at the best, or deny it at the worst. Their counter argument is that the most reliable tradition in this regard is the one recorded by al-Hakim in his al-Mustadrak, on the authority of Abu Huraira, attributing to the Messenger of Allah saying: "I leave amongst you two things that if you follow or act upon, you will not go astray after me: The Book of God and my Sunnah (traditions)." There is no doubt that ALL Muslims are required to follow the Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH&HF). However, the question remains that which Sunnah is genuine and which one is invented later and was falsely attributed to the Prophet. On tracing the source of this report of Abu Huraira which states "Quran and Sunnah," we found out that it has NOT been recorded in any of the six authentic Sunni collections of the traditions (Sihah Sittah). Not only that, but also al-Bukhari, al-Nisa'i, and al-Dhahabi and many others rated this report (Quran and Sunnah) as weak because of its weak Isnad.
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