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Piraeus Case Report

Evi Georgaki, N. Hlepas
University of Athens

  • Municipality of Piraeus
  • Evi Georgaki, N. Hlepas

Contents

Abstract..........................................................................................................................6 Introduction....................................................................................................................6
Types of sources - The empirical corpus of the Piraeus case.....................................6
Socioeconomic features of the Municipal of Piraeus ....................................................7
General Information...................................................................................................7 Municipal History ....................................................................................................10 Economic features....................................................................................................12
The Municipality of Piraeus: Political leadership and the fiscal problem...................15
Party political landscape and the political leadership of the municipality 2006-2014 ..................................................................................................................................15

Local Elections: 15 and 22 October 2006 ............................................................15

Parliamentary Elections, 16th of September 2007 ................................................16 Parliamentary Elections, 4th of October 2009.......................................................16 Local and Regional Government Elections of 2010: 7 November 2010 (first round) and 14 November 2010 (second round)....................................................17

Parliamentary Elections, May and June 2012 ......................................................18 Local elections 2014.............................................................................................19
Elections - Conclusions............................................................................................19
The municipal organization .........................................................................................21
Organizational Chart of the Municipality of Piraeus ...............................................21 Piraeus Municipal Personnel....................................................................................22
Total number, type of contract term and educational level ..................................22

The fiscal problem .......................................................................................................26
July 2010 – Suspension of payments ......................................................................26 2011 and onwards - A “red” category for over- debt municipalities .......................26
Problem Perceptions and Causes .................................................................................29
MAXQDA coding – results for problem perceptions and causes............................29
Perception of the problem............................................................................................29
Citations from the majority......................................................................................29
“Fiscal situation is even worse than the average of Municipalities”....................30

  • Municipality of Piraeus
  • Evi Georgaki, N. Hlepas

Citations from the opposition...................................................................................31 Citations from the administration.............................................................................31 Citations from the Civil Society Actors, Local Chambers, Journalists....................32 Remarks....................................................................................................................32
Causes ..........................................................................................................................33
Citations from the majority......................................................................................33 Citations from the opposition:..................................................................................33 Citations from the administration: ...........................................................................34 Citations from the Civil Society Actors, Local Chambers, Journalists....................35 Remarks/Explanations:.............................................................................................36
Scope and means of Actions: Evaluation, Performance, Impact.................................36
Citations from the majority......................................................................................37 Citations from the opposition...................................................................................38 Citations from the administration.............................................................................39 Citations from the Civil Society Actors, Local Chambers, Journalists....................40 Remarks/Explanations:.............................................................................................42
Citations from majority : “A Success, given the circumstances”.........................42

Citations from the opposition: “Failure / Lack of systematic programming” ......42 Citations from the administration:” we tried but it wasn’t enough ..”..................42 Citations from the Civil Society Actors, Local Chambers, Journalists :” ...........43

Failure / Ignorance of the part of the Chambers“ ...............................................43

Public Discussion/Debate ............................................................................................43
Citations from the majority......................................................................................45 Citations from the opposition...................................................................................45 Citations from the administration: ...........................................................................46 Citations from the Civil Society Actors, Local Chambers, Journalists....................46 Remarks/Explanations:.............................................................................................47
Citations from the majority: The problem is discussed........................................47

Citations from the opposition: not real but veiled dialogue in the public debate.47 Citations from the administration: Everybody knows the problem, but does not know “what, how, why” .......................................................................................47

  • Municipality of Piraeus
  • Evi Georgaki, N. Hlepas

Citations from the Civil Society Actors, Chamber of Commerce, Journalists: Public Debate about Fiscal Consolidation is a very sensitive issue .....................48

Political system: Legitimacy and Transparency, political culture, Policy style, knowledge, leadership..................................................................................................48

Legitimacy and transparency ...................................................................................49
Input legitimacy....................................................................................................49

Throughput legitimacy .........................................................................................49 Output legitimacy .................................................................................................49
Citations from the majority......................................................................................50 Citations from the opposition...................................................................................50 Citations from the administration.............................................................................50 Citations from the Civil Society Actors, Local Chambers, Journalists....................51
Political culture, Policy style .......................................................................................51
Citations from the majority:.....................................................................................51 Citations from opposition.........................................................................................52 Citations from the administration: ...........................................................................52 Citations from the Civil Society Actors, Local Chambers, Journalists....................53 Remarks / Explanation .............................................................................................54
Citations from the majority: The mayor and his friends did it.............................54

