Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Research 2012;2(2):91-105 An Official Publication of Association of Pharmacy Professionals ISSN: 2249-6041 (Print); ISSN: 2249-9245 (Online)

REVIEW ARTICLE ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS USED AGAINST JAUNDICE IN BANGLADESH AND ITS ECONOMICAL PROSPECTS

Zahed Bin Rahim*, Muhammad Mahabubur Rahman, Dibyajyoti Saha, S.M. Zahid Hosen, Swati Paul and Shafiul Kader

Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University, Chittagong, Bangladesh

*E-mails: [email protected], [email protected] Tel.: +88-01755588624, +88-01752560434, +88-01715847075.

Received: January 06, 2012 / Revised: July 28, 2012 / Accepted: July 29, 2012

In Bangladesh, traditional plant-based medicines have always been used to treat hepatitis and jaundice. In the present work, we focused on medicinal plants used to treat jaundice and hepatitis. About 95 plant species belonging to about 75 family were found to be used against jaundice or hepatitis by the traditional healers. The most important plant species are Alocasia indica, Aloe barbadensis, Asparagus racemosus, Averrhoa carambola, Bixa orellana, Boerhaavia diffusa, Cucumis sativus, Cajanus Cajan, Cassia fistula, Eclipta alba, Hemidesmus indicus, Lagenaria siceraria, Mentha arvensis, Momordica charantea, Oroxylum indicum, Saccharum officinarum, Tamarindus indica etc. The ethnomedicinal inventory is presented by plant name, local name, family, chemical constituents, parts used and distribution in Bangladesh.

Key words: Ethnomedicinal plants, Jaundice, Hepatitis, Economical prospects.

INTRODUCTION the skin, sclera and mucous membrane, it turns Ethnomedicine is a subfield of ethno botany or yellow. This yellowness is known as jaundice medical anthropology that deals with the study (icterus) and usually detectable when plasma of traditional medicines; not only those that have bilirubin is greater than 2 mg/dl (34 µmol/l). relevant written sources (e.g. Traditional Most of the people take herbal treatment from Chinese Medicine, Ayurveda), but especially kabiraj as primary treatment of jaundice. Since those, whose knowledge and practices have been various plant/plant parts are used, their orally transmitted over the centuries (Idu, 2009; economical aspects are also important to Martin, 1995). consider. In Bangladesh, a long tradition of indigenous herbal medicinal systems, based on the rich local METHOD plant diversity, is considered as very important The present study is an attempt to enlist the component of the primary health care system. medicinal plants growing and available in Though largely neglected over the past half Bangladesh with their chemicals or active century, the majority of the rural poor chemical constituents and other medicinal uses. households still rely on the traditional system In this study we tried to enlist a maximum (known as Kabirajee system) for their primary number of plant species are available in health care needs. Every village has several such Bangladesh used against jaundice or hepatitis. herbal practitioners (Kabiraj), who traditionally Information about the chemical constituents of inherited plant-based knowledge for medicine medicinal plants is very important for their (Islam et al 2011). meaningful exploitation as pharmaceutical and Jaundice is not a disease but rather a sign that medicinal raw materials and as therapeutic can occur in many different diseases. When free agents. This study was carried out by or conjugated bilirubin accumulates in the blood, interviewing respondents in different remote 91 ã

Rahim et al Bull. Pharm. Res. 2012;2(2) sites. The respondents were old age women, problems (coughs, bronchitis, colds, flu, men, and healers themselves and had knowledge pneumonia, excessive mucous/ phlegm); for hair on the medicinal use of the plants for the said loss; for gallstones; for menstrual disorders purpose. The targeted studying areas were (interruption or absence of menstrual cycle); as Chittagong, Chittagong Hill tracts, Borendro a blood cleanser and liver detoxifier. forest area and shyllet region. Information was Baliospermum montanum has traditional uses for gathered by taking interviews of the informants constipation, piles, anemia, and conjuctivitis. The and as witnesses of the uses during the period of roots are purgative, anthelmintic, carminative, studies in the field. Some information also rubefacient and anodyne and used in abdominal collected from the book “Medicinal Plants of pain, constipation, general anasarca, piles, Bangladesh with chemical constituents and uses” helminthes infestation, scabies and skin by Abdul Ghani (1st & 2nd edition), which also disorders. Root paste is applied to painful based on extensive field surveys carried out swellings and piles. The leaves relieve asthma among the local and tribal communities. and seeds are used to cure snakebites. Berberis Information on chemical constituents was lycium; locally, the plant is used for the collected from a lot of sources. treatment of internal injuries. An ointment made from root powder is mixed with oil and applied DISCUSSION on broken bones. It is also used for fencing and Data obtained from present investigation is hedges. Cissus adnata has traditional uses for the compiled in Table 1 and the plants species are treatment of boils, bruise, bubo, epilepsy, fever, arranged in alphabetical order. A total of 97 food poisoning, gastric tumour, gingivitis, gout, plant species belonging to 56 families have been hemi-paralysis, hysteria, jaundice, lipoma, reported for the treatment of jaundice and mental disorder, neck pain, obstructive labour, hepatitis. For each plant species, botanical name, paralysis, paratyphoid, pregnancy complication, family, local name, parts used, chemical rheumatism, snake bite and ureterolithiasis. constituents and distribution are provided. Cucumis sativus also used for dehydration, Different plant parts were used to cure jaundice burning sensation, epistaxis, hemorrhages, and hepatitis. Among these leaves were highly dysurea, body weakness, insomnia etc. utilized (36%) followed by roots (20%), fruit Kalanchoe pinnata also used for coughs, (17%), whole plant (16%), bark (11%), seeds bronchial infections, blood dysentery, jaundice, (7%), stem (6%), rhizomes (4%) and flowers kidney stone and gout. Leaves are eaten to (2%) in decreasing order (Figure 1). control diabetes. Macrosolen cochinchinensis is Table 1 data shows that medications used for used in the treatment of diarrhea (severe), jaundice and hepatitis can be divided into two epilepsy, gout, hysteria, jaundice, lipoma categories: those that prepared from (i) single (tumour), paralysis, tuberculosis. Mussaenda plant and (ii) from more than one plant species. labrets roots, mixed with cow’s urine, is used in The most popularly used species in Bangladesh the treatment of leprosy. White leaves crushed is Saccharum officinarum and Tamarandus with milk are given in jaundice. Paederia foetida indica. Other plants used in single or combined is used in the treatment of anklitis, diarrhoea, form are Aloe barbadensis, Asparagus racemosus, blood dysentery, impotence, gout, piles, Boerhaavia diffusa, Bauhinia acuminata, Cissus weakness, stomach disorder, boils, bone assamica, Eclipta alba, Hemidesmus indicus, fractures, tuberculosis, cancerous tumours, Kalanchoe pinnata, Lagenaria siceraria, carbuncle, cirrhosis etc.

