Ernst Von Streeruwitz (1874–1952)
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Austria's Pre-War Brown V. Board of Education Maria L
Fordham Urban Law Journal Volume 32 | Number 1 Article 4 2004 Austria's Pre-War Brown v. Board of Education Maria L. Marcus Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons Recommended Citation Maria L. Marcus, Austria's Pre-War Brown v. Board of Education, 32 Fordham Urb. L.J. 1 (2004). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol32/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by FLASH: The orF dham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fordham Urban Law Journal by an authorized editor of FLASH: The orF dham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHRISTENSENMARCUS 2/3/2011 9:57 PM AUSTRIA’S PRE-WAR BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION Maria L. Marcus∗ INTRODUCTION On May 19, 1930, a Viennese newspaper published an article under the title, “His Magnificence The Rector: Scandal at the University of Vienna.”1 The author analyzed and attacked the government-sponsored University’s new regulations dividing the students into four “nations”—German, non- German (e.g., Jewish), mixed, or “other.” These regulations had been presented by the Rector as vehicles for voluntary association of students with common ethnic roots. The article noted, however, that under the new system, individuals were precluded from deciding themselves to which nation they belonged. A student would be designated as non-German even if he was a German-speaking Austrian citizen descended from generations of citizens, unless he could prove that his parents and his grandparents had been baptized.2 ∗ Joseph M. -
Building an Unwanted Nation: the Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository BUILDING AN UNWANTED NATION: THE ANGLO-AMERICAN PARTNERSHIP AND AUSTRIAN PROPONENTS OF A SEPARATE NATIONHOOD, 1918-1934 Kevin Mason A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2007 Approved by: Advisor: Dr. Christopher Browning Reader: Dr. Konrad Jarausch Reader: Dr. Lloyd Kramer Reader: Dr. Michael Hunt Reader: Dr. Terence McIntosh ©2007 Kevin Mason ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Kevin Mason: Building an Unwanted Nation: The Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934 (Under the direction of Dr. Christopher Browning) This project focuses on American and British economic, diplomatic, and cultural ties with Austria, and particularly with internal proponents of Austrian independence. Primarily through loans to build up the economy and diplomatic pressure, the United States and Great Britain helped to maintain an independent Austrian state and prevent an Anschluss or union with Germany from 1918 to 1934. In addition, this study examines the minority of Austrians who opposed an Anschluss . The three main groups of Austrians that supported independence were the Christian Social Party, monarchists, and some industries and industrialists. These Austrian nationalists cooperated with the Americans and British in sustaining an unwilling Austrian nation. Ultimately, the global depression weakened American and British capacity to practice dollar and pound diplomacy, and the popular appeal of Hitler combined with Nazi Germany’s aggression led to the realization of the Anschluss . -
Pietas Austriaca? the Imperial Legacy in Interwar and Postwar Austria
religions Article Pietas Austriaca? The Imperial Legacy in Interwar and Postwar Austria Dieter A. Binder ID Chair of Cultural Studies, Andrássy University, Pollack Mihály tér 3, 1088 Budapest, Hungary; [email protected] Received: 7 July 2017; Accepted: 21 August 2017; Published: 29 August 2017 Abstract: This paper aims to outline the specific Habsburg character of Austrian Catholicism through a study of Pietas Austriaca, the supposed Habsburg tradition of Catholic piety, and its role in the First and Second Austrian Republics. It analyzes the narrative of Austrian history presented by the Heldendenkmal, or Heroes’ Monument, which was erected in Vienna in 1934. Further, it argues that Pietas Austriaca was linked in the postwar period to a notion of Heimat (Home, Homeland) and served the needs of Austrian political Catholicism, which was seeking to recruit former National