Citations from the opposition: Not the fastest but the less transparent procedure54 Citations from the administration: The elected majority of the municipality governs the municipality ......................................................................................54

Knowledge...................................................................................................................54
Citations from the majority......................................................................................55 Citations from the administration.............................................................................55 Citations from the Civil Society Actors, Local Chambers, Journalists....................56
Leadership....................................................................................................................56
Citations from the majority......................................................................................57 Citations from the opposition...................................................................................57 Citations from the administration: ...........................................................................57 Citations from the Civil Society Actors, Local Chambers, Journalists....................58
Conclusions..................................................................................................................58

  • Municipality of Piraeus
  • Evi Georgaki, N. Hlepas

Recommendations........................................................................................................60
Recommendations to elected politicians:.................................................................60 Recommendations to municipal administration.......................................................61 Recommendations to Civil Society Actors, Local Chambers, Journalists..............61 Recommendations to Actors of the upper level ......................................................61

  • Municipality of Piraeus
  • Evi Georgaki, N. Hlepas

Abstract

Piraeus1 is probably the municipality with the largest fiscal challenges not only among the six Greek cases but also among the most indebted municipalities of the country, with a debt of 140 million euros and a total debt that exceeds its annual revenues by 150%. We have to consider that fiscal consolidation is a permanent task in Piraeus where fiscal stress is not simply a result of the financial crisis but became even more pressing since then. Low fiscal autonomy and high dependence on state grants and loans are important reasons for the problematic fiscal situation in the city.

Introduction

The Piraeus case study draft report presents a summary of the main findings deriving from 13 interviews and more than 157 documents referring to fiscal problems and fiscal consolidation measures implemented during the period 2010-2013. The first section includes descriptions of the socio-economic situation, the local actors’ constellation and the fiscal challenges based on statistical analysis and existing literature. The second section reviews our own empirical findings on the perception of local actors on fiscal problems and their explanation as well on their views about the local scope of action and the concrete consolidation means including the assumed impacts. The chapters in this section are purely descriptive and we illustrated them with several quotations and data derived interviews and documents. In the following section, the analysis and interpretation revolves around policy and leadership styles, the different kinds of legitimacy, the local political culture and knowledge types influencing the fiscal policy making.

Types of sources - The empirical corpus of the Piraeus case

The report is based on three types of sources: • Several statistical data and information from secondary sources on the socioeconomic and political context of the city,
• 157 texts and • 13 interviews with local actors of the city of Piraeus.

1Piraeus is located within the Athens metropolitan area, 12 km (7 miles) southwest from the city center (municipality of Athens), and lies along the east coast of the Saronic Gulf. Piraeus is the fourth largest municipality in Greece and the second largest within the Greek capital metropolitan area

  • Municipality of Piraeus
  • Evi Georgaki, N. Hlepas

i) 157 Texts, consisting of:

•••

120 articles from the local   press

19 Party Municipal Lists’ Manifestos, 18 Municipal Council Minutes, etc.

The main source for compiling these texts was via internet browsing.

ii) 13 Interviews; the interviewed local actors were:

1. Incumbent Mayor (ND - friendly) 2. General Secretary of the Municipality (CEO, political appointee) 3. Director of financial Dpt. of municipal administration 4. Advisor of the Mayor for fiscal and growth affairs (political appointee) 5. Left / SYRIZA- friendly Councilor of the opposition A 6. Left / SYRIZA- friendly Councilor of the opposition B 7. Incumbent Councilor of the majority 8. President of the local Chamber of Commerce 9. President of the local Chamber of Crafts 10. President of the local Trade Association 11. Journalist A / Chief editor of the City radio station 12. Journalist B / Journalist in local newspaper “En Piraeus” 13. Journalist C / Journalist – owner of local online newspaper

Socioeconomic features of the Municipal of Piraeus

General Information

Piraeus is located within the Athens metropolitan area, 12 km (7 miles) southwest from the city center (municipality of Athens), and lies along the east coast of the Saronic Gulf. Athens is the economic, cultural and administrative capital of the country, and it has expanded rapidly in the post-War period.