Momordica charantea etc. The preparation method of medication sometimes varies from kabiraj to kabiraj. The popular forms are decoction, juice, extract, powder, fresh part and paste. The duration of treatment varies from weeks to months. The payment system for the treatment varies; cash payments are most chosen but sometimes exchange of food materials like- rice, chicken, goats are also seen.

Some listed plants are reported to be used against diseases other than jaundice. Adiantum Fig. 1. Plant parts used for the treatment capillus has traditional uses for respiratory of jaundice. 92

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Table 1. List of plants used against jaundice in Bangladesh Plant name Synonym/local Parts Chemical constituents Distribution name used Family Triterpenes , flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and carotenoids; Oleanane compounds (Two new migrated hopane triterpenoids viz. 4a- hydroxyfilican-3-one and fern-9(11)-en-12b-ol, and olean-18-en-3-one and olean-12-en-3-one); Adiantum capillus- olean-18-en-3-one, olean-12-en-3-one, ferrn- veneris - L. 9(11)-ene, ferna-7,9(11)-diene ,fern-7-ene, Polypodiaceae hop-22(29)-ene, filic-3-ene, neohop-12-ene, Leaves Chittagong hill tracts, (Nakane et al 2002; adiantoxide, adiantone, fern-9(11)-en-12-one, Sylhet Abbasi et al 2009) 28-hydroxyfern-9(11)-ene , isoadiantone, isoglaucanone ,hydoxyhopane , isoadiantol and hydroxyadiantone; tannins, tarpenoids, mucilage, volatile oil, capillerine, mucin, gallic acid, sugar, kaempferol, quercetol, luteol. Alocasia indica Alocasia Soluble oxalates, cyanogenetic principles, macrorrhiza a mixture of triglochinin, isotriglochinin, Tuber All over Bangladesh Araceae beta-glucosides and hydrolyzing enzymes. (Ghani, 2003) Crystalline glycoside known as Aloin (barbaloin, isobarbaloin, beta-barbaloin, aloe-emodin, resins); phenolic glucosides (isoeleutheraol, Aloe barbadensis β-D-glucopyranoside,aloesaponol ІІІ-8-O-β-D- Aloe vera, glucopyranoside, aloesaponol ІІІ-6-O-D- All over Bangladesh as ghritokumari Whole glucopyranoside, aloenin, aloesin. In addition of ornamental plant (beng.) plant these flavanoids, oxanthraquinones, coumarins, Liliaceae amino acids, mono and poly saccharides,oils, (Ghani, 2003) sterols, triterpenes, vit C, vit B, citric, L-malic and formic acids, minerals, cholesterols, compesterols, β-sitosterol also present. Amaranthus Alpha-spinasterol, octacosanoate, a number of spinosus saponins, nicotinic acid, ascorbic acid, protein, Leaves, Kantanotey (beng.) All over Bangladesh n-alkane, hentriaconate, octacosanoate, roots Amaranthaceae fatty acids, free alcohols. (Ghani, 2003) Argemone Several Alkaloids (protopine, allocryptonine and mexicana berberine, coptisine, sanguinerine, nor- Latex and shialkanta (beng.) sanguinerine, chelerythrine, nor-chelerythrine), extract of All over Bangladesh Papaveraceae ceryl alcohol, isorhamnetin glucoside, plant (Ghani, 2003) tannin, resin, oils. Steroidal glycosides (asparagoside, quercetin, rutin, hyperoside, cyaniding-3-glycosides), bitter Asparagus glycoside, asparagin, flavonoids, saponins racemosus (diosgenin, shatavarins І-ІV), sitosterol, Whole shatamuli (beng.) All over Bangladesh stigmasterol, their glucosides, sarsasapogenin, plant Liliaceae two spirostanolic and two furostanolic saponins (Ghani, 2003) are also present, saccharine matter , mucilage, antioxytocic compound (racemosal). Argyrolobium roseum(Comb) Jaub Flavonid glycoside, Vitexin and D-pinitol Whole Bangladesh, Pakistan, Papilionaceae plant India (Abbasi et al 2009)

