Edoardo Amaldi
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Ninety Years of X-Ray Spectroscopy in Italy 1896-1986
Ninety years of X-ray spectroscopy in Italy 1896-1986 Vanda Bouché1,2, Antonio Bianconi1,3,4 1 Rome Int. Centre Materials Science Superstripes (RICMASS), Via dei Sabelli 119A, 00185Rome, Italy 2 Physics Dept., Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy 3 Institute of Crystallography of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IC-CNR, Montero- tondo, Rome, Italy 4 National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoeshosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russia Ninety years of X-ray spectroscopy research in Italy, from the X-rays dis- covery (1896), and the Fermi group theoretical research (1922-1938) to the Synchrotron Radiation research in Frascati from 1963 to 1986 are here summarized showing a coherent scientific evolution which has evolved into the actual multidisciplinary research on complex phases of condensed mat- ter with synchrotron radiation 1. The early years of X-ray research The physics community was very quick to develop an intense research in Italy on X rays, after the discovery on 5th January, 1896 by Röngten in Munich. Antonio Garbasso in Pisa [1], and then in Rome Alfonso Sella, with Quirino Majorana, Pietro Blaserna and Garbasso, published several papers on Nuovo Cimento [2], starting the Italian experimental school on X-rays research in XIX century [3]. The focus was on the mechanism of the emission by the X-ray tubes, the nature of X-rays (wave or particles), the propagation characteristics in the matter, the absorption and diffusion. Cambridge and Edinburgh at the beginning of the XX century became the world hot spots of X-ray spectroscopy with Charles Barkla who demonstrated the electromagnetic wave nature of X-ray propagation in the vacuum, similar with light and Henry Moseley, who studied the X-ray emission spectra, recorded the X-ray emission lines of most of the elements of the Mendeleev atomic table. -
Fermi-Glast Rome U. Amaldi 9.5.11.Ppt
INFLUENCE OF FERMI AND HIS ROMAN GROUP ON NUCLEAR AND MEDICAL PHYSICS Ugo Amaldi Universitày Milano Bicocca and TERA Foundation Rome - 9.5.11 - U. Amaldi 1 Photo of a photo Enrico Fermi at 36 Edoardo Amaldi at 80 1936 1988 Rome - 9.5.11 - U. Amaldi 2 The discovery of neutron induced radioactivity Rome - 9.5.11 - U. Amaldi 3 January-March 1934 1933 Christmas holidays: Enrico Fermi and the other “ragazzi di Via Panisperna” at Santa Cristina March 1934: The Joliot-Curies discover artificial radioactivity induced by alfa particles The Institute of Via Panisperna Rome - 9.5.11 - U. Amaldi 4 1934 : Fermi discovery was made with a Be-Rn source. Radon extracted at Laboratorio Fisico della Sanità Pubblica The “Divine Providence” Rome - 9.5.11 - U. Amaldi 5 The third paper iodine isotopes used in nuclear medicine Rome - 9.5.11 - U. Amaldi 6 The efficacy of slow neutrons Rome - 9.5.11 - U. Amaldi 7 October 20, 1934 Rome - 9.5.11 - U. Amaldi 8 October 1934: discovery of artificial radioactivity induced by slow neutrons Discovery: Saturday 20.10.34 (*) First paper: Monday 22.10.34 Patent: Friday 26.10.34 (*) A. De Gregorio : not on October 22! O. D’Agostino E. Segrè E. Amaldi F. Rasetti E. Fermi Rome - 9.5.11 - U. Amaldi + B. Pontecorvo = The boys of Via Panisperna9 Writing the paper Emilio Segrè: “Enrico Fermi physicist” – 1970 Fermi dictated while I wrote. He stood by me; Rasetti, Amaldi and Pontecorvo paced the room excitedly, all making comments at the same time. The din was such that when we left, Amaldi’s maid discreetly asked whether the evening guests were tipsy. -
Archivio Storico Della Presidenza Della Repubblica
