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Eine Makkaronische Volksballade Aus Der Mittleren Qing-Zeit

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Eine Makkaronische Volksballade Aus Der Mittleren Qing-Zeit Shengguan tu („Tafel der Beamtenkarriere“), eine makkaronische Volksballade aus der mittleren Qing-Zeit Martin Gimm (Köln) Einleitung 1. Das Shengguan tu-Spiel Unter der Bezeichnung Shengguan tu 陞官圖 1 versteht man in erster Instanz ein traditionelles chinesisches Glücksspiel (dubo 賭博 , manjurisch2 mekden), das nach den Quellen und neueren Untersuchungen3 auf das caixuan 彩選 oder bo guan duo 百貫鐸 der Tang-Zeit zurückgehen soll. Hervorgegangen aus der chinesischen Vorstellung, daß Macht und Reichtum für (fast) jeden erreichbar ist, der die staatlichen Prüfungen absolviert und die Beamtenkarriere4 – den „direk- ten Aufstieg zu den weißen Wolken“ (qingyun zhishang 青雲直上 ) – erfolgreich erklommen hat, kommt es bei diesem Hasardspiel darauf an, mit dem Glückserfolg beim Würfeln5 (touzi 骰子 , manjur. sesuku) in immer höherrangige Beamtenpositionen vorzurücken. Der aus Holz oder Papier gefertigte Spielplan ist meist in 64 oder 66 Felder6 unterteilt, die – gruppiert nach den Ministerien und offiziellen Institutionen – mit den Bezeichnungen von jeweils 2 bis 17 Beam- 1 Volkstümlich wird das Zeichen sheng in den Quellen auch 升 oder 昇 geschrieben. 2 Ich bevorzuge die Schreibung “manjurisch” und schließe mich hier dem Gebrauch von BERTHOLD LAUFER, KARL MENGES (man¯u) u. a. an, da diese einerseits der einheimischen Transliteration und üblichen Lesung entspricht – nach der IPA-Transkription ist der ‘j’-Laut eher ein ‚ als ein d – und sich andererseits auch in der universitären Fachbezeichnung “Manjuristik” usw. eingebürgert hat. Die von WALTER FUCHS (in Opposition zu ERICH HAENISCH) ‘erfundene’ Schrei- bung “mandju” etc. entbehrt ebenso wie die auf CONON v. d. GABELENTZ zurückgehende Form “mandschu” (früher “mantschu” u.ä.), die dann von WILHELM GRUBE, ERICH HAENISCH u. a. übernommen wurde, m. E. der Grundlage. 3 Bibliographische Hinweise, die ausführlich im Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis im Anhang genannt sind, werden im folgenden verkürzt wiedergegeben. Die für unser Thema weniger wichtigen und selten gebrauchten Literaturangaben sind nur in den betr. Anmerkungen vollständig aufgeführt. Literaturüberblick zum Shengguan tu-Spiel: Gaiyu congkao (1791), j. 33, S.18a-19a; Qing jialu (1830), j.1, S.8a; HERBERT A. GILES, A Glossary of Reference on Subjects Connected with the Far East, 3.ed., London (1900), S.230 („Promotion“); J. DYER BALL, Things Chinese or Notes Connected with China, 4.ed., London (1904), S.584 („The Shing Kwún T’ò“); WU SHOULI 吳守禮 , Shôkanto o kataru 陞官圖を語る , in: Nampô do- zoku 南方土俗 , 3, 3, Taihoku (1935), S.297-306; TAKIZAWA TOSHISUKE 瀧澤俊亮 , Shôkanto 陞官圖 , in: Manshû shi- gaku 滿洲史學 , 3, 1, Mukden (1939), S.26-32; NAGAO RYÛZÔ 永尾龍造 , Shina minzokushi 支那民俗誌 , Bd.2, Tôkyô (1941), S. 762/8; HIBINO TAKEO 日比野丈夫 , Shôkanto 陞官圖 , in: Gakkai 學海 , 4, 2, Tôkyô (1947), S. 28-31; LIN GUANGHAO 林光灝 , Shengguan tu zahua 陞官圖雜話 , in: Wenshi huikan 文史薈刊 , 1, Taipei (1959), S. 71-722; LIANG SHIQIU 梁實秋 , Qiushi zawen 秋室雜文 , Taipei (1963), Nachdr. (2002), S. 129-131; TONG YAN 童燕 , Touzi 骰子 , in: Forbidden City, 35, Beijing (1986), 29-31; ausführlich s.a. bei STOVER (1974), S. 215-225; anonym, in: Gujin lunheng 古今論衡 Disquitions on the Past & Present, 8, Taipei (1999), S. 46. – Den umfassendsten Überblick über die verschiede- nen Arten chines. Freizeitbeschäftigungen und Spiele bietet gegenwärtig XU HAIRONG 徐海榮 (Hg.), Zhongguo yule da- dian (2000); zum Shengguan tu s. dort S. 1145. 