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Rutin, quercetin glycosides, flavanoids, Averrhoa anthraquinones, cyanidine and ionone glycosides, carambola Linn. 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural, carotenoids, lupeol, Kamranga (beng.) fruit All over Bangladesh β-sitosterol, volatile oil, tannins, vitamin C, oxalic Oxalidaceae acid and its Ca and P salts, acid potassium oxalate (Ghani, 2003) and vitamin A Baliospermum Phorbol esters belonging to diterpentoid montanum hydrocarbon, tigliane skeleton viz. monbtanin, B. axillare; Dhaka, Chittagong and baliosprmin, 12-deoxyphorbol and 12-deoxy-16- Roots dantimul (beng.) some locality hydroxyphorbol, 12-deoxy-5-β-hydroxyphorbol Euphorbiaceae as 13-myristates, esters, and other diterpenes (Ghani, 2003) Sesquiterpene, bixaghanene, flavonoids, 7-bisulphates of apigenin, luteolin, hypolactin, Bixa orellana carotenoid (apocarotenoid, 9′-Z-apo-6′- Latkan (beng.) Chittagong, Dhaka, lycopenoate, C40 carotenes, phytoene, root Bixaceae Sylhet phytofluene, epsilon-carotene and (Ghani, 2003) neurosporene), bixin, fatty oil containing an alcohol, bixol; triterpenes, tomentosic acid Berberis lycium Royle. Alkaloids umbellatine, barberin, barbamine, Bangladesh, India, Leaves Berberdiaceae starch grains and tannins Pakistan (Abbasi et al 2009) Boerhaavia Alkaloids, tricontanol,hentriacontane, sitosterol, procumbens L. Whole Bangladesh, India, ursolic acid, flavone, glucose, Nyctaginaceae plant Pakistan fructose and sucrose (Abbasi et al 2009) Quinolizidine alkaloids (punarnovine-I and punarnovine), squalene, phytol, sitosterol, Boerhaavia diffusa myricyl alcohol, myristic and oxalic acids, B. repens; tannins, potassium nitrate, hentriacontate, Leaves punarnava ursolic acid and β-sitosterol; a glycoside All over Bangladesh. and roots Nyctaginaceae hypoxanthine-9-L-arabinoside, stigmasterol, (Ghani, 2003) amino acids, a dihydroisofuran oxanthrone, boerhavine, rotenoids, boerhavinones A, B, C, D, E and F, repenone, repenol. Bauhinia acuminata Phenolic acids, Genus contains polysaccharides, B. candida tannic acid, glucose. Flowers contain quercetin, Chittagong hill tracts, Shetkanchan(beng.) isoquercetin, astragalin, pelargonidin glucosides, Root Dinajpur Fabaceae butein galactoside; Sedds contain alkaloid, (Nageshwar et al chalcone glycosides 1986; Ghani, 2003) Begonia roxburghii Ca , Fe , β-carotene; 23.9 % of fibre; oxalic acid B. malabarica Cox`s bazaar, Chittagong present in the leaves, which forms insoluble Stem Begoniaceae hill tracts crystals with calcium (Agrahar-Murugkar, 2006) Phenols, 6′-O-vanilloylisotachioside and 6′-O- Baccaurea vanilloyltachioside, together with nine known ramiflora compounds, were isolated from the leaves; Baccaurea sapida Pectins(14.1%), 4'-O-(6-O-vanilloyl)-β-D- Bark Chittagong hill tracts Muell.-Arg. glucopyranosyl tachiosideD, 6'-O- Euphorbiaceae vanilloylpicraquassioside D, and 6'-O- (Yang et al 2010) vanilloylicariside B Blumea malabarica Leaves Chittagong hill tracts B. clarkei - Rubiaceae 94

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Boehmaria

Malabarica Bark and Chittagong hill tracts, - Urtica mal. Wall leaves India, China

Urticaceae Among the main hepatoprotective sesquiterpenes isolated from the aqueous acetone extract of C. zedoaria rhizome, furanodiene, germacrone, curdione, neocurdione, curcumenol, isocurcumenol, aerugidiol, Curcuma Zedoarea zedoarondiol, curcumenone and curcumin (Christm.) Rosc. revealed potent effect on D-galactosamine- Zingiberaceae (D-Gain) and lipopolysaccharide-(LPS) induced Rhizomes, (Matsuda et al Chittagong hill tracts acute liver injury in mice. Action mechanisms for leaves 1998; Carvalho et al their hepatoprotective activity were elucidated 2010) based on the inhibitory effect on D-Gain-induced

cytotoxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes, LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages and D-Gain and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced liver injury in mice Ursolic acid , lupeol , n-hexacosinc acid , isolariciresinol-9-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside , Cissus Assamica dauco sterin , 3,3'-dimethyl ellagic acid , beta- Vitis assamica Sitosterol, bergenin; resverotrol Young Vitaceae (3,4',5-trihydroxytransstilbene) parts of (Xie et al 2009; Eight compounds were isolated and elucidated as Chittagong hill tracts plants and Das, 2009; ursolic acid (I), lupeol (II), n-hexacosinc acid (III), crabs isolariciresinol-9-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (IV),

dauco sterin (V), 3,3'-dimethyl ellagic acid (VI), beta-Sitosterol (VII), bergenin (VIII) The main active principle of this plant is resverotrol (3,4',5-trihydroxytransstilbene) Carissa opaca Stapf.ex.Haines. Carissone, palmatic acid, benzyl salicylate, benzyl Bangladesh, Pakistan, Leaves Apocynaceae benzoate, α-farnesene India (Abbasi et al 2009) Gummy water, cellulose, inulin, fiber, ash, glycoside, stearin, mannites, tartaric acid, betaine, choline, lactones, esculine, esculetin, Cichorium intybus cichoriin, umbelliferone, scopoletin, L. 6,7-dihydroxy caumarin, volatile matter, Whole Bangladesh, Pakistan, Astraceae anthocynin, fatty acid, methyl esters, vanillin, plant India, Bhutan (Abbasi et al 2009) 5-hydroxymethyl 2-furfural, 2-acetylpyrole, furfural, phenyl acetic acid, 2-(5-hydroxy methyl- 2-formylpyrol-1-yl)-3-methyl-3-pentanoic lactone, and phenylacetaldehyde Cucumis sativus L. Methyl-phytosterol, amyrin, multiflorenol, Kheera, methylenecycloartenol, cycloartenol, tirucallol, Fruit All over Bangladesh Cucurbitaceae protein, isopentenyl adenosine trialcolhol (Abbasi et al 2009) Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Scoparone, melanettin, quercetin, hyperoside, Whole Sornolata (beng.) All over Bangladesh phenolic compounds, and caffeoylquinic acids plant Cuscutaceae (Abbasi et al 2009) Cajanus Cajan Flavonoid compounds: orientin, vitexin, (Linn.) Huth isovitexin, pinostrobin and the stilbene Tender C. indicus; cajaninstilbene acid; cajaninstilbene acid Chittagong hill tracts leaves Arhar (beng.) (3-hydroxy-4-prenylmethoxystilbene-2- carboxylic acid), pinostrobin, vitexin and 95

