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Development of Spatial Strategies for Small Island Landscapes in The Development of Spatial Strategies for Small Island Landscapes in the Philippines EDGAR MEDRANO REYES, JR., EnP Technische Universität Dortmund ii Development of Spatial Strategies for Small Island Landscapes in the Philippines by EDGAR MEDRANO REYES, JR. PhD Spatial Planning Technische Universität Dortmund, Germany (Dr.rer.pol.) MSc. Regional Development Planning and Management (SPRING Program), Technische Universität Dortmund (Germany) and University of the Philippines Diliman, (Philippines) BSc.Human Ecology (Human Settlements Planning), University of the Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Dissertation submitted to the School of Spatial Planning at TU Dortmund University in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of a degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Spatial Planning (Dr.rer.pol.) Dortmund, October 2020 iii iv Declarations According to the internal guidelines for implementing the PhD regulation of the Faculty of Spatial Planning (§ 9 PromO): Declaration of Independent work “I declare that I have completed the thesis independently using only the aids, sources and tools specified. Aids, sources and tools used in the dissertation were duly referenced. I have not applied for a doctor’s degree in the doctoral subject elsewhere and do not hold a corresponding doctor’s degree. I have taken due note of the Faculty of Spatial Planning PhD Regulations, published in the Official Gazette of Technische Universität Dortmund on the basis of the resolution in PromA of 16/04/2014 and 9/7/2014”. "I declare that I have successfully completed the requirements of the structured PhD programme (§ 9 PromO) as attached”. Dortmund, 14.10.2020 Edgar M. Reyes, Jr. v vi The Examination Committee Chairperson : Univ.- Prof Dr. Ing. Stefan Greiving, Technische Universität Dortmund 1st Supervisor : Univ.- Prof Dr. Ing. Dietwald Gruehn, Technische Universität Dortmund 2nd Supervisor : Univ.- Prof Dr. Christiane Hellmanzik, Technische Universität Dortmund vii Disclaimer This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the School of Spatial Planning, Technische Universität Dortmund. All views and opinions expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the University. viii To the island communities of Batanes, Siquijor and Camiguin… ix x Acknowledgement The author wishes to extend his heartfelt thanks to the following for helping and guiding him out for the completion of this wonderful academic experience. First, the Almighty God for all blessings He provided- be it material, people, situations, and abilities honed. Second, my Family (Mama Nette, Papa Egay, Kuya Louie, Kuya Mark, and Madette) for the unconditional love and support. Thank you for keeping up with me in times of stressful situations. You are all the sources of my inspiration in doing this. To my DCERP Family, for all the moral and physical leverage special in times of emotional and psychological trauma. To my family and friends in Germany, who supported me all throughout this beautiful journey especially to Ate Sue, Kuya Billy and Ate Nanette, Nanay Rona, and Ate Charity you are all the best. Lastly, to my KAAD family for all the financial and moral support, especially to Dr. Heinrich Geiger and Ms. Karin Bialas. Third, to my ever supportive supervisor Prof. Dr. Dietwald Gruehn, for his guidance, trust and wisdom shared and also to Prof. Dr. Christiane Hellmanzik, for her valuable insights. The LLP family of the School of Spatial Planning, especially to Ms. Anne-Marie for her care and unconditional help and my co-PhD buddies and friends, Emmanuel, Winfred, Sattwick, Bella, Carsten, Grgo and Homa who were there through thick and thin. Fourth, to my ever helpful and fun loving friends and colleagues, they all deserve a name printed in this document for helping me out physically and socially in this research and all that had happen in between (Ralphael, Kath, Leendel, Quensie, Jensen, Regie and his students, Sir Jay and his Tourist Guiding class, Ma’am Gay, April, Ate Lala, Zerjay and Haya). The LGUs of Batanes, Camiguin and Siquijor, especially the planning offices and environment and natural resources office for their time and efforts. Fifth, to the local communities, farmers and fisherfolks of Batanes (Basco, Itbayat, Sabtang, Ivana, Mahatao, and Uyugan), Camiguin (Mambajao, Guinsiliban, Catarman, Sagay, and Mahinog), Siquijor (Siquijor, San Juan, Maria, Enrique Villanueva, Larena, and Lazi) for sharing your time and effort for my convenience, my sincerest thanks. Also to the regional offices officials for taking care of my especial requests and needs, kudos to you all. Lastly, to my friends at TU Dortmund, UPLB, UP Diliman, KAAD, IHS-ISS (especially to the Pinoy Bullies group), BCFN and