4 Cf. HO PING-TI, Ladder of Success in Imperial China, Aspects of Social Mobility 1368–1911, New York, London (1962); STOVER (1974), S. 215. 5 Hierzu s. KARL HIMLY, Die Abteilung der Spiele im „Spiegel der Mandschu-Sprache“, in: T’oung Pao, vol. IX (1898), S. 321-327. 6 S. die Liste bei STOVER (1974), S. 216/7, die bei (1.) „Starting an Official Career“ beginnt und bei (66.) „Office for the Transfer of Provincial Officials“ endet. OE 44 (2003/04) 212 Martin Gimm tenfunktionen beschriftet sind. Noch in neuerer Zeit ist das Spiel, das in mehreren Varianten7 kursierte, in modernisierter Form im Gebrauch.8 Nicht nur im Volke scheint es sich großer Beliebtheit erfreut zu haben, zumal nach diesem Verfahren auch ähnlich strukturierte Varian- ten, sogar buddhistischen Inhalts9 (genannt Shengfo tu 升佛圖 ), gestaltet wurden, sondern auch bis hinauf zum Kaiserhof.10 Nach der Klassifikation des Deutschen Spiele-Archivs11 gehört Shengguan tu zu den „Start-Ziel- Spielen“, als deren bekanntester Vertreter das nach klassischen (letzlich wohl nach orientali- schen) Vorbildern gestaltete, seit dem 16. Jahrhundert in Europa überaus beliebte „Gänse- spiel“12 (Jeu de l’Oie usw.) mit seinen meist 63 (hier oft spiralig angeordneten) Feldern gilt. Die Ähnlichkeit der europäischen Ausprägung mit dem vorgenannten chinesischen Pendant er- schien zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts so offensichtlich, daß in einer frühen, anonymen Be- schreibung13 einer chinesischen Spielvorlage aus den alten Sinikabeständen deutscher Biblio- theken diese mit dem europäischen „Gänsespiel“ in Verbindung gebracht wird. 7 S. z. B. bei WU SHOULI (1935), S. 301; TAKIZAWA (1939), S. 27; NAGAO (1941), S. 763; HIBONO (1947), S. 29; TONG YAN (1986), S. 30-31. 8 Mir liegt die Spielvorlage einer auf die Institutionen der Republik-Zeit abgestimmten Form vor – betitelt Gailiang qingdai Shengguan tu 改良清代陞官圖 –, die in Taipei (1962) gedruckt wurde. Auch ist zu dieser Art eine ausführliche Spielanleitung erschienen: Zuixin dingzheng qian Qing manhan Shengguan quantu shuomingshu 最新訂正前清滿漢陞官全圖 說明書 , Taipei: Yiwen zongshe 藝文總社 , o. J., 30 S. 9 Hierzu s. TIMOTHY RICHARD, Guide to Buddhahood, Shanghai (1907), S. V; NAGAO (1941), S. 767. 10 Eine aufwendig ausgestattete Shengguan tu-Spielvorlage der kaiserlichen Werkstätten aus der Guangxu-Ära (1875– 1908) hat sich z. B. im Kunstmuseum von Macao, Aomen yishu bowuguan 澳門 藝術博物館 / Museu de Arte de Macau, erhalten: 1 tao, Titelschild Shengguan tu, 4 Hefte, Größe: 31,4 x 16,5 cm. 11 „Klassifikation der Brett- und Tischspiele“ des Spiele-Archivs der Universität Marburg; s. Internet: http://www.uni- marburg.de/spiele-archiv/archivklassifikation.html. Shengguan tu ist damit der Taktik in dem wohlbekannten Spiel shuanglu 雙陸 (japan. sugoroku, manjur. jurjun) ähnlich. Zu diesem Brettspiel s. ausführl. bei KARL HIMLY, Die Abteilung der Spiele (1898), S. 299-321: „6) ”ur•un [d. i. manjur. jurjun], chin. Ñuang-lu (Puff).