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orientin; Phytoalexines, sterols, triterpenes, lipidic constituents, isoflavones, cajanone, Papilionaceae cajaflavone, methyl cajanone, cajaisoflavone, an (Wu et al 2009; isoflavone glucoside, genistein, an anthraquinone Ghani, 2003) derivative, cajaquinone, sitosterol and its glucosides, lupeol, amyrins, carbohydrates, fat, proteins, vitamin- A,B,C, carotene, minerals, and amino acids, isoflavones, α, β, γ-salinens, copaene and a mixture of eudesmols Cissus Adnata Roxb. Vitisinol B, (+)-ε-viniferin, vitisinol C, vitisinol D, Bark, Vitis adnata; (−)-viniferal, ampelopsin C, miyabenol A, leaves, Chittagong hill tracts Vitaceae (+)-vitisin A, (+)-vitisin C roots (Wang et al 2007) Carthamone, lignans, polysaccharides, acetylenic compounds, 11 triterpene compounds (helianol), safflomin A, carthamin, matairesinol mono- Carthamus glucoside, steroidal glycosides, steroid di- tincotorious Linn.: glucoside, allobioside, tracheloside, cathartic Kushum (beng.) Flower All over Bangladesh lignan glycoside, 2-OH-arctiin, luteoilin Compositae 7-glucoside, kaempferol-3-rhamnoglucoside, (Ghani, 2003) phenolic constituents, heptadecatetraene, polyacetylenes, 3 antioxidative serotonin have been isolated. Fruits contain alkaloids Anthraquinone glycosides (rhein, sennosides A and B, flavones, barbaloin, lupeol, β-sitosterol, hexacosanol), leucoanthocyanidin, fistucacidin, tannin, phalobaphenes, oxyanthraquinone Cassia fistula substances, flavonoid glycosides, Bandar lathi (beng.) hydroxyflavones, ceryl alcohol, kaempferol, Seeds All over Bangladesh Caesalpiniaceae fistulin,pro-anthocynidins, aloe-emodin, emodin, (Ghani, 2003) chrysophanol, rhein, sennidin A and B, 5-nonatetracontanone, 2-hentri-acontanone, essential oils, waxes, resinous substances, galactomannan Glycosides and bitter substances (colocynthin, colocynthenin, elaterin, elatericin B, Citrullus dihydroelatericin, α-elaterin, coloside A, citrullin, colocynthis citrulluen, citrullene, citrulluic acid, Dhaka, Mymenshing, Makal (beng.) hentriacontane, phytosterol, hepatecosanol, Root Tangail Cucurbitaceae citrullol, fatty acids, resins, fixed oils, (Ghani, 2003) phytosterolin, hydrocarbon, saponin, choline, alkaloids, tannin, citrullanol, hydroxyl-keto tetracyclic triterpene Flavones glycosides, cycloartane type glycosides Curculigo (curculigo saponins, curculigosides), phenyl orchioides glycosides, orcinol glycosides, corchioside A, Rhizomes Talamuli (beng.) Chittagong hentriacontanol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, and roots Amaryllidaceae cycloartenol, sucrose, yuccagenin, alkaloid, (Ghani, 2003) lycorine, aliphatic MeO-ketone Calycopteris floribunda Tannin, flavanol, calycopterin, calycopterin- Goichia lata(beng.) 4¢-methyl ether, 3¢-oxymethylcalycopterin, Fruits Sylhet, Chittagong Combretaceae querecetin, traces of albuminoids and minerals (Ghani, 2003) Cissus elongate vitis elongate Concord grapes are rich in polyphenolic Leaves angur(beng) Chittagong hill tracts chemicals and anthocyanin pigments and stems Vitaceae (Jung et al 2006) 96

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Bergenin, isolariciresinol and 1-[(3- methylbutyryl)phloroglucinol]-β-D- glucopyranoside,4-O-methyl gallate, protocatechuic, gallic acid, 3-O-galloyl bergenin, 2α, 3β, 23-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic-acid, pallidol, Four new stilbene C-glucosides, namely Cissus Repens trans-3-O-methyl-resveratrol-2-C-beta-glucoside Vitis repens; Stems, , cis-3-O-methyl-resveratrol-2-C-beta-glucoside, Chittagong hill tracts Vitaceae leaves trans-3-O-methyl-resveratrol-2-(2-p-coumaric)- (Wang et al 2007) C-beta-glucoside (cissuside A) , and trans-3-O- methyl-resveratrol-2-(3-p-coumaric)-C-beta- glucoside (cissuside B) , were isolated from the aerial parts of Cissus repens, along with known trans-resveratrol , trans-resveratrol-2-C-beta- glucoside and cis-resveratrol-2-C-beta-glucoside A tertiary base with papavarine-like activity, protoalkaloid, pyrollidine,daucine,flavones, sugar, querternary base, enzymes, coumarins, volatile components, toxicants, carotoxicants, Daucas carota myristicin, falcarinol, α-humulene, β-fernesens, Gajor (beng.) α-bergamotene, γ-munrolene, γ-bisabolene, Taproot All over Bangladesh Umbelliferae β-carotene, lactic acid, cholesterol, luteolin- (Ghani, 2003) 7-glucoside, 5 aglycones, 4 glycosides, lycopersene, ferulic, caffeic & chlorogenic acids, β-sitosterol, vitamin, porphyrins, n-alkanes, glucose, amino acids, choline & cholinergic active querternary base Drynaria Quercifolia L. J.Sm Friedelin, epifriedelinol, β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, Polypodiaceae β-sitosterol 3-β-Image -glucopyranoside and Rhizomes Chittagong hill tracts (Ramesh et al 2001; naringin, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid Khan et al 2007) Desmodium Laxiflorum DC. Heptacosane, nonacosane, tricosanol, Leguminosae/ heptacosanol, lupeol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, Leaves Chittagong hill tracts Fabaceae triacontanoic acid, 2-triacontenoic acid (Saxena and Shukla, 1995) Embelin, quercitol and fatty ingredients. An alkaloid, christembine, a resinoid, tannins and minute quantities of a volatile oil are present. It Embelia Ribes contains Embelic acid, a volatile and fixed oil, biranga, beguun coloring matter,Crystalline compounds of (beng.) embolic acid with soda, potash and ammonia are Myrsinaceae/ Fruits Chittagong hilltracts, obtained. Berries gave quinones – embelin, Euphorbiaceae rapanone, homoembelin, homorapnone and (Latha, 2007; vilangin. Hydroquinone, embelin (2,5-dihydroxy- Ghani, 2003) 3-lauryl-p-benzoquinone), a dimer of embelin, vilangin, embelic acid, volatile and fixed oils, coloring matter, tannin, resin, christembine Equisetum debile Moisture, ash, lipid, protein, Na, K, Ca, P, Cb, Cu, Roxb Whole Eastern And Southern Ni, Zn, Cr, carbohydrates, ascorbic acid, folic acid Equisetaceae plant Parts Of Bangladesh and niacin (Abbasi et al 2009) Ecbolium viride Nilkanta (beng.) Glycoflavones, orientin, vitexin, isoorientin, Root Bangladesh Acanthaceae isovitexin, other flavones (Ghani, 2003) Eclipta alba Ecliptine, saponins (α-terthienylmethanol, Juice of All Over Bangladesh. E. protata; β-amyrin, wedelolactone, demethyl plant 97