ARCHIVIO STORICO DELLA PRESIDENZA DELLA REPUBBLICA Ufficio per la stampa e l’informazione Archivio fotografico del Presidente della Repubblica Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (1992-1999) settembre 2006 2 Il lavoro è a cura di Manuela Cacioli. 3 busta evento data PROVINI 1 Roma. Deposizione di corona d’alloro all’Altare della Patria e 1992 mag. 27-ago. 7 incontro col sindaco Franco Carraro a Piazza Venezia, \27.5.92. Presentazione dei capi missione accreditati e delle loro consorti e Festa nazionale della Repubblica, \7.6.92. “La Famiglia Legnanese” per il 40° anniversario di fondazione, \2.7.92. Redazione della rivista “Nuova Ecologia”, \13.7.92 (n.4). Avv. Paolo Del Bufalo e gruppo di giovani romani, \20.7.92. Confederazione italiana fra Associazioni combattentistiche italiane, \28.7.92. Gen. Roberto Occorsio e amm. Luciano Monego in visita di congedo, \28.7.92. Yahya Mahmassani, nuovo ambasciatore del Libano, e Patrick Stanislaus Fairweather, nuovo ambasciatore di Gran Bretagna: presentazione lettere credenziali, \29.7.92. Alì Akbar Velayati, ministro degli esteri dell’Iran, \29.7.92. Madre Teresa di Calcutta, \31.7.92. On. Giuseppe Vedovato, Associazione ex parlamentari della Repubblica, \31.7.92. Avv. Carlo D’Amelio, Associazione nazionale avvocati pensionati, \31.7.92. Giuramento dell’on. Emilio Colombo, ministro degli esteri del governo Amato, \1.8.92. On. prof. Salvatore Andò, ministro della difesa, il capo di Stato maggiore dell’aeronautica e componenti della pattuglia acrobatica nazionale, \5.8.92. Il piccolo Farouk Kassam e i genitori, \7.8.92. 2 On. Carlo Casini con i vincitori del concorso nazionale “La famiglia: 1992 giu. -
The Charm of Theoretical Physics (1958– 1993)?
Eur. Phys. J. H 42, 611{661 (2017) DOI: 10.1140/epjh/e2017-80040-9 THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL H Oral history interview The Charm of Theoretical Physics (1958{ 1993)? Luciano Maiani1 and Luisa Bonolis2,a 1 Dipartimento di Fisica and INFN, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy 2 Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Boltzmannstraße 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany Received 10 July 2017 / Received in final form 7 August 2017 Published online 4 December 2017 c The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract. Personal recollections on theoretical particle physics in the years when the Standard Theory was formed. In the background, the remarkable development of Italian theoretical physics in the second part of the last century, with great personalities like Bruno Touschek, Raoul Gatto, Nicola Cabibbo and their schools. 1 Apprenticeship L. B. How did your interest in physics arise? You enrolled in the late 1950s, when the period of post-war reconstruction of physics in Europe was coming to an end, and Italy was entering into a phase of great expansion. Those were very exciting years. It was the beginning of the space era. L. M. The beginning of the space era certainly had a strong influence on many people, absolutely. The landing on the moon in 1969 was for sure unforgettable, but at that time I was already working in Physics and about to get married. My interest in physics started well before. The real beginning was around 1955. Most important for me was astronomy. It is not surprising that astronomy marked for many people the beginning of their interest in science. -
Antonino Cattaneo
ANTONINO CATTANEO Presidente European Brain Research Institute Roma [email protected] After obtaining a degree in biophysics, Antonino Cattaneo worked as a PhD student at the Scuola Normale Superiore (Pisa) with Lamberto Maffei and as a postdoc and staff scientist with Rita Levi-Montalcini (Nobel Laureate for the discovery of NGF) at the CNR Institute of Neurobiology in Rome. He later worked with Cesar Milstein (Nobel Prize laureate for the discovery of monoclonal antibodies) and Michael Neuberger at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Cambridge, UK). From 1991 to 2008, he was Full Professor of Biophysics at the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) in Trieste (Italy), where he was Head of the Biophysics Department from 1991 to 1995 and the Deputy Director of SISSA from 1996 to 2001. Since 2008 he is Professor of Neurobiology at the Scuola Normale Superiore (Pisa), where he is also the Director of the Biology Lab Bio@SnS. Antonino Cattaneo is author of more than 200 publications in peer-reviewed international scientific journals and is recipient of several awards including Domenico Marotta Prize (Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta XL), the W. Jansenius Medal (Slovak Academy of Sciences) and the “G. Tartufari” International Prize for Biology (Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei). He is a member of EMBO (European Molecular Biology Organization) and member of the Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta XL, the Academia Europaea and of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Since 2018 he is President of the European Brain Research -