Socialists. Keywords: Habsburg; Austria; empire; Catholicism; Pietas Austriaca; Christian Social Party; Austrian People’s Party; Heimat; Heldendenkmal Political Catholicism utilised its commitment to the concept of Pietas Austriaca to define its political position towards both Social Democratic Austro-Marxism and National Socialism. After 1945, the Roman Catholic Church served as a vehicle for the denazification of former National Socialists. By creating the “Heimat”, it endeavoured to establish a common front against Social Democracy in order to implement a masked bourgeois bloc. Ultimately, this would to some extent explain the rise of the Austrian Freedom Party from 1986 on. “The Pietas Austriaca, i.e., Austrian piety—referring here to Austria as Casa d’Austria, i.e., the House of Austria, and not as a geopolitical entity—was propagated in the Baroque era as the most fundamental virtue of the Habsburg dynasty. -
O Du Mein Österreich: Patriotic Music and Multinational Identity in The
O du mein Österreich: Patriotic Music and Multinational Identity in the Austro-Hungarian Empire by Jason Stephen Heilman Department of Music Duke University Date: _______________________ Approved: ______________________________ Bryan R. Gilliam, Supervisor ______________________________ Scott Lindroth ______________________________ James Rolleston ______________________________ Malachi Hacohen Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Music in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 ABSTRACT O du mein Österreich: Patriotic Music and Multinational Identity in the Austro-Hungarian Empire by Jason Stephen Heilman Department of Music Duke University Date: _______________________ Approved: ______________________________ Bryan R. Gilliam, Supervisor ______________________________ Scott Lindroth ______________________________ James Rolleston ______________________________ Malachi Hacohen An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Music in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 Copyright by Jason Stephen Heilman 2009 Abstract As a multinational state with a population that spoke eleven different languages, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was considered an anachronism during the age of heightened nationalism leading up to the First World War. This situation has made the search for a single Austro-Hungarian identity so difficult that many historians have declared it impossible. Yet the Dual Monarchy possessed one potentially unifying cultural aspect that has long been critically neglected: the extensive repertoire of marches and patriotic music performed by the military bands of the Imperial and Royal Austro- Hungarian Army. This Militärmusik actively blended idioms representing the various nationalist musics from around the empire in an attempt to reflect and even celebrate its multinational makeup. -
The Spectre of Fascism
chapter 8 The Spectre of Fascism 1 Harbingers of Fascism A critical assessment of Bauer’s theory of fascism is only understandable in its historical and political context. It is important to remember that since the beginning of the First Republic, the fascist movement was split into two wings fighting each other with increasing vehemence: Austrofascism, also known as ‘black’ fascism, and National Socialism, also known as ‘brown’ fascism.1 From the mid-1920s onward, the two groups shared the following aims: exclusion of the Social-Democratic Party from the political stage, abolishment of the social gains of the working class, and replacement of the bourgeois democratic political order with a fascist dictatorship. Both movements had a similar social base – in 1929, it mainly consisted of the peasantry, the intelli- gentsia, declassed officers, and aristocratic landowners. As the economic crisis dawned, the impoverished petty bourgeoisie, industrial workers, the unem- ployed, and students joined the factions. Austrofascism and National Social- ism were primarily divided over their respective attitudes towards the Catholic Church and their foreign policies. In the Heimwehr (Home Defence, a far right paramilitary organisation), which was led by imperial officers, clerical tenden- cies prevailed. The National Socialists, in contrast, adhered to the slogan, ‘Away from Rome!’, and pinned their hopes on Hitler’s Germany.2 The political and economic foundations of the two varieties of fascism also differed. In Austria, on the one side, it consisted of the Heimwehr, backed by the church, aristocratic landowners, and big capital. On the other, there were the bourgeois parties. Outside of this balance of forces were the National Socialists. -