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kalokeshi (beng.) wedelolactone, 7-O-glucoside, triterpene Compositae glycosides, stigmasterol, 2-formyl-terthienyl, (Ghani, 2003) luteolin-7-glucoside, phytosterol,a furanoid diterpene, columbin Diterpenes, macrocyclic diterpenes, tirucalline, Euphorbia tirucalli ingol esters, triterpenes, euphorbinol, Lanka sij (beng.) Juice of cycloeuphordenol, resin, gum, hentriacontane, All over Bangladesh Euphorbiaceae plant hentriacontanol, taraxerone, tirucallol, (Ghani, 2003) β-sitosterol, ellagic acid, glycosides Ficus Scandens

Ficus pumila L. Roots and - Chittagong hill tracts Lata Dumur (beng.) leaves

Moraceae Firmiana colorata

Sterculia colorata; - Barks Chittagong hill tracts Samarri (beng.)

Malvaceae Fluroquinoline bases (kokusaginine, skimmianine), γ-fagarine, glycosine, arborine, glycosminine, arborinine, glycosamine, glycorine, Glycosmis glycosmicine, triterpenes, arbinol, isoarbinol, pentaphylla arborinone, myricyl alcohol, stigmasterol, G. arborea; Infusion of β-sitosterol, carbazole alkaloids, glycozolicine, All over Bangladesh. Ashseura (beng.) leaves 3-formylcarbazole, glycosinine, glycozoline, Rutaceae glycozolidine, skimianine, dictamine, arborine, (Ghani, 2003) glycophymine, glycoric acid possessing a 10- normegastigmane skeleton, an alkaloid having anti-tumor activity Roots contain β-sitosterol, 2-hydroxy-4- methoxybenzaldehyde, a - amyrin, β-amyrin and its acetate, hexatriacontane, lupeol octacosonoate, lupeol and its acetate, coumarin, Hemidesmus hydroxymethoxybenzaldehydes, coumarino- Indicus Root, lignoids, hemidesmins І & ІІ, sterol, amyrins, Chittagong hill tracts, Anantamul(beng) aerial triterpenes, tetracyclic triterpene alcohols, resin Dhaka, Mymenshing Apocynaceae parts acids, fatty acids, tannins, saponins, a glycoside, (Ghani, 2003) ketones, lactones, lupanone, dehydrolupeol acetate, ketolupeneolide, hexadecanoic acid, 4- hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, 3-hydroxy-4- methoxybenzaldehyde, rutin Hordeum vulgare Arginine, histidine, lysine, tyrosine, L. tryptophan, phenylalanine, cystine, Bangladesh, India, Seeds Poaceae methionine, threonine, leucine, Pakistan (Abbasi et al 2009) isoleucine, valine and glycine Hedyotis Alkaloids (biflorine, biflorone), β-sitosterol, corymbosa oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, chloride salts of Oldenlandia c.; sodium, potassium and calcium,a tumor Entire All over Bangladesh ketapapra (beng.) inhibiting polysaccharide containing glucose, plant Rubiaceae galactose, glycogen, glucuronic acid, (Ghani, 2003) iridoid glucoside Justacia adhatoda Essential oils, alkaloids vasicine, L. vasicinone, deoxyvasicine,maiontone, Roots South Asian country Acanthaceae vasicinolone, vasicol, peganine, sitosterol, (Abbasi et al 2009) glucoside and kaempferol Kalanchoe pinnata Glycosides of quercetin, kaempferol, fumaric acid, (Lam.) Pers. lipids, phenolic substances, cytotoxic Patharkuchi (beng.) Leaf All over Bangladesh bufadienolide orthoacetate, flavonoids, n-alkane, Crassulaceae n-alkanol, alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, sitosterol (Ghani, 2003)

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Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Vitamin B, C, soluble carbohydrates, albuminoids, Stan. fatty oil, protein, amino acids, saponins, trypsin, L. vulgaris; lau, serine proteinase inhibitor, flavonoids, palmitic, Leaf All over Bangladesh kodu (beng.) palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic acids, proteins Cucurbitaceae and amino acids (Ghani, 2003) aliphetic constituents, terpenoids, sterols, naphthoquinone derivatives, phenolic constituents, tannins, coumarins, xanthones, flavonoids, hydroxynaphthoquinone, lawsone, an Lawsonia inermis antibacterial naohthoquinone, apigenin- Lawsonia alba; 7-glucoside, apigenin-4-glucoside, luteoline- Mehedi (beng.) Bark All Over Bangladesh 7-glucoside, coumarin, lancoumarin, pentacyclic Lythraceae triterpenes, hennotannic acid, gallic acid, resin, (Ghani, 2003) mucilage, saponins, traces of alkaloids, methylnonacosanol, lawsaritol, lawsone, laxanthone І & ІІ, xanthone, an essential oil containing α-ionone, β-ionone Litsea Glutinosa 2′-oxygenated flavone glycoside, named glutin; (Lour.) Roxb. 2′,5,7-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone 2′-O-β-D- Litsea chinensis; glucopyranoside; (E)-B-ocimene; Lauric Acid kukur-lata (beng.) (70.3%), Capric acid (12.6%), Myristic (2.7%) Lauraceae Leaves Palmitic(.5%) Stearic (4.8%) Oleic (2.5%) Chittagong hill tracts Wang et al 2010; infusion Linoleic (2.4%) Linolenic (0.2%) Arachidic Ubonnuch et al (0.2%); laurotetanine, lauric acid, 2000; Kotoky et al β-ocimene, caryophylene oxide and 2007; Abbasi et al β-caryophyllene 2009; Ghani, 2003) Ascorbic acid, carotene, vitamin D, glutathione, Morus alba L. calcium, copper, zinc, boron, manganese, volatile Chitta toot, Pakistan, India, Nepal, oil, iron, thiamine, nicotinic acid, riboflavin, Fruit Moraceae Bangladesh tannins, penta hydroxyflavone, pentahydroxy (Abbasi et al 2009) benzopherene and maclurin Morus nigra L. Olcancolic acid, apigenin, cyclocommunol, Kala toot (beng) morusin, cyclomorusin, kuwanon C, daucosterol, Fruit South Asian country Moraceae ursolic acid, 63- sitosterol (Abbasi et al 2009) Myrsine africana L. Embelin, vilangin methylene bis (2,5-dihydroxy- Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myrsinaceae 4-undecyl-3,6-benzoquinone, embolic acid, Leaves India (Abbasi et al 2009) querctiol Mentha arvensis D-isomenthone, pulegone, menthol, menthone, Linn. methyl acetate, d-carvone, citronellol, careen, Aerial Pudina (beng.) All over Bangladesh d-sylvestrene, linallol, menthofuran, protein, parts Labiatae amino acids, minerals, caffeic acid (Ghani, 2003)

