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The Food Plants of Some 'Primitive' Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

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The Food Plants of Some 'Primitive' Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn ANSC Articles Department of Animal Science 1988 The food plants of some 'primitive' Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Carl W. Schaefer University of Connecticut, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/ansc_articles Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Schaefer, Carl W., "The food lp ants of some 'primitive' Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)." (1988). ANSC Articles. 9. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/ansc_articles/9 9!E THE FOOD PLANTS OF SOME "PRIWtrTTIVE" PENTATOMOIDEA(HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA) CARL W. SCHAEFER Department of Ecotogy and Evolutionar.t Biolog.r, Unit,ersity of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268 U.S.A. ,ABSTR.ACT The iood plants of the Cydnidae (Cydninae,Sehirinae, Scaptocorinae, Amnestinae, Garsauriinae, Thau- mastellinae,Parastrachiinae, Corimelaeninae), Plataspidae, Megarididae, Cyrtocoridae, and Lestoniidae, compiled {iom the literature, are discussed.So too are the habitats ofthese insects,most ofwhich live on or are associatedwith the ground. This associationsupports an earlier assertionihat life on the ground was the way of lile o{ the early hemipterans. Most of these groups are polyphagous. However, the Plataspidae feed largely upon legumes, the Scaptocorinaeupon the roots ol Gramineae,some Cydninae also upon legumes,and many Sehirinaeupon members of the advanced dicot subclassAsteridae. Fallen seedsand roots are the preferred plant parts. A group ol mostly small drab shieldbugsappears to be primitive in the Pentatomoi- dea: "primitive" in the senseof possessingseveral plesiomorphic features, and'oa group" becausethey also sharesome apomorphies; neither the autoplesiomorphies nor thc autapomorphiesare sharedwith other pentatomoids(Schaefer, in prep.).I havealso suggested (1981) that the earlyheteropterans lived on the ground,not up on plants (seealso Schaef'er,in press).Accordingly, some knowledge of thesepentato- moids' biology may be use{ul in working out their phylogenetic relationships, and interestingof course in its own right. 'lhese lamilies are the Cydnidae (sensulato'. seebelow), Plataspidae,Lestoniidae, Cyrtocoridae,Megarididae, and Canopidae.Their food plants and habitats are listed and brielly discussedhere. Almost all recordsare liom the literature, and I have been careful to eschew"sitting on" or probing records;I have always prel'erredrecords of nymphs'feeding. Therefore I hope any errors are ones of omission, not commission. RESULTS Cydnidae I {ollowhere the classilicationofthis lamily of Dolling(1981), who includedthe Phytophaga:2 (1988) 19 45 g 20 CARLw. ScHAEFER sublamiliesCydninae. Sehirinae,Amnestinae. Gu.ruuriinu., and Scaptocorinae I (groups usually included) as well as the Corimelaeninaeand Thaumastellinae(groups previously treated as separatefamilies). There is some evidencethe Corimelaeninae should be raised to {amily level, with two subf'amilies;my resuitshere argue neither for nor against such a view, and I follow Dolling's placement.The Parastrachiinae,a subfamily recently erectedand placed in the cydnidae (Schaet'eret al., in press)may also some day require Ibmily rank. Cydninae.- Members of this sublamily I'eedvery widely indeed (Table l), The {bod plant lamilies representsixteen disot and two monocot orders and all dicot subclassesexcept one (classiiicationo1'Cronquist, 1968). only two species{'eed on members of the Magnoliidae (on Papaveraceae),the most primitive ofthe dicot subclasses(cronquist, 1968),and none on anotherprimitive subclass,Hamamelidae. Six speciesin six genera{'eed on membersol the most advancedsubelass, Astericiae. This is a low number, comparedto the number o{'speciesin this subclass;and only three species(and three genera)I'eed on composites,an asterid lamily that is one of the largest plant lamilies. By lar the most cydninesleed on Rosidae,members of sevenorders being ied upon. The most popular lamily is Leguminosae(Rosales), particuiariy among memberso1'the genusGeotoruus, where Crucil'eraeand Gramineaeare also used. Grassesare also commonly I'edupon by other.cydnines,particularly by speciesof Aethus. Grassesand legumesoccur most fiequently