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From Hangzhou to Lin'an From Hangzhou to Lin’an: History, Space, and the Experience of Urban Living in Narratives from Song Dynasty China by Ye Han A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved November 2017 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Stephen H. West, Chair Stephen R. Bokenkamp Xiaoqiao Ling ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY December 2017 ABSTRACT This dissertation uncovers the contemporary impressions of Song cities represented in Song narratives and their accounts of the interplay between people and urban environments. It links these narratives to urban and societal changes in Hangzhou 杭州 (Lin’an 臨安) during the Song dynasty, cross-referencing both literary creations and historical accounts through a close reading of the surviving corpus of Song narratives, in order to shed light on the cultural landscape and social milieu of Hangzhou. By identifying, reconstructing, and interpreting urban changes throughout the “pre- modernization” transition as well as their embodiments in the narratives, the dissertation links changes to the physical world with the development of Song narratives. In revealing the emerging connection between historical and literary spaces, the dissertation concludes that the transitions of Song cities and urban culture drove these narrative writings during the Song dynasty. Meanwhile, the ideologies and urban culture reflected in these accounts could only have emerged alongside the appearance of a consumption society in Hangzhou. Aiming to expand our understanding of the literary value of Song narratives, the dissertation therefore also considers historical references and concurrent writings in other genres. By elucidating the social, spatial, and historical meanings embedded in a variety of Song narrative accounts, this study details how the Song literary narrative corpus interprets the urban landscapes of the period’s capital city through the private experiences of Song authors. Using a transdisciplinary methodology, it situates the texts within the cultural milieu of Song society and further reveals the connections of these narratives to the transformative process of urbanization in Song society. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards Arizona State University, especially the School of International Letters and Culture. The wonderful years I spent studying here made me feel that SILC was my second home. I am truly grateful and fortunate to have met many wonderful professors and colleagues here. I appreciate the training both academic and professional from professors at SILC, and the vibrant memories I collected here I will treasure all my life. I would like to thank my committee members, Prof. Stephen H. West, Prof. Stephen Bokenkamp, and Prof. Xiaoqiao Ling. They provided me with both fundamental and advanced training from numerous perspectives on how to be a qualified researcher in Sinology. Their research and teaching styles encouraged me to work both imaginatively and rigorously. Prof. Bokenkamp significantly widened my horizons by guiding me through analyses, both in-depth and broad, of Chinese religions, especially the connection between Daoism and the mundane world, which motivated many ideas contained within this thesis. It has been a great pleasure take many brilliant courses with Prof. Bokenkamp and attend numerous reading groups and academic gatherings hosted by him. I also thank Prof. Ling, who has always been a role model for my life and provided me with many great suggestions as well as support. Her teaching on late imperial Chinese literature equipped me with a wide spectrum of literary understanding, which prominently influenced my thinking in shaping this dissertation. I am also extremely grateful to Prof. Joe Cutter, Prof. Oh Young Kyun, Prof. Timothy C. Wong, Prof. Chen Huaiyu, Prof. Madeline Spring, Prof. Yu Zou, and Prof. Hoyt Tillman for the inspirational and thought-provoking classes. In addition, my ii colleagues in the Department of East Asian Language and Literature have also offered me valuable support to my dissertation writing. I am grateful to have them as my friends and colleagues during my graduate study. I would like to especially thank my PhD advisor, Prof. Stephen H. West, who has always been a great mentor, capable of paying attention to both the macroscopic view and the fine details. Prof. West consistently encouraged me to think creatively and explore bravely. The refreshing angles and astonishing connections contained in the beautiful writing of Prof. West made me feel the joy and excitement of navigating the space of imperial Chinese literature, conversing with authors through the labyrinth of text, and revealing clues to stories now faded on the page. I am truly in debt to Prof. West for all his teaching and encouragement, and I have been exceptionally fortunate to have him as my PhD advisor. Finally, I am particularly grateful to my family for their support of my pursuit of PhD study. My parents have been patient and generous and I could not have overcome the hard times without their love and caring. My deepest gratitude goes to my husband, Chengcheng, and my beloved ten-month son Harrison, for their imperative companionship and encouragement, without which I would undoubtedly never have completed this project. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 “The Chatting Under a Grove of Trees”: A Reevaluation of Song Narratives ........................................................................................................ 1 An Overview of Contemporary Scholarship on Song Narratives ................. 9 Constructing the Norm (chang 常) from the Fascination of the Marvelous (qi 奇): Reading Song Cities in the Context of Narratives .......................... 15 2 ENCOUNTERING THE EXOTIC HANGZHOU: SPACES AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE IN SONG NARRATIVES ................................................................ 26 The Southern Song Capital Lin’an ............................................................... 31 Hangzhou in Northern Song Narratives: The Divine Land ......................... 47 Lin’an and Its Public Spaces in Southern Song Narratives ......................... 64 The West Lake .............................................................................................. 68 The Qiantang River ...................................................................................... 87 3 GUI DONG: DATE, AUTHORSHIP AND THE CONFLUENCE OF MULTIFACETED URBAN EXPERIENCE IN LIN’AN ........................................ 97 Authorship and Composition Date ............................................................. 101 Printing History and Circulation ................................................................ 112 “Zhou Bao”: the Vicissitudes of a Merchant in the Southern Song Lin’an .......................................................................................................... 124 iv CHAPTER Page 4 “HE CARRIED AWAY A WHOLE CARTLOAD OF GHOSTS IN HANGZHOU”: GHOSTS, SPACE, AND LOCALITY IN “STUDENT FAN” ............................... 140 “Student Fan” and Its Relation of Hangzhou’s Geographic Features ....... 142 Inside the City Walls .................................................................................. 154 Outside the City Walls ................................................................................ 187 Ghosts in the Space of the Mortal .............................................................. 202 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 208 5 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 210 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 221 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Hangzhou Through History ................................................................................ 35 2. The Map of the Palace City ................................................................................. 37 3. The Map of the Capital City ............................................................................... 39 4. The Map of Hangzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty ....................................... 41 5. The Map of the West Lake .................................................................................. 73 6. The Map of the Zhe River. .................................................................................. 90 7. Contours of Hangzhou During Various Periods. .............................................. 158 8. Main Monasteries and Temples in Hangzhou. ................................................. 162 9. The Major Economic Districts in Hangzhou .................................................... 170 10. The Military Districts and the Residential Districts of the Officials and Gentries in Hangzhou ....................................................................................................... 183 vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION “The Chatting Under a Grove of Trees”: A Reevaluation of Song Narratives In his remarkable study regarding Song poetry, Songshi xuanzhu 宋詩選注 (An Annotated Anthology of Song Poetry), Qian Zhongshu 钱锺書 (1910–1998) pronounces: “Having Tang
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