Acidic resins, a number of bitter substances, momordicines І, ІІ & ІІІ, three new cucurbitane triterpenoids, γ-aminobutyric acid, essential Momordica aminoacids, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, charantea Linn. ascorbic acid, minerals, steroidal compounds, Ucche, karala saponins, two bitter cucurbitacin glycoside Leaves All over Bangladesh (beng.) (momordicosides K & L), four non bitter and fruits Cucurbitaceae cucurbitacin (momordicosides F1, F2, G & I), a (Ghani, 2003) mixture of acylglucosyl sterols, alkaloid momordicine, phenolic compounds, proteins, amino acids, vitamin-B, C, minerals, charantin, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, stearic, oleic, linoleic,

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α-eleostearic caid, albumin, globulin, glutelin, carotene, α-amino butyric acid, orthophthalic acid, an insulin like peptide has been reported Mussaenda galbrata Saponin glucoside, resin, sugar, mucilage, M. frondosa; coloring matter, quercetin, rutin, hyperin, Leaves Chittagong hill tracts sadapata (beng.) β-sitosterol, glucoside, ferulic acid, sinapic acid Rubiaceae (Ghani, 2003) alpha-pinene , germacrene D (19.8%), beta- pinene (8.7%) and alpha-thujene (7.1%); germacrene D (21.6%) and β-caryophyllene (11.8%); vitamin A, B & C, mikanin, friedelin, Mikania Cordata epifriedinol, sesquiterpenes dilactones (Burm.) Robinson. (mikanolide, dihydromikanolide, M. scandens; deoxymikanolide, scandenolide), three diterpene Asamlata (beng.) acids (kaurenicacid, butyryloxykaurenic acid, Chittagong hill tracts, all Compositae benzoyloxykaurenic acid), stigmasterol, Leaves areas of the country (Shao et al 2001; β-sitosterin, glucose, fructose, fumaric acid, a Bedi et al 2003; chlorinated germacranolide, mono & di- Tonzibo et al 2009; epoxymacranolide having one or two lactone Ghani, 2003) rings also isolated; beta-cubebene , allo- aromadendrene , beta-caryophyllene , 1H-inden- 1-one, 5-(1, 1-dimethylethyl)-2, 3-(6.23%), beta- himaohalene , trans-alpha-bergamotene , limonene , beta-ocimene Morinda Persicifolia Ham. M. lanceolata; rong Antraquinone, an anthraquinone pigment gach (chakma) Roots Chittagong hill tracts morindone Rubiaceae (Aobchey et al 2002) Morinda Angustifolia Roxb. M. citrifolia; Antraquinone, an anthraquinone pigment Leaves Chittagong hill tracts Rubiaceae morindone (Aobchey et al 2002) Nymphoides cristatum N. indicum; Proteins, 11 amino acids including 6 essential Plant All Over Bangladesh panchulli(beng.) amino acids Gentianaceae (Ghani, 2003) Oxalis corniculata Glyxylic acid, oxalic acid, vitexin, isovitexin, Bangladesh, India, L. netural lipids, glycolipids, vitamin C, Leaves Pakistan, Oxalidaceae phaspholipids, fatty acids and tocopherols Malaysia (Abbasi et al 2009) Oroxylin, alkaloids, glucosides, sitosterol, Oroxylum Indicum p-coumaric acid, coloring matters(oroxylin-A, Bignonia indica; chrysin, baicalein, di-meterephthalate, sonapatti (beng.) Barks Chittagong hill tracts 3-methoxy-6,7-dihydroxyflavone), ellagic acid, Bignoniaceae naphthalenes, a number of phenylethanoids, (Ghani, 2003) cyclohexylethanoids, prunetin, β-sitosterol Plumeria Rubra L. Oleanene type triterpenes, plumeric acid, methyl P. acutifolia ether plumerates, bitter glycosides, plumieride, Juice of champa-gorur (beng.) amyrin, fulvoplumierin, essential oil, plumericin, Chittagong hill tracts barks Apocynaceae isoplumericin, 4-hydroxy acetophenone. (Ghani, 2003) Coumaryl plumieride, protoplumericine 100

