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Foreign Military Studies Office community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/ Foreign Military Studies Office Volume 9 Issue #9 OEWATCH September 2019 FOREIGN NEWS & PERSPECTIVES OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT EURASIA Protection and Mobility 51 Iran’s Negotiations with Domestic Kurdish Opposition 3 Strengthening Russian Army Ground Mobility 25 China: J-20 Fighter Intended to Strike at Early Warning, Groups 4 New Russian MANPADS Supports Integrated Air Aerial Refueling Platforms 52 Iran: Mohajer-6 UAV Strikes Targets in Iraq Defense 27 Chinese LCAC Development 53 Iran Warns of Phone and Text Scams 5 Russia Upgrades Close-Range Air Defense Capabilities 29 Chinese Investors Interested in Strategic Philippine 54 Iranian Navy Chief Visits Russian Naval Forces 6 Russia Fielding Two New Self-Propelled Mortar Systems Islands 55 Is There a Crack in the Houthi Movement? 7 Russia’s Modernization of Battlefield Command and 31 Xi Jinping’s Summer Foreign Policy Tour Displays “Great Control Power Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics” AFRICA 9 Purpose of Burevestnik Nuclear Powered Cruise Missile 33 China, Laos, Burma and Thailand Continue Mekong 57 To Counter Piracy, West Africa Must Look East Contemplated River Patrols 58 Ghana Expands its Navy to Fight Petro-Piracy 10 Ka-65 Naval Assault Helicopter Undergoing Arctic 34 A Vietnamese View on Spratly Islands Confrontation 59 Burkinabe Civil Society Responds to Humanitarian Modifications with China Emergency 11 Russia Looking at Longer-Range, Small Submarines 35 Japan to Acquire UAVs For Maritime Domain Awareness 60 Mali Diaspora Seeks Larger Role in Mali Peace Process 12 Short-Range Arctic Gun-Mortar 36 Indonesia Closes in on Poso Terrorist Cell 61 Borno Emir Returns Home Despite Boko Haram Threat 13 Grain Deliveries from Arctic Waters 37 India and Pakistan: Deal or No Deal for Russian Rifles 62 UAE to Establish Military Base in Niger 14 Putting Sputnik back in the Arctic 63 DRC: Links Between the ADF and ISIS 15 Update on Technopolis-ERA MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA 64 The Growing Role of Women in Al-Shabaab 16 Increase in Pay and Benefits for Contract Soldiers 38 What’s in a Name? S-400 Parts Start Arriving at “Mürted” 65 Somaliland Emerging as Geopolitical Battleground 17 Dagestan 1999: Turning Point for Russia and Putin Air Base 66 South African Military Enters Cape Flats to Quell Violence 18 Russia/China and the Dollar/Euro 40 Turkey’s Military Bases Abroad 19 A Russian View: Removing Business from the Chinese 42 Turkish Military Preparing for Another Operation in LATIN AMERICA Military Syria 67 Forum of Sao Paulo in the Dumps 20 Uzbekistan Faces Mounting Economic Costs From 44 The Katerji Group: A New Key Player in the Syrian 69 ELN Emerging as Bolivarian Strike Force Staying out of Russian-Led Eurasian Union Loyalist Universe 70 Simon and Snowy 21 A New Source for Armenian Weapons and Equipment? 45 Israel: “Russia in the Middle East: Friend or Foe?” 71 Update on the FARC 22 China’s Priorities for Joint Exercises in Central Asia 47 Qatar, the UAE and China Advance Artificial Intelligence 72 Costa Rica: Cartels’ Coca Plantation Experiment Confirmed in the Arabian Peninsula 73 Colombian Cartels Steal Fuel to Produce Cocaine INDO-PACIFIC 48 China’s UAE Rapprochement: A Turkish Perspective 74 Cocaine Production Trends in Peru 23 China: Type-15 MBT Export Variant Shows Off Enhanced 49 China’s Cooperation with the Iraqi Kurdistan Region approved for public release; distribution is unlimited The Foreign Military Studies Office (FMSO) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, is part of the US Army Training and Doctrine Command G-2, whose mission OEWATCH is to Understand, Describe, Deliver, and Foreign News & Perspectives Assess the conditions of the Operational of the Operational Environment Environment. For over 30 years, FMSO has conducted open source research Volume 9 | Issue 9 September | 2019 on foreign perspectives of defense and security issues, emphasizing those topics that are understudied or Regional Analysts and unconsidered. Expert Contributors Operational Environment Watch Eurasia Chuck Bartles provides translated selections with Ray Finch background from a diverse range Les Grau of foreign media that our analysts Fozil Mashrab Matthew Stein and expert contributors believe will give security professionals an added Indo-Pacific John Dotson dimension to their critical thinking Cindy Hurst about the Operational Environment. Matthew Stein Peter Wood Jacob Zenn The views expressed in each article are those of Middle East, North Africa Ihsan Gündüz the author and do not represent the official policy or Karen Kaya position of the Department of the Army, Department Michael Rubin of Defense, or the US Government. Release of this Lucas Winter information does not imply any commitment or intent on the part of the US Government to provide any Africa Dodge Billingsley additional information on any topic presented herein. Robert Feldman The appearance of hyperlinks does not constitute Jacob