Reichsbankanstalten 1938–1945 Am Beispiel Der Reichsbankhauptstelle Wien
OESTERREICHISCHE NATIONALBANK EUROSYSTEM REICHSBANKANSTALTEN 1938–1945 AM BEISPIEL DER REICHSBANKHAUPTSTELLE WIEN Studie im Auftrag der Oesterreichischen Nationalbank von Oliver Rathkolb und Theodor Venus Medieninhaber und Herausgeber: Oesterreichische Nationalbank Otto-Wagner-Platz 3, 1090 Wien Postfach 61, 1011 Wien www.oenb.at [email protected] Tel. (+43-1) 40420-6666 Fax (+43-1) 40420-046698 © Oesterreichische Nationalbank, 2013 Der Inhalt dieser Studie ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Alle Bildrechte liegen bei der Oesterreichischen National- bank (OeNB). Vervielfältigungen, Nachdrucke und Speicherung von Bildern sind nur mit ausdrücklicher schriftlicher Genehmigung der OeNB zulässig. Sonstige Reproduktionen für nicht kommerzielle Verwendung, wissenschaftliche Zwecke und Lehrtätigkeit sind allerdings unter Nennung der Quelle freigegeben. Auf geschlechtergerechte Formulierungen wird weitgehend verzichtet, an ihrer Stelle verwendete Begriff e gelten im Sinn der Gleichbehandlung grundsätzlich für beide Geschlechter. Gedruckt nach der Richtlinie „Druckerzeugnisse“, des Österreichischen Umweltzeichens UW-Nr. 820 2 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Einleitung 5 Die nationalsozialistische Agitation in der Nationalbank 1930–1938 7 März 1938 – die „Machtergreifung“ in der Oesterreichischen Nationalbank 17 Entlassungen, Pensionierungen, Rückstufungen und Versetzungen 23 OeNB-Angestellte mit besonders schwerwiegenden Sanktionsmaßnahmen 25 Freiwillige Austritte 31 Maßregelungen von Angestellten jüdischer Abstammung und zwei Holocaustopfer 33 Zwei ermordete Angehörige -
CONTENT Foreword
5 CONTENT Foreword . 15 I . Starting Situation: World War I, End of the Monarchy, Founding of the Republic of Austria, and the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1914–19 . 21 1. The Abdication of the Kaiser, “Republic of German-Austria”, Prohibition against the Anschluss, and the Founding of a State against Its Will 1918–19 21 2. On the Eve of Catastrophe ..................................... 28 3. The Summer of 1914 and Deeper-seated Causes ................... 30 4. World War I Sees No Victors .................................. 33 5. Dictates as Peace Agreements .................................. 40 6. Paris and the Consequences ................................... 43 7. A Fragmented Collection of States as a Consequence of the Collapse of the Four Great Empires ......................................... 47 8. Societal Breaks: The Century of European Emigration Ends and the Colonies Report Back for the First Time ................................. 53 9. A World in Change against the Background of Europe Depriving Itself of Power: The Rise of the US and Soviet Russia More as an Eastern Peripheral Power 55 10. Interim Conclusion .......................................... 59 II . A Lost Cause: Austria between Central Europe, Paneuropean Dreams, the “Anschluss” to Nazi Germany and in Exile Abroad 1918/19–45 63 1. The End of the European Great Powers and a Man with His Vision .... 63 2. The Unwanted State: Austria’s Reorientation in the Wake of the Paris Postwar Order 1919–21 .............................................. 69 3. Ignaz Seipel as a Political Key Figure and the Geneva League of Nations Loan 1922 ................................................. 75 4. The Paneuropean Dream and Central Europe Idea as Visions between Broad- reaching Dependence and the Brief Attainment of Sovereignty 1923–30 80 5. -
EUI Working Papers
