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P2p-Public-Services-Finland-2012 TOWARDS PEER PRODUCTION IN PUBLIC SERVICES: CASES FROM FINLAND Edited by: Andrea Botero, Andrew Gryf Paterson and Joanna Saad-Sulonen Aalto University publication series Crossover 15/2012 ISBN 978-952-60-4663-1 (pdf) ISBN-L 1799-4977 ISSN 1799-4977 ISSN 1799-4985 (pdf) Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture Department of Media http://books.aalto.fi © The authors and Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture The content of this publication is licensed under the peer production license. Contact editors for enquiries. A copy of the license is available here. http://p2pfoundation.net/Peer_Production_License Graphic design and illustration: Anssi Kokkonen Editors: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Helsinki 2012 Finland Aalto University Special Interest Group (SIG) in Co-creation, co- governance and peer-to-peer production of public services http://co-p2p.mlog.taik.fi/ Partly funded by Aalto Service Factory Contents 6 Introduction Andrea Botero (CO/FI), Andrew Gryf Paterson (SCO/FI), and Joanna Saad-Sulonen (LB/FI), Aalto ARTS, Dept. Media, Helsinki 13 Innovations in Public Services: Co-Production and New Public Governance in Europe Victor Pestoff (USA/SE), Institute for Civil Society Studies, Ersta Skondal University College, Stockholm 34 Evolving towards a Partner State in an Ethical Economy Michel Bauwens (BE/TH), Foundation for Peer-to-peer Alternatives, Chiang Mai 50 Towards p2p learning: What media and whose peer? Teemu Leinonen (FI), Aalto ARTS, Dept. Media, Helsinki 62 Tiny social movements: Experiences of social media based co-creation Pauliina Seppälä (FI), Independent, Helsinki 76 Learning peer-to-peer practices step-by-step: 3 cases from suburban Helsinki neighborhoods Pirjo Tulikukka (FI), Helsinki Neighbourhood Association / Helsingin kaupunginosayhdistykset ry Helka, Helsinki 89 From margin to margin: Peer-based public services in the addiction treatment field Tuukka Tammi (FI), Tiia Ruokosalo (FI) and Henna Vuorento (FI), A-Clinic Foundation / A-klinikkasäätiö, Helsinki 101 Time banking: Building the commons, towards a solidarity economy Ruby van der Wekken (NL/FI), Helsinki Timebank / Stadin aikapankki, Helsinki 109 Institutional impacts of the collaborative service creation: Case of virtual home care in Helsinki Petra Turkama (FI), Jukka Mattila (FI), Aalto ECON, Centre for Knowledge and Innovation Research, Helsinki 125 Appendix: Co-creation, co-governance and peer-to-peer production of public services – Seminar Report Anna Keune (DE/FI), Aalto ARTS, Dept. Media, Helsinki 130 Authors 4 \ Towards Peer-production in Public Services TOWARDS PEER PRODUCTION IN PUBLIC SERVICES: CASES FROM FINLAND 5 \ Towards Peer-production in Public Services \ Introduction Introduction cases, self-assigned innovators and active people are taking some of their concerns Andrea Botero (CO/FI), into their own hands, strengthening their Andrew Gryf Paterson (SCO/FI), belonging and cooperation with others. and Joanna Saad-Sulonen (LB/FI), The Internet has been a supporting factor, Aalto ARTS, Dept. Media, Helsinki. bypassing the limited number of physical [email protected] social-forum spaces. Especially, in the [email protected] Finnish context, enthusiastic broadband [email protected] and mobile data usage is a contributing factor, as the mainstream (and mobile) his publication is a collec- adoption of social media platforms, such tion of articles that deals as Facebook, have provided some groups broadly with the relation- with easy ways to communicate, forming ships between peer-to-peer online groups and self-defined informa- Tdynamics, and the design, production and tion channels. provision of public services. Most of the Hand-in-hand with these above local cases presented are illustrative of recent trends, we also witness the impacts of developments and discussions in Finnish gobalized issues, such as the economic society, however other broader interna- crisis, perceived stagnation of the welfare tional perspectives which give historical state, and the challenges of an aging popu- reflection and future-oriented specula- lation. Taken together, all these develop- tion on what might be the outcomes are ments set the ground for a more general included. debate on how our relationship with the There are changes taking place in how state should evolve, and how to imagine the role of citizens in society is experi- and organise common affairs in new ways enced–in terms of how they feel respon- (Benkler 2006). There is no doubt that sible for things happening–and also in there is a renewed interest to understand what is expected from them. The last few processes, logics and incentives that can years have witnessed a flurry of citizen- make