Sapienza Universit`A Di Roma Dipartimento Di Fisica Scientific
Sapienza Universit`adi Roma Dipartimento di Fisica Scientific Report 2007 - 2009 Sapienza Universit`adi Roma Dipartimento di Fisica Scientific Report 2007-2009 The Scientific Report has been edited by Daniele del Re, Marco De Petris, Leonardo Gualtieri, Fabio Sciarrino. Cover graphics by Fulvio Medici: Picture of Marconi Building Department of Physics Main Campus of Sapienza Universit`adi Roma Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma In the 1930s, a group of young architects, directed by Marcello Piacentini, created the new University Campus of Rome. The building which currently hosts the Department of Physics was designed by Giuseppe Pagano (1896-1945) between 1932 and 1935. After the death of Guglielmo Marconi, in 1937, it was given the name Istituto Guglielmo Marconi. Originally Paganos building extended over 3400 square metres, and was divided into two main parts corresponding to Advanced Physics and Experimental Physics. It included workshops, a library and the guards houses. The two hundred and thirty-seven rooms that composed the building were organized following a functional scheme, related to the plant design and to the construction features of the building. The formal solutions, such as the mechanism of the windows, were defined with an aim to the maximal functionality; interior niches, colours, doors and windows were the same for all premises. The innovative conception and use of leading-edge techniques make this building a masterpiece of aesthetics and functionality, mentioned in various Architecture textbooks. Indeed, it had a profound influence on the other architects who worked at the University Campus. The building plan is the result of a free articulation of the various parts, according to the different functions that should be carried out, harmoniously incorporated as well-defined volumes to which the vacuum corresponds as an essential complement of rhythm. -
Booklet of Abstracts
SISFA 2015 XXXV Convegno della Società Italiana degli Storici della Fisica e dell’Astronomia Arezzo, 16-19 settembre 2015 Museo dei Mezzi di Comunicazione Via Ricasoli 22, Arezzo Topical sessions SISFA Advisory Committee Local Organizing Committee History of Light Gianni Battimelli - Università di Roma Sapienza Fausto Casi Science and World War I Fabrizio Bonoli - Università di Bologna Valentina Casi Paolo Brenni - CNR, Firenze, FST Salvatore Esposito Fausto Casi - Museo dei Mezzi di Comunicazione, Arezzo Leonardo Gariboldi Salvatore Esposito - INFN, Sezione di Napoli Lucio Fregonese - Università di Pavia Leonardo Gariboldi - Università degli Studi di Milano Massimo Mazzoni - SAIt Pasquale Tucci - Università degli Studi di Milano, fr. www.sisfa.org/convegni/xxxv-convegno-sisfa CENTRO UNESCO AREZZO DIPARTIMENTO Membro della Federazione Mondiale DI FISICA dei Clubs e Centri UNESCO XXXV Congresso Nazionale SISFA Arezzo, 16-19 Settembre 2015 Museo dei Mezzi di Comunicazione Introductory remarks The year 2015 abounds with anniversaries and initiatives which are very relevant for the history and public perception of science, physics and astronomy. The SISFA annual Congress keeps a special eye on the “History of Light” and on “Science and World War I” in connection with, respectively, the International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies (IYL 2015) and the centenary of Italy’s intervention in the first world conflict. No less important, the centenary of general relativity and the 70th anniversary of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are also considered, although not on the same scale and from particular perspectives such as the complex relation between light an gravitation in the period from Newton to Einstein and the new implications of nuclear energy. -
A Nature of Science Guided Approach to the Physics Teaching of Cosmic Rays