Zenn endorsement by the US Army of the referenced site or the information, products, or services contained Latin America Geoff Demarest therein. Users should exercise caution in accessing Brenda Fiegel hyperlinks. The Operational Environment Watch is archived and available at: https://community.apan.org/wg/ Editor-in-Chief Tom Wilhelm tradoc-g2/fmso/. Editor Karen Kaya Design Editor Thomas Tolare ON THE COVER: T-72B3 Tank Source: Vitaly Kuzmin via Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:T-72B3.jpg, Public Domain. EURASIA Strengthening Russian Army Ground Mobility OE Watch Commentary: The Russian military continues to enhance its overall mobility. The accompanying excerpt from Vzglyad discusses the reactivation of pontoon-bridge equipment to engineer regiments at the army level as well as separate repair and restoration battalions. It focuses on the restoration of operational bridging capability of higher- level forces and performing more maintenance and repair tasks within the tactical and operational units. Russian maneuver brigades already have a pontoon bridge company, so the concern is for operational level crossing capability. A portion of the PP-91 pontoon bridge. The article points out that a “engineer [bridge] regiment Source: Wikimedia Commons, https://bit.ly/2MSul3P, CCO-1.0 Public Domain appeared in the army, equipped with the new model pontoon PP-91, which allows deploying a 250-meter bridge over the river in one hour.” The article does not divulge the total number of these new pontoon-bridge equipped regiments to be activated, but given the large number of rivers throughout Russia (more than 100,000), there will likely be at least one pontoon set per army size formation. The article also addresses the reintroduction of organic repair units for maneuver units, pointing out that the reforms under the previous defense minister to outsource this function “did not justify itself.” According to the current defense minister, it became clear that “the tasks of providing repair services to troops in combat conditions had not been solved. In particular, the equipment was not repaired, and fuels and lubricants were not delivered to the field areas.” Similarly, the article does not specify how many of these separate repair and restoration battalions will be activated. Restoring these units throughout the army will be a massive undertaking, and an expert quoted in the article posits that “it may take from a year to two years to retrofit the engineer troops.” The same expert indicates that these changes to enhance mobility were based on “more and more maneuvers,” where “in recent years, the number of military exercises has increased significantly compared to the nineties.” He goes on to state that the focus of the Russian military today “is connected with the concepts of mobilization readiness and logistics” and that “tanks do not need roads, tanks need directions.” The article concludes on a somewhat ominous note, quoting another expert who recalls that back in the late 1980s, “the liquidation of the pontoon regiments was a political measure. We were no longer going to force the rivers of Europe.” However, the expert continues, if today’s “Russian military strategy focuses again on tank forces, then the rivers will have to be crossed.” End OE Watch Commentary (Finch) “…tanks do not need roads, tanks need directions.” Source: Alexander Kolpakov, Ivan Abakumov, “Российская армия готовится форсировать реки Европы (The Russian army is preparing to cross the rivers of Europe),” Vzglyad, 30 July 2019. https://vz.ru/society/2019/7/30/989911.html The Ministry of Defense plans to recreate the pontoon-bridge regiments and individual repair and restoration battalions, which were disbanded under Gorbachev and Serdyukov. Earlier, third-party private companies engaged in the repair of armored vehicles under a contract, but in the spring Shoigu expressed his disappointment with their work. As for the pontoon regiments, their dissolution under Gorbachev was a clear gesture of friendliness towards NATO. On Monday, it became known about the decision of the Ministry of Defense to revive the types of formations eliminated over the past 30 years. This was announced on Monday by the commander of the 2nd Guards Combined Arms Army, Major General Andrei Kolotovkin. “This year, the army formed its own repair battalion, which will undoubtedly increase the technical capabilities of the association when performing combat training missions in the field. In a combat situation, it is very important to have units at hand, capable of, for example, quickly putting into operation a tank that lost a track on a mine,” Kolotovkin told Red Star. According to him, recently an army regiment appeared in the army, equipped with a new model pontoon PP-91, which allows deploying a 250-meter bridge over the river in one hour. In general, repair and restoration battalions were disbanded in 2008 by order of the Minister of Defense Anatoly Serdyukov, most of the pontoon-bridge formations ceased to exist in the late 80s, during the reign of Mikhail Gorbachev.
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