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The presence of Taeniodonta (Mammalia) in the Early Eocene ofEurope Carmen ESTRAVIS* Donald E. RUSSELL** * Centro de Estratigrafia e Palcobiologia da UNL, Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Quinta da Torre, P-2825 Monte de Caparica, Portugal. ** Institut de Paleontologic (URA 12, CNRS), 8 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France. pp.191-201 Ciencias da Terra (UNL) Lisboa NQ 11 1992 1 pI. RESUMO Palavras-chave: Eurodon- Taeniodonta- Eocenico-:-­ Silveirinha - Portugal. Eurodon silveirinhensis nov. gen., nov. sp., do Eocenico inferior de Silveirinha (portugal) econsiderado o primeiro representante, na Europa, da extinta ordem de mamiferosTaeniodonta.0 enigrnaticogeneroLessnessina Hooker, 1979, de Abbey Wood(lnglaterra), sensive1mente contcrnporaneo de Eurodon, e tambern atribufdo aos teniodontes. RESUME Mots-dis: Eurodon - Taeniodonta - Eocene­ Silveirinha - Portugal. Eurodon silveirinhensis nov. gen., nov. sp., de I'Eocene infericur de Silveirinha (portugal) est interpretee commeIapremiererepresentanteen Europedes Taeniodonta (ordre eteint de mammiferes). L'enigmatique genre Lessnessina Hooker, 1979, de Abbey Wood (Angleterre), apeu pres contemporainde Eurodon,estrapporteegalement aux Taeniodonta. ABSTRACT Key-words: Eurodon - Taeniodonta - Eocene ­ Silveirinha - Portugal. The first representative of the extinct mammalian order Taeniodonta in Europe is described, Eurodon silveirinhensis n. gen., n. sp., from the early Eocene local­ ity of Silveirinha, Portugal. A formerly enigmatic form, Lessnessina Hooker, 1979, from Abbey Wood, England, and approximately contemporary, is also referred to the Taeniodonta. 193 INTRODUCTION Type species - Eurodon silveirinhensis, new species. Study of the early Eocene mammalian fauna Diagnosis - Small mammal, smaller than any from Silveirinha, Portugal (ANTUNES, 1981; described taeniodont. M3 with large hypoconulid, ANTUNES & RUSSELL, 1981), is the subject of a apparently subequal hypoconid and slightly smaller, doctoral dissertation for one ofus (c. E.). One speci­ conicalentoconid; protoconid and metaconidinflated men, SV2-15, a small lower last molar, has long and subequal; paraconid very small, situated on ante­ defied identification. The bulbousness of its cusps rior side ofmetaconid. initially lead to the supposition that it represented Differs from all conoryctidsby lesserhypsodonty some sort of condylarth. We here present a new and by a larger M3 hypoconulid. interpretation, that of affinity to Taeniodonta. Age and distribution - early Eocene ofEurope. Specimens of the order Taeniodonta are rarely Etymology - euro - pertaining to Europe; ­ found. Until now, the few taxa constituting this group odon (Gr. tooth). were known only from North America, ranging in time from early Paleocene to middle Eocene. The rarity oftaeniodonts was discussed by GINGERICH Eurodon silveirinhensis, new species (1989) and attributed to ecologicalconditions, wherein their habitat was inland and upland and far from the Type specimen - SV2-15, isolated, right M3. low floodplain and basin environments that furnish Referred material - SV3-234, right Mi' and, most fossil collections. SCHOCH (1986) deduced more questionably, SV3-208, left M1 or M; both that their alimentary source consisted primarily of specimens lack most oftheir enamel. underground roots and tubers. The early generalized Diagnosis - Same as for genus. form, Onychodectes, in addition to being a Locality and age - Silveirinha(BaixoMondego noncursorial, plantigrade mammal, is presumed to region of west central Portugal); Donnaalian mam­ have been fairly adept at climbing. It was also the mal age. smallest of the Taeniodonta. Etymology - named after the locality in Portu­ gal from which it was collected. SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Order Taeniodonta COPE, 1876 DESCRIPTION Family Conoryctidae WORTMAN, 1896 Subfamily Onychodectinae WINGE, 1917 The trigonid ofM3 is moderately high, as were Onychodectes COPE, 1888 apparentlythe threestrongtalonid cusps (hypoconid, Subfamily Conoryctinae WORTMAN, 1896 hypoconulid and entoconid; now truncatedby wear). Conoryctella GAZIN,1939 Although wear has reduced the height of the Conoryctes COPE,1881 protoconid (morethanthatofthemetaconid)it seems Huerfanodon SCHOCH & LUCAS, 1981 