Piraeus is a major industrial city, developed during the 1960s and 1970s. It was one of the main industrial development sites in the country. But in the last decades, the industrial activity considerably decreased. Piraeus is also a significant port city, the Piraeus harbor is the biggest in Greece and one of the biggest harbors in the Mediterranean. The port is important as economic engine in its own right, but it also creates a lot of spin-off activity, such as trading, commerce, and retail. From Piraeus port, passenger ferries link Attica with many islands while commercial traffic is intense.

  • Municipality of Piraeus
  • Evi Georgaki, N. Hlepas

Map of the Municipality of Piraeus located in the greater Attica area

According to the 2011 census, Piraeus included a population of 163,688 (declining, - 5, 21% compared to 2001) within its administrative limits; it is the fourth largest municipality in Greece and the second largest within the Greek capital metropolitan area, following the municipality of Athens. The municipality of Piraeus and several other suburban municipalities within the regional unit of Piraeus constitute the major Piraeus area, with a population totaling to 448,997.

  • Municipality of Piraeus
  • Evi Georgaki, N. Hlepas

Figure 1: Piraeus Municipality population per decade

The Piraeus Municipality is one of the fifteen municipalities2 that are expected to show the greatest shrinkage in size (intense negative rate of population change), as exhibited in the following figure (Figure 2):

Figure 2: Municipality of Piraeus Population Changes

2

Municipalities of Antikithira , Methana, Erythtron, Ampelakion, Sykaminoy, Ag. Konstantinou, Inois, Keratea, Neon Palation, Athinaion (Athens), Spetson, Kouvara, Malakasis, Aiginis.

  • Municipality of Piraeus
  • Evi Georgaki, N. Hlepas

Table 1: Ageing indicators – Municipality of Piraeus

Age group

0-14

2001

14,2 70

2021

12,5 65,7 21,8 100
15- 64

  • 65+
  • 15,8

100 111
Total

  • Ageing index
  • 174

According to the results of the 2001 census, the Prefecture of Piraeus presents high ageing indicators3 presents ( 111 degrees) while this trend is expected to continue in the future (the relevant aging indicators are expected to increase 2021 at 174 levels

Municipal History

The modern municipality of Piraeus was founded in 1835 and became one of the municipalities into which Attica was initially divided after the establishment of the Hellenic Kingdom. The borders of the municipality remained stable for almost a century. Piraeus major area developed its own urban and cultural life, while some parts of it (like Faliron) attracted several leisure activities of the upper classes and a big number of excellent neo-classical buildings demonstrated an impressive growth of wealth and culture. In the North of the city, the emblematic Piraeus Street that connected the harbor city of Piraeus with the capital city of Athens marked a territory where industrialization took off by the second half of the 19th century. By the beginning of the twenties, social structures in the city have been turned upside down through the arrival of thousands of Greek refugees from Asia Minor (Anatolia) and, later on, from Istanbul. A second wave of industrialization followed and the major area of Piraeus became a “city of workers and refugees”. In 1925, the settlement of New Faliro was detached from the municipality and became an independent municipality. In 1931, the settlement of Koutsikari was detached from the municipality of Athens and integrated into the municipality of Piraeus. In the following years, several settlements were detached from the municipality of Piraeus and new municipalities were formed, mostly corresponding to identities of refugee groups that settled in these areas (e.g. Kokkinia -Nikaia, Drapetsona, Keratsini etc.). In 1933, the settlement of New Kokkinia was detached and became the center of the municipality of New Kokkinia (later re-named as Municipality of Nikaia). During the

3 The aging index is calculated as the number of persons 60 years old or over per hundred persons under age 15.

  • Municipality of Piraeus
  • Evi Georgaki, N. Hlepas

same year, Perama was also detached and became the center of the community of Perama. The settlement of New Ikonio was integrated into the same community. In the following year, the settlement of Koutsikari was detached and became the center of the municipality of Koridallos and the settlement of Tabouria was also detached becoming the center of the municipality of Tabouria. In the same municipality the settlements of Amfiali, Analipsi and Agios Georgios were also integrated. In 1950, the settlement of Drapetsona was detached and became the center of the municipality of Drapetsona. In 1968, New Faliro was integrated once more in the municipality of Piraeus and the municipality of New Faliro was abolished. During the following years, the municipality of Piraeus remained unchanged and was not even affected by the implementation of the Kallikratis Territorial Reform in 2010. The extent of Piraeus administrative boundaries is 1086.5 hectares while the Municipality is sub-divided into 5 sub-municipal districts where municipal communes exist, with their own elected councils, but without important competence and resources.