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Lignans (e.g. phyllanthine and hypophyllanthine), phyllanthine, hypophyllanthine, alkaloids, bioflavonoids (e.g. quercetin), quercetin, catechin, astragalin, brevifolin, carboxylic acids, Phyllanthus corilagin , cymene, ellagic acid, ellagitannins, Nirnuri L. gallocatechins, geraniin, hypophyllanthin, lignans Phyllanthus , lintetralins, lupeols, methyl salicylate, niranthin, freternus; bhui- nirtetralin, niruretin, nirurin, nirurine, niruriside amla (beng.) Leaves Chittagong hill tracts , norsecurinines, phyllanthin, phyllanthine, Euphorbiaceae phyllanthenol, phyllochrysine, phyltetralin, (Burkill et al 1935; repandusinic acids, quercetin, quercetol, Abbasi et al 2009; quercitrin, rutin, saponins, triacontanal, Ghani, 2003) tricontanol, Non-peptidic endothelin antagonists, bitter lignans, phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, nirtetralin, flavonoids, Nirnuriside- an HIV/RRE binding inhibitor Phyllanthus Alanine, aspartic acid, glumatic acid, lysine, emblica L. proline, protein, fat, carbohydrates fibers, E. officinalis; amlaki minerals, iron, niacin, chromium and copper, (beng.) Vitamin C, tannins, colloidal substances, Fruit All over Bangladesh Euphorbiaceae phyllemblic acid, lipids, gallic acid, ellagic acid, (Ghani, 2003; emblicol, phyllembin and mucic acid, fixed oil, Abbasi et al 2009) phosphstides, tannins, essential oil, lupeol, β-sitosterol, ellagic acid, leucodelphinidin Paedaria Foetida Paederoside, asperoloside and scandoside (Chandel et al (stem and leaf); beta-sitosterol, friedelan and Leaves Chittagong hill tracts 1996) epifriedelinol (plant) Pistacia integerrima Tannins, essential oil, resin, riterpenic acid, Stewart ex pistacienoic acid, triterpene alcohol and Fruit South Asian country Brandis Kangar triterpenoic acid Anacardiacceae (Abbasi et al 2009) Plantago ovata Forssk. Glycoside, mucilage, tannin, bitter principal, Fruit, Bangladesh, India, Plantaginaceae vitamin C, nicotinic acid and fixed oil Seeds Pakistan, Malaysia (Abbasi et al 2009) Prunus domestica D-glactose, D-mannose, Larabinose, D-xylose, L. L-rhamnose, glucuronic acid, flavonoid, Gaab gula (beng.) Fruit South Asian country kaempferol, dihydrokaempferol, kaempferide Rosaceae and prudomestin (Abbasi et al 2009) Punica granatum Citric acid, sorbitol, mannitol, pelletierine, L. Bangladesh, India, isoquercetrin, Bsitosterol, friedelin, D-mannitol, Fruit, Dalim (beng.) Pakistan, estrone, glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, Seeds Punicaceae Malaysia oxalic acid and organic acid (Abbasi et al 2009) Raphanus sativus Raphanin, glycosinolates, enzymes, trace L. Muula elements, acids, aldehydes, anthocyanin, pectin, Root South Asian country Brassicaceae proteins and vitamin C (Abbasi et al 2009) Ascorbic acd, citric, tartaric acid, rumicin, lapathin, crysonic acid, anthraquinone derivative and flavonoids like emodin, aloe-emodin, Rumex vesicarius chrysophanol, chrysophanolic acid, physcoin, tok-palong (beng.) isovitexin, isoorientin, quercetin, kaempferol, Seeds All over Bangladesh Polygonaceae luteolin glucosides, chromone, flavones derivatives, tannins, mucilage, calcium oxalate, starch, cystine, glutamic acid, proline, phenylalanine, and histidine. 101

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Rhus chinensis Mill. Gallotannins, gallotannic acid, gallic acid and Bangladesh, India, Fruit, Root Anacardiaceae m-digallic acid Pakistan (Abbasi et al 2009) Rumex hastatus Bangladesh, India, Polygonaceae Nepalin, nepodin and rumicin Leaves Pakistan (Abbasi et al 2009) Abscisic acid, apigenin, glycoside, methyl Saccharum lapigenin, arabinose, arunodin, benzoic acid, officinarum L. campesterol, coumarin, cylindrin, orientin, Syn: Gana Poaceae; fructose, glactose, glucose, phytosterol, aakh, ikkhu(beng.) Stem All over Bangladesh saccharans, schaftoside, sucrose, invert sugar, Family: Gramineae ether, tricin and vicenin; Saccharine substances, (Ghani, 2003; sucrose, mucileg, resin, fat, albumen, calcium Abbasi et al 2009) oxalate, guanine Silybum marianum Flavoligrans, silybin, isosilybin, dehyrosilybin, Bangladesh, India, L. Asteraceae Leaves silydianin, silychristin, silymarine Pakistan (Abbasi et al 2009) Sonchus Steroidal gluco alkaloid, solasonine, sapogenins, wightianus neochlorogenin, neosolapigenin, solapigenin, S. arvensis; tit Fruits and triacontanol, tetratriacotanic acid, All over Bangladesh begoon (beng.) leaves 3-tritriacontanone, sitosterol, stigmasterol, Solanaceae campesterol, sterlin, protein, fat, minerals (Ghani, 2003) Spinacea oleracea Mucilage,fat,sugar,oxalic acid, iodine, carotene, palong shak (beng.) chlorophyll, lecithin, saponins, fatty acids, Seed All over Bangladesh Chenopodiaceae hexadecenic acid, spinacosides C and D, enzymes (Ghani, 2003) Scurrula graciliflora Oleanolic acid, quercetin, lupeol, avicularin, L. graciliflora, polysaccharides, Avicularin and Quercitr-in. Tuberous Loranthaceae D-Catechin, Polyphenolic and flavonoid contents, root Chittagong hill tracts (Lai et al 2008; Proanthocyanidins, cyanidin, Flavonols, leaves Watson and kaempferol and quercetin, Ellagic acid Dallwitz, 1992) Solena Tuberous amplexicaulis root, - Chittagong hill tracts kundri (beng.) leaves, Cucurbitaceae seeds Anthraquinones, anthraquinone glycosides, emodin, sennosides, flavones, dianthronic Senna Occidentalis heteroside, phytosterol, dihydroxy- Roxb. anthraquinones, physcion & it`s glucoside, Cassia occidentalis; chrysophanic acid, cassiolin, phytosterolin, kalkasunda (beng.) Leaves Chittagong hill tracts β-sitosterol, xanthone, casiolline, islandicin, Caesalpiniaceae helminthospirin, xanthorin, physcoin-3-methyl- (Ghani, 2003) 6-methoxy-1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone,

chrysarobin, tannic acid, mucilage, fatty oil, toalbumin. Tamarindus indica Tartaric acid, citric acid, maleic acid, potassium L. bitartarate, oxalic acid, kerenal, polysaccharides, Fruit, India, Pakistan, Tetul (beng.) fkavonoid, glycoside, vetixen, orientin, hordenine, Roots Bangladesh Caesalpiniaceae homoorientin (Abbasi et al 2009) Taraxacum Taraxacin, taraxacerine, cerylalcohol, lactuce- officinale Weber. roltaraxacin, choline, inulin, tannin, etereal oil, Rhizome South Asian country Asteraceae vitamin C, xanthophylls, potassium and vitamin A (Abbasi et al 2009) Tephrosia Glycosides (osyritin, rutin, tephrosin, rotenone, Leaves All over Bangladesh purpurea 3 crystalline substances, maxima substance A,B 102