to have been subequal in size to the metaconid; both Subfamily Eurodontinae, new subf. are large, bulbous cusps. A paracristid, also worn, Eurodon, new gen. extendsfrom the anterio-medianside ofthe protoconid Lessnessina HOOKER, 1979 to the very small paraconid situated at the anterior Eurodon, new genus baseofthemetaconid. Theratherweakcristidobliqua 195 linksthehypoconid and the baseofthe posteriorwall the order, Schoch cited thelackofcingulids in lower of the trigonid, contacting the latter far below the molars, which indeed agrees with the condition in protoconid-metaconid notch. Forming a veritable Eurodon (exception madeofan anteriorcingulum in third lobe, the hypoconulid is bulbous, prominent, Onychodectes and Eurodon). He also stated that the and sharply separated from the hypoconid and trigonids and talonids ofall molars were subequal in entoconid.Theentoconid is large and conical and has length and width, but exceptions can be seen in the at its anterior base a small accessory cusp, the figurations of conoryctids in his monograph, where entoconulid. The talonid basin is open lingually. the talonid of M3 can be either shorter than the Despiteconsiderablewearon theposteriorsideofthe trigonid or appreciably longer, as in Eurodon. The metaconid, a postmetacristid of some sort is indi­ hypoconulid is typically notexpanded onconoryctid cated, or a linguo-vertically placed ridge. Enamel is M3 talonids, but this feature is shown to be very smooth and there is no indication of hypsodonty. variable in (at least) Huerfanodon torrejonius Length, 3.7 mm; width, 2.3 mm. (SCHOCH, 1986,Pl. 16,Fig. 5 and 7); the specimen Twootherteethare perhapsreferableto Eurodon illustrated in his Fig. 7 is similar to the Silveirinha silveirinhensis. One of these, SV3-234, aright M3 M3, with an elongate talonid and a prominent like the type specimen, is quite probably of this hypoconulid. Taeniodonts are well known for their taxon. Identification is hampered by the effects of tendency for the cheek teeth to develop hypsodonty, chemicalerosionwhichremoved mostoftheenamel; butin the earliestforms this is not always perceptible only a small amount remains on the anterior and oris onlyslightly manifested. Its absence in Eurodon lingual sides. This specimen provides little informa­ can be interpreted as a retention ofthe atavistic state. tion, beyond the presence of a more strongly devel­ Despite the distinctiveness of the Silveirinha oped anterior cingulum. specimen, similarities in its morphology to various Theuppermolar,SV3-208, also lacksmostofits conoryctids are preponderant. Theinflated cusps, the enamel, and the labial borderofthe tooth, exteriorto large conical entoconid and the presence of an the paracone and metacone, is missing as well. Nev­ entoconulid at its anteriorbase, are all features found ertheless, the specimenis ofa size thatconcords well in Onychodectes and Conoryctella. A very small withthatofthetypespecimen. The protocone is large paraconid anterior on the metaconid of M3 is also and bulbous and situated rather far from the lingual shared with Conoryctella and Conoryctes. It is con­ base of the tooth. Both conules are present, the cluded that a sufficient number of elements charac­ metaconulebeingthelarger. Thepreparaconulecrest teristic of recognized taeniodonts are also found in is highandstronglydeveloped, as is the premetaconule the M3 of Eurodon to render its attribution to this crest; the latter contacts the lingual side of the order and to the family Conoryctidae quite likely. metacone high, near its summit, while the preparaconule crest extends to the region of the parastyle. Apparently the postparaconule crest was weak, although the paracone possessed a lingual, vertical crest that could be regarded as the continua­ The problem of Lessnessina HOOKER, tion of this crest. The postmetaconule crest is ob­ 1979· scured by wear and erosion, but it extended to the metastyle, Anteriorand posteriorcingulaare strongly Schoch, in his monograph, argued against the developed with the latter being the broader. It ap­ presence ofany members ofthe Taeniodontaoutside pears to have supported a small, lingually placed ofNorth America. None ofthe specimens from Asia hypocone. - or Europe that had been proposed as attributable to It is, of course, uncertain whether or not this this order can be unequivocally