Piraeus Districts4 nowadays are the following:

Table 2 : Piraeus Districts

Piraeus Districts

1. Municipal Community of the 1st District Municipality of Piraeus

“ Piraeiki Chersonisos”  (197,88 area in hectares )

2. Municipal Community of the 2nd District Municipality of Piraeus

“Kentro Kastella”  (193,96 area in hectares)

3. Municipal Community of the 3rd District Municipality of Piraeus

“Myrtidiotissa - Neo Faliro”  (127,3 area in hectares)

4. Municipal Community of the 4th District Municipality of Piraeus

“Kaminia - Palia Kokkinia”  (221,8 area in hectares)

5. Municipal Community of the 5th District Municipality of Piraeus
“Tampouria” ( 247, 96 area in hectares)

The aforementioned five districts have important differences in terms of income and life quality, reflecting social segregation. One can clearly distinguish the “better

parts” (Piraeiki Chersonisos, Kentro Kastella, Neo Faliro) from the less privileged (Kaminia - Palia Kokkinia, Tampouria).

4 See http://www.kallikratis.eu/dimos-peiraios-peiraia/ and also

http://www.ypes.gr/UserFiles/f0ff9297-f516-40ff-a70e-eca84e2ec9b9/a_peiraias_teliko.pdf

  • Municipality of Piraeus
  • Evi Georgaki, N. Hlepas

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    Kifissia M t . P e Zefyrion Lykovrysi KIFISSIA n t LEGEND e l i Metamorfosi KAT METRO LINES NETWORK Operating Lines Pefki Nea Penteli LINE 1 Melissia PEFKI LINE 2 Kamatero MAROUSSI LINE 3 Iraklio Extensions IRAKLIO Penteli LINE 3, UNDER CONSTRUCTION NERANTZIOTISSA OTE AG.NIKOLAOS Nea LINE 2, UNDER DESIGN Filadelfia NEA LINE 4, UNDER DESIGN IONIA Maroussi IRINI PARADISSOS Petroupoli Parking Facility - Attiko Metro Ilion PEFKAKIA Nea Vrilissia Ionia ILION Aghioi OLYMPIAKO "®P Operating Parking Facility STADIO Anargyri "®P Scheduled Parking Facility PERISSOS Nea PALATIANI Halkidona SUBURBAN RAILWAY NETWORK SIDERA Suburban Railway DOUK.PLAKENTIAS Anthousa ANO Gerakas PATISSIA Filothei "®P Suburban Railway Section also used by Metro o Halandri "®P e AGHIOS HALANDRI l P "® ELEFTHERIOS ALSOS VEIKOU Kallitechnoupoli a ANTHOUPOLI Galatsi g FILOTHEI AGHIA E KATO PARASKEVI PERISTERI GALATSI Aghia . PATISSIA Peristeri P Paraskevi t Haidari Psyhiko "® M AGHIOS NOMISMATOKOPIO AGHIOS Pallini ANTONIOS NIKOLAOS Neo PALLINI Pikermi Psihiko HOLARGOS KYPSELI FAROS SEPOLIA ETHNIKI AGHIA AMYNA P ATTIKI "® MARINA "®P Holargos DIKASTIRIA Aghia PANORMOU ®P KATEHAKI Varvara " EGALEO ST.LARISSIS VICTORIA ATHENS ®P AGHIA ALEXANDRAS " VARVARA "®P ELEONAS AMBELOKIPI Papagou Egaleo METAXOURGHIO OMONIA EXARHIA Korydallos Glyka PEANIA-KANTZA AKADEMIA GOUDI Nera "®P PANEPISTIMIO MEGARO MONASTIRAKI KOLONAKI MOUSSIKIS KORYDALLOS KERAMIKOS THISSIO EVANGELISMOS ZOGRAFOU Nikea SYNTAGMA ANO ILISSIA Aghios PAGRATI KESSARIANI Ioannis ACROPOLI NEAR EAST Rentis PETRALONA NIKEA Tavros Keratsini Kessariani SYGROU-FIX KALITHEA TAVROS "®P NEOS VYRONAS MANIATIKA Spata KOSMOS Pireaus AGHIOS Vyronas s MOSCHATO Peania IOANNIS o Dafni t Moschato Ymittos Kallithea ANO t Drapetsona i PIRAEUS DAFNI ILIOUPOLI FALIRO Nea m o Smyrni Y o Î AGHIOS Ilioupoli DIMOTIKO DIMITRIOS .
  • Supplementary Materials