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Sarpunkha (beng.) and C, purpurin A, B and maxima, lanceolatin B, Papilionaceae α-toxicarol, O-methylobovatin, dehydro-degelin, (Ghani, 2003) pongamol, β-sitosterol, ursolic acid and spinasterol, rotenolone, a new flavonoid Tannins, steroidal triterpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, resins, proteins, amino acids, reducing Terminalia sugars, minerals, tannic acid, betulinic acid, chebula chebulinic acid, chebulin, chebulic acid, luteoic Dhaka, Mymenshing, hartaki (beng.) Fruits acid, β-sitosterol, anthraquinone like purgative Tangail, Chittagong Combretetaceae principles, palmitic, oleic, stearic, linoleic, gallic (Ghani, 2003) acid, arachidic and behenic acid, d-catechol, gorilagin, some antibacterials also isolated Querternary alkaloids, choline, protoberberine, Tinospora berberine, glycoside-giloin and giloinin, a non cordifolia (Willd.) glycosidic compound gilenin, sterols, silosterol, Hook.f. sitosterol, furanoid bitter principles such as Syn: Menispermum columbin, chasmanthin and palmarin. They also cardifolium; contain tinosporine, clerodane diterpenoids, guloncha lata clerodane furanoid diterpenes, a diterpenoid (bengli) furanolactone, tinosporide, two new Menispermaceae phenylpropene disaccharides, cordiofolisides A Leaves Almost all part in (Pachaly and and B, a new daucane type sesquiterpene and stems Bangladesh Schneider, 1981; glucoside, tinocardifolioside, heptacosanol, Sarma et al 1998; octacosanol, tinosporic acid, tinosporol, Padhya, 1986; tinosporide, cordifolide, giloin, gilonin and gilo- Chi et al 1994; sterol. Stem of T. cordifolia has reported to Bisset and Nwaiwu, contain alkaloids like berberine, palmatine, 1983; Singh et al tembetarine and magnoflorine; T.cordifolia roots 2003; Ghani, 2003) have repoted to contain other alkaloids like choline, tinosporin, isocolumbin, palmatine, tetrahydropalmatine and mangnoflorine Uraria Picta (Jacq.) Desv. Ex 5, 7-Dihydroxy-2′-methoxy-3′, 4′- DC. methylenedioxyisoflavanone and 4′,5-dihydroxy- Fabaceae 2′, 3′-dimethoxy-7-(5-hydroxyoxychromen-7-yl)- Roots Chittagong hill tracts (Rahman et al 2007; isoflavanone along with isoflavanones, Igboechi et al 1989; triterpenes and steroids were isolated from the Houghton and root of Uraria picta Osibogun, 1993) Viola serpens Wall Glycoside methyl salicylate, quercitrin, alkaloid Whole Bangladesh, Pakistan, Violaceae voiline gum,mucilage, sugar and saponin. plant India (Abbasi et al 2009) Phytochemical studies on the ethanolic extract of the bark of Vitex pinnata resulted in the isolation Vitex Pinnata L. of three iridoid glucosides; 6-O-(p-hydroxy V. Pubescens, Vitex benzoyl)-6-epiaucubin, 5-O [2¢ (methoxyl, 4¢- Arborea; hydroxy benzoyl)]-6¢¢-glycoside-5-epiaucubin, Bark, stem ga-urbo(marma) and 6-O-(p-hydroxy benzyl)-6-epiaucubin; A new and whole Chittagong hill tracts Verbenaceae ecdysteroid, pinnatasterone, together with plant (Suksamrarn and 20-hydroxyecdysone and turkesterone were Sommechai, 1993; isolated from the bark; iridoid glucoside, Ata et al 2009) pinnatoside and three known flavonoids, apigenin, viscioside and luteolin were isolated Vitis Pallida W. & A. Inhibition of HSV attachment, penetration and C. repanda replication were observed, after treatment of HSV Vitaceae with C. repanda extracts. The most affected stage Whole Chittagong hill tracts (Nikomtat et al was the attachment period. Moreover, C. repanda plant 2008; Wang et al extracts inhibited replication of 2007) HSV-2 more than HSV-1

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Leaves contain triterpenoids and flavonoids - Vitex Peduncularis vitexin, pachypodol, ursolic acid and 2-hydroxy- Vitex alata; ursolic acid. Leaves and bark contain vitexin. A goda gach, ashmul labdane diterpene as an inseparable epimeric gach (bengli) mixture of 12S, 16S/R-dihydroxy-ent-labda-7,13- Juice of Forest areas viz. Verbenaceae dien-15,16-olide. Cirsimaritin was also isolated; A barks Chittagong hill tracts (Nyiligira et al new iridoid, pedunculariside, together with the 2008; Suksamram known iridoid agnuside were isolated from the et al 2002) butanol extract of Vitex peduncularis stem bark

Woodfordia Ellagic acid, . sitosterol, polystachoside, fruticosa (L) ocatocosauol, myricetin-3-glactoside, cyaniding- Bangladesh, India, S. kurz. Flower 3, pelargonidin-3, 5-diglucoside and crysophanol- Pakistan Lythraceae 8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (Abbasi et al 2009)

CONCLUSION modernization of the region and lack of interest In the present investigation, 30 medicinal plant in traditional healers, in transferring it to next species used to treat jaundice and hepatitis were generation. It is, therefore, urgent to save the reported and documented. The use of these cultural heritage of the natives, by confirming plants to treat various illnesses is still needed by the therapeutically used plants with scientific the communities because of poor socioeconomic criteria. In this context, screening for active conditions, high cost and a difficult access to substances and testing their activities against allopathic medicines. The majority of the jaundice and hepatitis causing organisms form reported species are wild and rare. These an interesting subject for the future studies. demand an urgent attention to conserve such vital resources so as to optimize their use in the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS primary health care system. Now a day, We are grateful to “BGC Trust University, conservation of traditional knowledge is greatly Bangladesh” authority to provide us the proper menaced by a lot of factors related to financial support.

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