A Nature of Science guided approach to the physics teaching of Cosmic Rays Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil. { Doctor philosophiae) eingereicht am Fachbereich 4 Mathematik, Naturwissenschaften, Wirtschaft & Informatik der Universit¨atHildesheim vorgelegt von Rosalia Madonia geboren am 20. August 1961 in Palermo 2018 Schwerpunkt der Arbeit: Didaktik der Physik Tag der Disputation: 21 Januar 2019 Dekan: Prof. Dr. M. Sauerwein 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Ute Kraus 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Peter Grabmayr ii Abstract This thesis focuses on cosmic rays and Nature of Science (NOS). The first aim of this work is to investigate whether the variegated aspects of cosmic ray research -from its historical development to the science topics addressed herein- can be used for a teaching approach with and about NOS. The efficacy of the NOS based teaching has been highlighted in many studies, aimed at developing innovative and more effective teaching strategies. The fil rouge that we propose unwinds through cosmic ray research, that with its century long history appears to be the perfect topic for a study of and through NOS. The second aim of the work is to find out what knowledge the pupils and students have regarding the many aspect of NOS. To this end we have designed, executed, and analyzed the outcomes of a sample-based investigation carried out with pupils and students in Palermo (Italy), T¨ubingenand Hildesheim (Germany), and constructed around an open-ended ques- tionnaire. The main goal is to study whether intrinsic differences between the German and Italian samples can be observed. The thesis is divided in three parts. -
ANNIVERSARY the INFN Marks Half
ANNIVERSARY The INFN marks half The Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare recently celebrated its 50th anniversary. Elisabetta Durante Romano looks at the origins of the institute, its subsequent development and its role in todav's maior collaborations. Celebrating 50 years: (front row, left to right) Luciano Maiani, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare president Enzo larocci Nicola Cabibbo and Carlo Rubbia at the opening ceremony of speaking at the opening ceremony of the 50th anniversary of the INFN anniversary event. the institute's foundation. On his left is Edoardo Vesentini, president ofAccademia dei Lincei. The Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) is the direct heir to Enrico Fermi and Bruno Rossi's eminent pre-Second World War research. "Discoveries [in this field] do not guarantee immediately schools of physics. Its purpose remains the same - to investigate the profitable applications. Nevertheless, this kind of research stimu innermost structure of matter, a curiosity-driven research that over lates great industrial interest, as experimental requirements contin the years has led to a deep exploration of nature and that today uously force technology to move on," he said. motivates physicists to "draw a picture of the Big Bang". After recalling Fermi's fore As Giorgio Salvini, former Italian minister for universities and sight and farsightedness, CERN Fermi suggested research, recalled, the institute first wanted to equip itself with an director-general Luciano Maiani accelerator - the most powerful at the time. "Fermi himself had sug highlighted the INFN commit building an gested aiming high in energy...as it was new physics," said Salvini. ment to his laboratory and electronic Fermi - the last truly universal physicist - also suggested building an explained the expectations of electronic calculating machine, the first prototype of which at Pisa the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calculating soon made possible the first commercial computer in Italy. -
Arxiv:1812.11847V2 [Physics.Hist-Ph] 22 Nov 2019
LNF ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI FISICA NUCLEARE Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati INFN-18/12/LNF December 31, 2018 Bruno Touschek with AdA in Orsay: The first direct observation of electron-positron collisions Giulia Pancheri1, Luisa Bonolis2 1)INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, P.O. Box 13, I-00044 Frascati, Italy 2)Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Boltzmannstraße 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany Abstract We describe how the first direct observation of electron-positron collisions took place in 1963-1964 at the Laboratoire de l’Accel´ erateur´ Lineaire´ d’Orsay, in France, with the storage ring AdA, which had been proposed and constructed in the Italian National Lab- oratories of Frascati in 1960, under the guidance