SPRING thanks for the inspiration, care and sheer amount of joy you all shared as I venture in this lifelong journey. xi xii Executive Summary Small islands are among the most fragile and vulnerable yet diverse and unique ecosystems on Earth. The complexity of small islands stems from the fact that these areas are inhabited by human communities relying on its resources. Understanding small islands therefore, includes the geographic characteristics, small island biodiversity, isolation and integration concepts and the relevant contributions of the human communities residing in these spatial units. Spatial planning and management of small islands is anchored to these facts justifying the consequent need for its sustainable development. Literatures on small island development point similar unique characteristics describing the Philippine small island provinces. However, spatial strategies for small island development have still been a challenge making it as the goal of this research. Such research goal corresponds to two-pronged ideas: (1) the comprehensive profile gap analysis of the small islands, in terms of its biophysical/ ecological attributes, socio- economic characteristics and the link between the ecosystems and the local economy; and (2) the spatial interaction analysis through the natural resources of the small islands flowing along the regional spatial system. Philippine islands are fragile, vulnerable yet it supports the regional economy showing the unique characteristics and owing some bases for planning to achieve sustained development. Among 16 island provinces in the Philippines, three were chosen given its similarities in terms of geographic and biophysical attributes (physical size, biodiversity, topography, etc), population size, and socio-economic characteristics. The three small island provinces are Batanes, Siquijor and Camiguin, which represents the three major island groups in the Philippines (Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao), respectively. Including in the analysis is the descriptive roles the selected small islands perform in their regional administrative landscape namely, the Cagayan Valley, Central Visayas and Northern Mindanao regions. Current development planning activity for small islands ideally looks into the small island character that will inform better planning. However, the actual procedural methodology limitedly highlights the unique island characteristics making spatial planning not concretely targeting the actual needs of small islands. Also, the context of small island resources flow, as an expression of spatial interaction integral to provide a vivid picture of the small islands has not been given proper attention. These gaps in analysis and planning for small island provinces have been addressed through this research. Through the innovative methods applied the results show the unique character of the small island provinces stems from the socio-demographic and cultural (High Population density and low growth rate, Isola Effect, Sea-faring culture, migration patterns); environmental (coastline to physical size ratio, vulnerability to hydro-meteorological hazards and disasters, complex geographies and ecosystems, ecosystem continuum); economic (narrow and concentrated economic base, vulnerability to environmental shocks, import orientation, prominence of varied informal economy, subsistence and extractive economy); Infrastructure (Physical isolation and accessibility concerns, centralization for provision of support services); and institutions (satellite town effect, unclear hierarchical spatial roles), which were highlighted to provide bases for developing spatial strategies. Further application of the spatial interaction analyses confirmed these characteristics and provide deeper context on the actual conditions of small island provinces not seen on the xiii usual island analysis conducted for planning small islands. These results include: 1) Physical distance as an intervening factor in addressing the issues of island isolation and accessibility done through a distance analysis; 2) spatial interaction scores for small islands, through Gravity model, further solidify the existing weak human settlements interaction as a function of material resources exchange/flows, transportation and accessibity; 3) No matter how weak the spatial interaction, it does exist, however, the quality seems undervalued by disproportionate sharing of the monetary values translated from the interaction; 4) The network analysis shows a direct dependence of the identified top economic industries to the existing ecosystems in the small island, making it vulnerable to shocks on the ecosystems; 5) Material flows confirm the existence of material resources outflows; and 6) the value chain analysis done for the material
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