possible new partnerships between driven and organized activities that range the public-sector, private-sector, third- from guerrilla gardening with aims to sector, and citizens, in order to create and beautify unattended urban spots, and pop produce public services. Amongst the up restaurants to comment on impracti- many aspects to consider, active forms of cal bureaucracy; as well as self-assigned citizenship, broader public participation, urban planning initiatives to revive the and the role of ‘peers’ have emerged as key local community. This has been especially issues. Naturally these phenomena are not visible in the larger urban congregations limited to Finland or Northern Europe, in Finland, such as Helsinki (Hernberg but are happening worldwide at different 2012). scales, speeds, and with different focuses These developments may be seen in (c.f: Borchorst, Bødker & Zander 2009, the context of traditional and renewed Jégou & Manzini 2008, Ostrom 2000, spirit of Finnish talkoot1, as well as a Parks et. al. 1999, Parker & Heapy 2006, combination of creative and information- Paterson 2010). sharing associational activity as an activ- We are, of course, not the only ones ist instrument (Paterson 2011). In many giving attention to related issues in 6 \ Towards Peer-production in Public Services \ Introduction Finland. For example, the Finnish In- vice-design, socially-engaged processes, novation Fund (Sitra) has commissioned cultural production and public service several reports on similar topics, includ- management located both in small to large ing one on the future of the welfare state institutions, as well as for citizens wanting in the time of communities (Mokka & to do something. Thus the writing styles Neuvonen 2006), and a more recent docu- and formats within this compilation are a ment providing an overview of contempo- rather eclectic mix. raty Finnish co-production projects build- Many of the articles presented are the ing on the “talkoot” tradition (Aitamurto, result of presentations and discussions Siivonen & Lovio 2012). From a different that started in 2010 at the seminar we or- perspective our own Aalto University has ganized in Aalto University School of Arts, also been involved in experimenting with Design and Architecture on the theme new service design approaches involving of co-creation, co-governance and peer- both citizens and municipalities 2. The list to-peer production of public services3. A can be expanded, but for now, it is suffice summary report of the seminar is included to say that there is a clear need to increase as an Appendix in this publication. The the understanding of the logic and incen- other articles have been added in the tives in these types of processes; this com- process of organizing the compilation. pilation is our contribution to this larger We start our journey with three con- discussion. textualizing articles that discuss and We are interested in the underly- envision some of these developments in ing messages that these new trends and broader theoretical terms. The first con- emerging weak signals are posing, and tribution from Victor Pestoff offers an we are aware of the need for a multi- account of co-production as an important disciplinary perspective. There are many element in the renewal of public services challenges and opportunities in design- in Europe. In discussing this he clarifies ing, developing and maintaining services some of the vocabulary associated with for participatory modes of governance, these developments. He does that in terms including co-creation and peer-to-peer of co-production–to exemplify the rela- aspects. We ask, what can be learned from tionships between the parties involved– current research, and what is happening and their motivations for engaging in such already beyond academia? With the aim efforts, aswell as the political and policy to increase the opportunities for dialogue implications they entail. Using empirical between the Finnish scene and the inter- materials from two dfferent case studies national context, we have gathered this of parent-participation in pre-school ser- collection of articles, with some provid- vices, Pestoff argues that co-production ing more background information and has important implications for the devel- introducing useful concepts; the others opment of participatory forms of govern- describe and reflect upon local ongoing ance, and the important role public policy grassroots or organized experiments. They plays in crowding in or out these develop- all deal with the collaboration and engage- ments. ment of “peers” in the ideation, creation The next piece from Michel Bauwens is or provisioning of services. We hope to more speculative in character. He explores offer something for academics
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