MAX WEBER PROGRAMME EUI Working Papers MWP 2011/35 MAX WEBER PROGRAMME FEARS AND HOPE IN NUMBERS: FINANCIAL DATA AND THE WRITING OF HISTORY Nathan Marcus EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE, FLORENCE MAX WEBER PROGRAMME Fears and Hope in Numbers: Financial Data and the Writing of History NATHAN MARCUS EUI Working Paper MWP 2011/35 This text may be downloaded for personal research purposes only. Any additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copy or electronically, requires the consent of the author(s), editor(s). If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the working paper or other series, the year, and the publisher. ISSN 1830-7728 © 2011 Nathan Marcus Printed in Italy European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy www.eui.eu cadmus.eui.eu Abstract This paper puts forward the methodological view that certain data produced by financial markets can be used without the need to look into how they were compiled. It argues that when trying to understand the causes of the Austrian Boden-Kredit Anstalt's collapse of September 1929, data from bank balance sheets are not a reliable source, whereas data such as bond yields and interest rate differentials help locate the origin of the financial crisis in the resignation of Austria's Chancellor Ignaz Seipel in April 1929. Keywords Financial History, Banking History, Interwar Austria, 1929, Boden-Kredit Anstalt Nathan Marcus Max Weber Fellow 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 "Living by numbers, Adding to history" sang the rock bank New Musik during the 1980s, lamenting the fact that our lives are increasingly governed by numbers. -
Diplomarbeit
Diplomarbeit Titel der Diplomarbeit Sozialpolitik im österreichischen „Ständestaat“ Verfasser Bernd Berger angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl laut Studienblatt: A 190 333 313 Studienrichtung laut Studienblatt: Lehramtsstudium UF Deutsch und UF Geschichte, Sozialkunde, Politische Bildung Betreuer: Univ. Doz. Mag. Dr. Andreas Weigl 1 Ich möchte mich für die ständige und intensive Unterstützung während meines gesamten Studiums bei folgenden Personen bedanken: meinen Eltern, meinen Schwestern, meiner Oma, meiner Freundin Mag. Patricia Kaiser und ihrer Familie. 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ............................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Begründung der Themenwahl ....................................................................... 8 1.2 Vorgangsweise und Zielsetzung .................................................................... 9 1.3 Forschungsstand ......................................................................................... 10 2 Der Weg in den „Ständestaat“ ............................................................................ 12 2.1 Kurze Vorgeschichte der Ersten Republik ................................................... 12 2.2 Die Ausschaltung des Parlaments ............................................................... 15 2.3 Ideengeber für den „Ständestaat“ – Schwerpunkt auf der Enzyklika „Quadragesimo anno“ von Papst Pius XI. ............................................................ -
HS 452 ADVANCED TOPICS: MODERN AUSTRIA in CENTRAL EUROPE IES Abroad Vienna
HS 452 ADVANCED TOPICS: MODERN AUSTRIA IN CENTRAL EUROPE IES Abroad Vienna DESCRIPTION: The course attempts to analyze the development of present-day Austria from the multi-national Habsburg Empire at the beginning of the 20th century to a new multi-national “Empire”, the European Union at the beginning of the 21st century. It will start with a look at the political system and ethnic tensions within the Habsburg Empire and discuss the way these tensions contributed to the decision to start a war in 1914 that effectively killed the cozy liberal middle-class world of the 19th century. German-speaking Austrians who had dominated the Habsburg Empire regarded themselves as the real losers of that war: they had lost great power- status; their claims to self-determination went largely unheeded; inflation had done away with their savings; war-time controls had effectively converted the economy into a socialist one; defeat in 1918 was followed by outbreaks of revolutionary violence. The brief period of stabilization from 1922 to 1929 was shattered by the Great Depression that exacerbated social tensions between rival political camps (“Lager”) that were armed to the teeth. During the 1930’s Austria was caught between rival authoritarian and totalitarian movements, became a dictatorship in 1933, suffered two civil wars in 1934 and was finally taken over by Adolf Hitler in 1938. Austrians formed a more or less normal part of Hitler’s Third Reich but were encouraged to set up shop again as an independent state by the victorious allies in 1945. Post-war Austria was able to avoid partition along German lines, received generous help under the Marshall-Plan and was established as a neutral buffer state between East and West in 1955. -