accepted. However, specimenis referable to Eurodon silveirinhensis. But no one has as yet proposed this relationship for the by its size and morphology, it seems possible. enigmatic genus Lessnessina from the early Eocene locality of Abbey Wood, England. The principal specimen is a maxillawithp3_M3. HOOKER (1979) DISCUSSION was convinced that its dental morphology indicated affinity to the anisonchine Periptychidae; he was Attribution of the M3, SV2-15, to the particulary impressed with an apparent similarity to Taeniodonta was inspired by the inflated aspect of Oxyacodon. the protoconid and metaconid, the small size of the ARCHIBALD et al. (1983), in a revision ofthis paraconid, and the large, conical shape of the genus, denied the existence of any relationship be­ entoconid. tween Oxyacodon and Lessnessina, excluded the Consultation of the most recent revision of latter from the Anisonchinae and doubted it was a taeniodonts (SCHOCH, 1986) revealed that some
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  • Author-Title Index

    Author-Title Index

    AUTHOR-TITLE INDEX A ___. Paleoecology of cyclic sediments of the lower Green River Formation, central Utah. 1969. 16(1):3- Ahlborn, R. C. Mesozoic-Cenozoic structural develop­ 95. ment of the Kern Mountains, eastern Nevada-western Utah. 1977. 24(2):117-131. ___ and J. K. Rigby. Studies for students no. 10: Ge­ ologic guide to Provo Canyon and Weber Canyon, Alexander, D. W. Petrology and petrography of the Bridal Veil Limestone Member of the Oquirrh Formation at central Wasatch Mountains, Utah. 1980. 27(3):1-33. Cascade Mountain, Utah. 1978. 25(3):11-26. ___. See Chamberlain, C. K. 1973. 20(1):79-94. Anderson, R. E. Quaternary tectonics along the inter­ ___. See George, S. E. 1985. 32(1):39-61. mountain seismic belt south of Provo, Utah. 1978. ___. See Johnson, B. T. 1984. 31(1):29-46. 25(1):1-10. ___. See Young, R. B. 1984. 31(1):187-211. Anderson, S. R. Stratigraphy and structure of the Sunset Bagshaw, L. H. Paleoecology of the lower Carmel Forma- Peak area near Brighton, Utah. 1974. 21(1):131-150. tion of the San Rafael Swell, Emery County, Utah. Anderson, T. C. Compound faceted spurs and recurrent 1977. 24(2):51-62. movement in the Wasatch fault zone, north central Bagshaw, R. L. Foraminiferal abundance related to bento­ Utah. 1977. 24(2):83-101. nitic ash beds in the Tununk Member of the Mancos Armstrong, R. M. Environmental geology of the Provo­ Shale (Cretaceous) in southeasternUtah. 1977. Orem area. 1975. 22(1):39-67. 24(2):33-49.
  • Download/4084574/Burrow Young1999.Pdf 1262 Burrow, C

    Download/4084574/Burrow Young1999.Pdf 1262 Burrow, C

    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.19.882829; this version posted December 27, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under 1aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Recalibrating the transcriptomic timetree of jawed vertebrates 1 David Marjanović 2 Department of Evolutionary Morphology, Science Programme “Evolution and Geoprocesses”, 3 Museum für Naturkunde – Leibniz Institute for Evolutionary and Biodiversity Research, Berlin, 4 Germany 5 Correspondence: 6 David Marjanović 7 [email protected] 8 Keywords: timetree, calibration, divergence date, Gnathostomata, Vertebrata 9 Abstract 10 Molecular divergence dating has the potential to overcome the incompleteness of the fossil record in 11 inferring when cladogenetic events (splits, divergences) happened, but needs to be calibrated by the 12 fossil record. Ideally but unrealistically, this would require practitioners to be specialists in molecular 13 evolution, in the phylogeny and the fossil record of all sampled taxa, and in the chronostratigraphy of 14 the sites the fossils were found in. Paleontologists have therefore tried to help by publishing 15 compendia of recommended calibrations, and molecular biologists unfamiliar with the fossil record 16 have made heavy use of such works. Using a recent example of a large timetree inferred from 17 molecular data, I demonstrate that calibration dates cannot be taken from published compendia 18 without risking strong distortions to the results, because compendia become outdated faster than they 19 are published. The present work cannot serve as such a compendium either; in the slightly longer 20 term, it can only highlight known and overlooked problems.