“ Zu unserem Shengguan tu vermerkt HIMLY auf S. 308/9, Anm. 326: „Wie bei uns sind aber auch andere Stoffe zu derartigen Würfelbretspielen bearbeitet. Ein älteres in China noch übliches Spiele der Art ist das 陞官圖 Ñöng kuan thu (“Bild der Beamtenbeförderung“) […]. Statt des Brettes dient auch wohl ein grosser Bogen Papier, oder Pappe mit 64 ungleichen Feldern in 3 Reihen; die Ungleichheit der Felder wird durch die verschiedene Anzahl der Rangstufen einer Behörde bedingt. Man wirft mit 4 Würfeln und setzt eine der jedem Spieler zustehenden Karten (牌 p’ai), Bambusstäbe oder Marken (籌 ƒhou), indem man unten am Rande bei 出身 ƒhu Ñön “die Laufbahn betreten“ (eigentlich „mit seinem Leibe hervortreten“) beginnt. Man spielt um einen Einsatz.“ 12 Mit der großen Popularität dieses Spieles, bei dem es darauf ankommt, daß verwaiste Gänsekücken auf ihrem Weg zum Erwachsenendasein verschiedene Hindernisse erfolgreich bestehen, hängt auch zusammen, daß GOETHE (1817–1885) ein Gedicht (entstanden 1814) diesem Thema widmete und in seinen West-östlichen Divan, Kap. Tefkir Nameh, Buch der Betrachtungen, aufnahm; s. JOHANN WOLFGANG VON GOETHE, Werke, München: Winkler (1972), Bd. 1, S. 356-357: „Das Leben ist ein Gänsespiel: / Je mehr man vorwärts gehet, / Je früher kommt man an das Ziel, / Wo niemand gerne stehet. // Man sagt, die Gänse wären dumm, / O, glaubt mir nicht den Leuten: / Denn eine sieht einmal sich ‘rum, / Mich rückwärts zu bedeuten. // Ganz anders ist’s in dieser Welt / Wo alles vor- wärts drücket, / Wenn einer stolpert oder fällt / Keine Seele rückwärts blicket.“ „Mit einem Gänsespiel vergleicht Goethe das Leben auch in den Briefen vom 3. 1. 1828 an Marianne von Willemer und vom 14. 12. 1830 an Zelter“ (GOETHE, Werke, s.o., Anmerkungen, S. 742). 13 „Chinesisches Spiel, in der Art wie das Deutsche Gänsespiel. Wird mit Würfeln gespielt.“ – So zitiert bei W. FUCHS (1966), S. 91, Nr. 175, der die folgende Beschreibung anfügt: „Druck, 1 Blatt, 61,5 : 64,4 cm. Plan eines Spieles, bei dem man durch Würfeln über die aufgedruckten Namen der Pekinger Behörden und ihrer Titelträger von den unte- ren bis zu den höchsten Stellen vorrücken darf.“ Das Blatt befindet sich in der Herzog-August-Bibliothek in Wol- OE 44 (2003/04) Shengguan tu („Tafel der Beamtenkarriere“) 213 Die wohl früheste, schon recht ausführliche Darstellung des chinesischen Shengguan tu-Spiels in Europa – dort „Shing quon tu“ [i. e. Promotionis Mandarinorum tabula] genannt – findet sich bereits am Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts, und zwar in dem im Jahre 1694 erschienenen Werk Historia nerdiludii14 des bekannten Oxforder Orientalisten THOMAS HYDE (1636–1703). Wie man sich den Übergang vom alten Würfelspiel zu der im folgenden (Abschn. 4) vor- gestellten gleichnamigen Volksballade vorzustellen hat, ist unklar. Möglicherweise ist letztere als eine Art Travestie dieses allseits bekannten ‘Promotion’-Spiels aufzufassen – eine Art eroti- scher Grobianismus, bei der das Moment des Zufälligen zur spezifischen Zielgerichtetheit verkehrt wird.15 2. Chinesische Volksballaden und zidi shu Nach üblichem Verständnis gehört der Text unserer Volksballade zu einer Untergruppe der „Literatur zum Erzählen und Singen“ (shuochang wenxue 說唱文學 ), die man früher auch shuoshu
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