Flugblatt II
Mit offenen Augen durch den Bezirk 1150 EINE FLUGBLATTREIHE Eine Antifaschistische Perspektive auf Denkmäler, Straßenschilder und faschistische Vernetzungstreffen und deren Hintergründe im 15. Wiener Gemeindebezirk TEIL 2 Die Seipel-Dollfuß-Gedächtniskirche am Burjanplatz Glorifizierter Faschist Die Seipel-Dollfuß-Gedächtniskirche am Burjanplatz Glorifizierter Faschist Der Bau der Christkönigskirche im 15. Wiener Gemeindebezirk wurde von der Abgeordneten Hildegard Burjan 1932 initiiert. Der Platz vor der Kirche ist nach ihr benannt. Angedacht war die Kirche als Gedenkkirche für den 1932 verstorbenen Ex-Kanzler Ignaz Seipel1. 1933 wurde ein Komitee unter Engelbert Dollfuß gegründet, dem auch Frau Burjan angehörte. Dieses Komitee sollte die 'seelsorglich unterversorgten' Gebiete erschließen und somit den Bau von Kirchen in den Arbeiter_innenbezirken vorantreiben. Im Juli 1933 wurde von Engelbert Dollfuß der Grundstein für die Kirche gelegt, welche 1934 fertig gestellt wurde. Bis 1938 waren die Leichname von Seipel und Dollfuß in der Krypta der 'Seipel-Dollfuß- Gedächtniskirche' aufgebahrt, bis sie von den Nationalsozialist_innen auf Friedhöfe umgesiedelt wurden. Nur eine kleine Gedenktafel weist auf die während der Dollfuß-Amtszeit begangenen Verbrechen hin. Während diese schnell übersehen werden kann, sticht das vor der Kirche befindliche Denkmal, das Seipel und Dollfuss huldigt, gleich ins Auge. Dollfuß war Politiker in der Christlichsozialen Partei (Vorgängerpartei der ÖVP in der Ersten Republik). Während und nach seines Studiums in Wien war er Mitglied im Cartellverband (CV) – in der Verbindung Franco Bavaria sowie in weiteren 15 CV-Verbindungen. Der Cartellverband ist ein Dachverband verschiedener katholischer, studentischer Männerbünde. Diese zeichnen sich durch ein frauenfeindliches, konservatives und patriotisches Weltbild aus. Gleichzeitig dient der CV als 'Vernetzung' von Männern in Politik und Wirtschaft und bildet somit eine einflussreiche Seilschaft, aus der Frauen prinzipiell ausgeschlossen sind. -
Post-World War I Austria
From Empire to Republic: Post-World War I Austria Günter Bischof, Fritz Plasser (Eds.) Peter Berger, Guest Editor CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES | Volume 19 innsbruck university press Copyright ©2010 by University of New Orleans Press, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Printed in Germany. Cover photo: A severely wounded soldier from the battle on the Isonzo front awaits transport to the hospital on 23 August 1917. (Photo courtesy of Picture Archives of the Austrian National Library) Published in the United States by Published and distributed in Europe University of New Orleans Press: by Innsbruck University Press: ISBN: 9781608010257 ISBN: 9783902719768 ŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJƵƐƚƌŝĂŶ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐ ^ƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨEĞǁKƌůĞĂŶƐ ĂŶĚhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚćƚ/ŶŶƐďƌƵĐŬ Editors Günter Bischof, CenterAustria, University of New Orleans Fritz Plasser, Universität Innsbruck Production Editor Copy Editor Assistant Editor Bill Lavender Lindsay Maples Alexander Smith University of University of UNO/Universität New Orleans New Orleans Innsbruck Executive Editors Klaus Frantz, Universität Innsbruck Susan Krantz, University of New Orleans Advisory Board Siegfried Beer Sándor Kurtán Universität Graz Corvinus University Budapest Peter Berger Günther Pallaver Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien Universität Innsbruck John Boyer Peter Pulzer University of Chicago Oxford University Gary Cohen (ex officio) Oliver Rathkolb Center for Austrian Studies Universität Wien University of Minnesota Sieglinde Rosenberger Christine Day Universität Wien University of New Orleans Alan Scott Oscar Gabriel Universität