of Bruno Touschek. The obstacles and successes of the two and a half years during which the feasibility of electron-positron col- liders was proved will be illustrated using archival and forgotten documents, in addition to transcripts from interviews with Carlo Bernardini, Peppino Di Giugno, Mario Fascetti, Franc¸ois Lacoste, and Jacques Ha¨ıssinski. arXiv:1812.11847v2 [physics.hist-ph] 22 Nov 2019 Drawing by Bruno Touschek (Amaldi 1981). Authors’ ordering in this and related works alternates to reflect that this work is part of a joint collaboration project with no principal author. Contents 1 Introduction1 1.1 Sources and outline . .6 2 Prequel8 2.1 Electron-positron collisions from Kiev to Rome and Frascati . 10 2.2 July 1961: a visit from Orsay . 17 3 AdA’s arrival and installation in Orsay: Summer 1962 19 3.1 First experiments: weekends and long nights or sixty hours in row . -
Edoardo Amaldi and Guido Pizzella
The Origins of Gravitational Wave Research in Italy Adele La Rana (speaker) TERA Foundation & Sapienza University of Rome Luisa Bonolis Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin ‘A Century of General Relativity’ , MPIWG Conference – 2-5 December 2015, Berlin 1 GWs in Rome: birth of an experimental activity Sapienza University of Rome The first place in Italy where a research activity expressly devoted to GWs starts is Rome. 2 1970: the birth of the gravitational wave group in Rome Key figures: Edoardo Amaldi and Guido Pizzella The group was born between september 1970 and 1971, on the initiative of Edoardo Amaldi and his young assistant Guido Pizzella Guido Pizzella and Edoardo Amaldi at the General Relativity Conference in Padua in 1983. Photo shot by Emilio Segrè. 3 The beginning of GW activity in Amaldi’s words The idea of starting an experiment aiming to detect GW in Rome was stimulated by the Course on Experimental Tests of Gravitational Theories held in summer 1961 at the Scuola Internazionale E.Fermi in Varenna , where the problem was discussed by J.Weber . The program remained rather vague for practical reasons until 1968 ,when W. Fairbank spent a few months in Rome at G.Careri 's low temperature laboratory. When Fairbank mentioned his intention of starting the development of a low temperature gravitational antenna, Careri who was informed for long time of the interest of E. Amaldi in the subject, suggested a first direct contact. This was the beginning of the collaborations between the groups of Stanford (W. Fairbank), Louisiana State University (W. -
The Fourteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting on Recent Developments in Theoretical and Experimental General Relativity, Astrophysics
September 4, 2017 9:40 ws-procs961x669 MG-14 – Proceedings (Part D) D434 page 3378 3378 The beginning of Edoardo Amaldi’s interest in gravitation experiments and in gravitational wave detection Adele La Rana∗ TERA Foundation, Novara, Italy & Sapienza University, Rome, Italy ∗E-mail: [email protected] Luisa Bonolis Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Unedited documents and letters∗ allowed to establish that Edoardo Amaldi’s first inter- ests in experiments on gravitation date back to the late 1950s, about twelve years before the beginning of the research activity in gravitational wave (GW) detection in Rome (1970). Amaldi was connected to the main protagonists of the historical phenomenon that many historians call the Renaissance of General Relativity (GR), characterised by the new attitude of the scientific world towards Einstein’s theory of gravitation, which had its start in the middle of the 1950s and which grew along the 1960s, with the birth of relativistic astrophysics†. Since the second half of the 1960s, Amaldi’s will of beginning an experimental activity for detecting gravitational radiation clearly emerges. Keywords: Gravitation; general relativity; gravitational waves; Edoardo Amaldi; Bruno Touschek; Robert Dicke; Dmitri Ivanenko; Robert Wheeler; Joseph Weber; Livio Grat- ton; Remo Ruffini. 1. Introduction: The known story In an internal note from the Institute of Physics of Rome published in 1975a, Edoardo Amaldi recounts: The idea of starting an experiment aiming to detect GW in Rome was stim- ulated by the Course on Experimental Tests of Gravitational Theories held in summer 1961 at the Scuola Internazionale E.