in Table l, but in no consistent way; they olten occur as but part o1'a more generalizeddiet. No clear pattern emergesfiom these data. Cydnines feed very wideiy, and legumes,crucil'ers, and grassesare perhapslavored" No real specilicity is evident, at the sublamily level or at the generic(except perhaps Aethus on grasses).To some extent,the variety ofplants in Table I reflectsthe ditiiculty ol'knowing il'the bugs actually f'eed on the roots where they are fbund. It may be signilicantthat thesebugs, probably primitive within the Pentatomoi- dea, do not {'eedon the most primitive subclasses;nor do they f'eedto any great extent on the most advancedsubclass, the Asteridae. According to most authors, they I'eedon the roots of plants.But Stoner (1920) several times {bund Cydnus obliquus carrying a small seed with the middle legs. "when the insect was lieed liom the sand and allowed to walk lieely" (p. 340), it retained the seed and walked with the other legs. other cydninesare also known to I'eedon seeds.Concerning Adrisa, Van den Berg ( 1980,p. 225)writes, "The Adrisa spp. live in the debris underneathwattle trees. They t'eedon the seedsol both Alcacial cyclops and A. salignaas well as many other wattle species.All the seedsof A. saligna collected about 2 months after seedibll showed the characteristic I'eedingtubes of seed I'eeding Hemiptera and were non viable [sic]. As Adrisa spp. are the most dominant f'eedersunderneath the trees,most ,.i of the inviability can be attributed to them". t,.\ Many cydnineslive in dry areasand severalare actually in sand.This is often .1i aeoliansand (e.g., several species ol'Aethus 1983]),but Georomuspunctula- ,l [stehlik, 'j tus and Aethuspilosulus live in shoredunes. A great majority ofcydnines {'eedson roots in the sand or sandysoil, but Stehlik (I983) reportsol one, C),dnusaterrimus, ,,i that the llrst instarsl'eed on r,ri Euphorbiaroots but that "older nymphsand adultscreep Food Plants oJ' Pentatomoidea 2l \o PX r ubo\ =d e{6r g.l o\ eE R +{ b. -r : i FF€t; 9 €F : \o E - e * 9-Es-t ; R o 9 9 qH E :"8 *EEF::- i*- Ll )E E5 io r'7 Eb :E ;t€FE,E i r -3€ r-; .o Eco2-P - :a iE>E56 E 3 t> s3 il€5A#5E " to '' bEi sHoi: e ,54 €-" 'a^ d :;i C I e : ?t E i - Er EEE,:€ EEEi.IF. d b-3 ; E 3 fii Is:; g! x tr :EE = E 3 sg ieq; ;E €Eq c i ;J E 3 Oe 'F qB !Egf {E ::: !r"'"FEE "of5.E U a HO q9tE (,) g e o giil!..He Hg o o ; e ..€ta o ii H I oE I 3 s o c H=.:Sb!i .E iis'F o EFF.g8f;F FEE ;ooifit 6 ;oi o IJ. d) s S"€S - ss- o ssssss { F s$B$ ! 3 R P { st3 \J €3F.sss s Q VE:tt o !o 39 {E SA S { q > cs i: .:9 b FV . x; EF 3E \i& d A-^d d i"(, s5 * v ri ,I-:E ,i- sF*- {=!e & v ry )) CARL W. SCHAEFER $ € ?H , 3*iF I g g? Es;?t?e BBeEgg3;i I ? ggB-g==9€> i FEss!5F .2- a E a "6i9 g s E Sep e I e r-E €e ? € ig ;=' EE * € ;g 10F : r E d EEE€? EA E- iE E EE? Eg H € -?? EsETBE€Ei* ii i iE' :€ E € ; E!u O $E{ce isi>3 aaEgg3Bsss e iq s€ s ii € r € Fss$S i seEs F s$Ei s q = 3* 0o * * = Ffr: 3q s^ 8s $ 1 !a b it fa bo= O - lA *v' ht! tE EE ;t ' E! l.q \H .-v $ .i(\a i5 €a Ee oo= v ALI\\Ee $ Food Plants oJ' Pentatomoidea 23 :ir o\ss o\ * : ;; s I b e g€ q e sss .e ci,.r x R * Sg fn 4.o.6 & ri I i^ # d ;> 15- 6 93ooro € :: ; ,5 Ee ;;X li q 88 "5 eo ?:- 983.3.- i ; I s ; F tt tJ. Ir' SoEsss E E: ? E s !# Fi$ H cqi, H' EE E.J rrE !I EE 95f; #, ,^:f€s ff 6rn (d 2 E Eb '-oc .i d o- I o ; E Eg E (d Ei ;€E ' ;E EiE T a Eu i'3 R t! EeLeEf;: A ?? EEoo cE H gg e GV " R H Ee E g .Eg 4. 2 EE EHAF EE,E S. H .E.EEE A A Xo'E Lri' E i e 3 E E 5 E E .}H g.E 9 R P,E E* €F A .E F v v *v UO ..1J s s::E- $*B ,;EH F 5 S€$g$EsSssEi" {s$E$s x !i It e -':q ,: 3 iE .E - qL F =* it :!, ! S &s i is {: e .:ao .! sg* r s t! €F{o \\\ l'v\\ 24 CARL W. SCHAEFER I i g?p g o o E E f E E*" B"* ? 5 iTT4 :i 5i ! T E;?E€fi € g E .: E ! ,, g E5 S E fi i : gE Fa i- .^ = Q.9 tr "'e o i.E?-.2 E E.sE Es-E :"s :a$ 3?.g Ee EeE S Es ts9 tsll d " i; E€E i-g :F!fi P.E P.EE HF: gE€ i. i, 3>6c E.G ;C: Ae :! i9,t,- EE E Fo e:i - 6 a trii6EsH tsEo va 6 d o-E.5 oq2 ;HHq.: dFY y29 o qEF '= oo tr =oo ddu f *.8 !!o ONO vv sS --s.s s *ii ts s.3 $Ff esN' it i$ F ,q5A SsE 3ri a i^ IJ. v ; s Sb I sa- ^? e E .- 3 e-E e i €^'iEo dF : :i =E s; Sg i6 .sr 3 .q-= 5 O -< €a :* i* tp ss -: .iv a.E d it st !i sfi i; + \\\ \\aia-j *' Plants oJ Pentatomoidea 25 ,1 Food 3 (p' i up to the upper parts ol plants and t'eedprevaitingly on the contentsof seeds" (see tSZ),a habit somewhatsimilar to the sehirineTritomegas sexmaculatu's below)' Sehirirtoc.
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