    Supplementary Materials

    Supplementary Materials Figure S1. Temperature‐mortality association by sector, using the E‐OBS data. Municipality ES (95% CI) CENTER Athens 2.95 (2.36, 3.54) Subtotal (I-squared = .%, p = .) 2.95 (2.36, 3.54) . EAST Dafni-Ymittos 0.56 (-1.74, 2.91) Ilioupoli 1.42 (-0.23, 3.09) Kessariani 2.91 (0.39, 5.50) Vyronas 1.22 (-0.58, 3.05) Zografos 2.07 (0.24, 3.94) Subtotal (I-squared = 0.0%, p = 0.689) 1.57 (0.69, 2.45) . NORTH Aghia Paraskevi 0.63 (-1.55, 2.87) Chalandri 0.87 (-0.89, 2.67) Galatsi 1.71 (-0.57, 4.05) Gerakas 0.22 (-4.07, 4.70) Iraklio 0.32 (-2.15, 2.86) Kifissia 1.13 (-0.78, 3.08) Lykovrisi-Pefki 0.11 (-3.24, 3.59) Marousi 1.73 (-0.30, 3.81) Metamorfosi -0.07 (-2.97, 2.91) Nea Ionia 2.58 (0.66, 4.54) Papagos-Cholargos 1.72 (-0.36, 3.85) Penteli 1.04 (-1.96, 4.12) Philothei-Psychiko 1.59 (-0.98, 4.22) Vrilissia 0.60 (-2.42, 3.71) Subtotal (I-squared = 0.0%, p = 0.975) 1.20 (0.57, 1.84) . PIRAEUS Aghia Varvara 0.85 (-2.15, 3.94) Keratsini-Drapetsona 3.30 (1.66, 4.97) Korydallos 2.07 (-0.01, 4.20) Moschato-Tavros 1.47 (-1.14, 4.14) Nikea-Aghios Ioannis Rentis 1.88 (0.39, 3.39) Perama 0.48 (-2.43, 3.47) Piraeus 2.60 (1.50, 3.71) Subtotal (I-squared = 0.0%, p = 0.580) 2.25 (1.58, 2.92) .
  • SYRIZA, Bloco and Podemos

    SYRIZA, Bloco and Podemos

    Transnational networking and cooperation among neo-reformist left parties in Southern Europe during the Eurozone crisis: SYRIZA, Bloco and Podemos Vladimir Bortun The thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Portsmouth. March 2019 Abstract European parties to the left of social democracy have always lagged behind the main political families in terms of transnational cooperation at the level of the EU. However, the markedly transnational character of the Eurozone crisis and of the management of that crisis has arguably provided a uniquely propitious context for these parties to reduce that gap. This research project aims to establish whether they achieved that by focusing on three parties that were particularly prone to seeking an increase in their transnational cooperation: SYRIZA from Greece, Bloco de Esquerda from Portugal and Podemos from Spain. For these parties not only come from the member states most affected by the crisis, both economically and politically, but they also share several programmatic and strategic features favouring such an increase. By using a mix of document analysis, semi-structured interviews and non-participatory observation, the thesis discusses both the informal and formal transnational networking and cooperation among the three parties. This discussion reveals four key findings, with potentially useful insights for wider transnational party cooperation that are to be pursued in future research. Firstly, the transnational networking and cooperation among SYRIZA, Bloco and Podemos did increase at some point during the crisis, particularly around SYRIZA’s electoral victory in January 2015. Secondly, since the U-turn of that government in July 2015, SYRIZA’s relationship with both Bloco and Podemos has declined significantly, as reflected in their diverging views of the EU.